*2.1. Cohort Establishment and Data Collection*

In July 2018, we formed a Taipei Mother–Infant Nutrition Cohort, which was approved by the Joint Institutional Review Board of Taipei Medical University (N201811050). The 1008 pregnant women in the initial cohort were enrolled from three hospitals and four obstetric clinics, between 2018 and 2019, and they all provided informed consent for this study (Figure S1). Pregnant women with severe diseases (e.g., heart diseases) were excluded. Initially, we included 479 participants who completed the baseline survey and provided dietary data, and 199 of them went on to participate in newborn follow-up visits. We excluded participants who were unwilling to provide infant stool samples in this study. By the end of April 2020, 39 infant stool samples were obtained at 2 months postpartum during home visits.
