4.2.2. Cognition Learning Rate (Personal Learning Coefficient—c1)

PSO enriches swarm intelligence by storing the best positions that each particle has visited so far. Particles I recall the best position among those it met, called pbest, and the best positions of its neighbors. There are two variants, namely lbest and gbest, used to hold the neighbors in the best position. The particle in the local version keeps track of the best lbest location obtained by its neighboring local

particles. For the global version, any particles in the whole swarm will determine the best location for gbest. Therefore, the gbest model is the lbest model's special case.
