*4.5. Prediction of Cis-Acting Elements in Promoters*

To examine the putative *cis*-acting elements in the promoters of apple SAP genes, we isolated sequences that were 1500 bp upstream of the translational start codon, using the contig sequences of that genome and PCR amplification. Details for the promoters used here are listed in Table 5 and Supplementary File B3. Possible *cis*-acting elements in those promoters were then predicted according to the Plant CARE database (http://bioinformatics.psb.ugent.be/webtools/plantcare/html/) [51].


**Table 5.** Application of primers and sequences. ORF: open reading frames.
