*3.2. Subcellular Localization of CaHSP18.1a Protein*

To explore the subcellular localization of CaHSP18.1a, we constructed the pVBG2307: CaHSP18.1a: GFP fusion expression vector. Both pVBG2307: GFP and pVBG2307:CaHSP 18.1a: GFP fusion plasmids were introduced into *Nicotiana tabacum* leaves, and fluorescence was confirmed in the transformed tobacco cells with a microscope (Figure 2). We found that the green fluorescence signal of pVBG2307: CaHSP18.1a: GFP was detected in the cell membrane (Figure 2A), while the fluorescence of the empty pVBG2307: GFP vector was distributed throughout the cell (Figure 2B), indicating that CaHSP18.1a is localized to the cell membrane.

**Figure 2.** Transient expression of CaHSP18.1a in tobacco. (**A**) Schematic diagram of the CaHSP18.1a subcellular localization expression vector. (**B**) Subcellular localization of the CaHSP18.1a protein in tobacco leaves, with pVBG2307: GFP as control. Scale bar = 50 μm.
