Abbreviations

5-Fu, 5-fluorouracil; AchE, acetylcholinesterase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AR, aldose reductase; RLAR, rat lens aldose reductase; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; BACE1, β-secretase 1; BchE, butyrylcholinesterase; Bcl-2, B-cell lymphoma-2; ConA, concanavalin A; COX-2, cyclooxygenase-2; ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase; EtOAc, ethyl acetate; FoxO, forkhead box protein O; GRP78, glucose regulatory protein 78; GSH, glutathione; GSH-px, glutathione peroxidase; HAB, harmful algal blooms; HDL, high density lipoprotein; HO-1, heme oxygenase-1; HRAR, human recombinant aldose reductase;IC50, half-maximal inhibitory concentration; IL-6, interleukin-6; IL-1β, interleukin-1β; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; LDL, low density lipoprotein; LPS, lipopolysaccharide; LXR, liver X receptor; MAO, monoamine oxidase; MAPK,

microtubule associated protein kinase; MEK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1; MMPs, matrix metalloproteinases; mRNA, messenger RNA; MTT, (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazole-2-yl)-2, 5- diphenyltetrazolium bromide); mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB; NGM, nematode growth medium; NO, nitric oxide; Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2; P53, protein 53; p-c-Fos, phospho-c-Fos; p-c-Jun, phospho-c-Jun; PI3K/Akt, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B; PM, particulate matter; PPAR, proteins peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor; PPARγ, peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor gamma; PTP1B, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B; Raf, mitogen-activated protein kinase; ROS, reactive oxygen species; sGOT, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase; sGPT, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase; SIRT1, sirtuin 1; SOD, superoxide dismutase; t-BHP, tert-butyl hydroperoxide; TGF-1, transforming growth factor-1; TLC, thin layer chromatography; TNF-<sup>α</sup>, tumor necrosis factor alpha; UVB, ultraviolet B.
