*4.2. Cell Culture*

The human RPE cell line, ARPE-19 (ATCC CRL–2302), was provided by the American Type Culture Collection (Mantissa, VA, USA). The cell cultures were maintained in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's/Ham's F12 media (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA), to which 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA), 100 U/mL penicillin, and 100 mg/mL streptomycin were added at 37 ◦C under a humidified 5% CO2 atmosphere.
