*2.7. Genome Editing*

Genome editing is a powerful tool for efficient and targeted genome manipulations in living organisms. Depending on the genome editing tools, four engineered nucleases were developed: Meganucleases [128], zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) [129], transcription activatorlike effector-based nucleases (TALENs) [130] and short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) associated protein (Cas9) systems [131,132]. CRISPR/Cas9 has proven to be a cost-effective and versatile tool for precise and efficient genome editing and in recent years, it has been extensively studied and applied to manipulate desired genes in plants [133]. While it has been realized in some *B. oleracea* crops [134,135], genome editing by CRISPR/Cas9 has not succeeded in complete broccoli background plants. Only one study applied this tool to broccoli-related plant material DH1012, a doubled haploid genotype from the crossing of *B. oleracea alboglabra* (A12DHd) with *B. oleracea italica* (Green Duke GDDH33), targeting *BolC.GA4.a* (*Bol038154*), resulting in dwarf stature [136,137].
