*2.2. Procedure*

Data collection took place between 2008 and 2017 in the city of Managua, Nicaragua and its outlying areas. Participants were seated facing a camera across from a confederate. They were instructed to ask the confederate a series of questions in order to learn specific personal information about him or her. For hearing participants, the confederate was a fluent Spanish speaker, and for deaf participants, the confederate was a fluent signer of LSN. The experimenter stood adjacent to the camera, holding up 812 " × 11" cards with brief words and phrases written in Spanish to cue the participant with the information to be elicited (Table 1). Each item was presented on a separate card. If a deaf participant did not

understand the written Spanish word, the experimenter provided the LSN sign translation. Participants were never cued with the targeted question word or sign.

**Table 1.** Items of information that participants were asked to elicit from the confederate, and their respective targeted wh-question words. **CuedInformationtoBeWordWord**


1 These items were included in the 2008 protocol only. 2 These items were added to the protocol after 2008.

The initial stimulus deck used in 2008 included nine items. However, some items were not always effective at eliciting the target questions, so these items were replaced, and three items were added, for a total of twelve items for data collected in 2009 and later (Table 1). Seven first-cohort signers and eight second-cohort signers were tested using the initial 2008 stimulus deck. Sessions lasted approximately five minutes per participant and were recorded on video for later coding and analyses.
