*2.2. Home Appliances*

Home appliances are household devices installed in user home or apartments. These devices are connected to SM for monitoring and reporting [30]. Users can schedule appliances per use. In [16], the appliances are classified into four groups: Group 1 includes light load normal appliances, e.g., light bulbs and phone chargers; Group 2 consists of nonstoppable home appliances, e.g., microwave ovens, Group 3 comprises schedule-oriented appliances, e.g., washing machines and heaters; Group 4 includes electrical vehicles. Consumer can also schedule their appliances with different hourly changing rates to control their electricity cost [16]. Appliances monitor their energy readings and send to the SM after every time interval, which is usually 15 min duration [28].

### *2.3. Wireless Sensor*

With the invention of new technologies, wireless sensors are being used in industries, health care, education, and utility grids. Due to their sensing capabilities, it makes them able to interact with machines, devices, and various appliances for controlling and monitoring [17,31]. Similarly, with the deployment of smart grids, wireless sensors are being deployed in smart homes and also at utility. Wireless sensor performs conversion of analog signals to digital, analog signal processing, transformation of information via bidirectional bus, manipulation of sensor derived signals, and addressing [32]. In a HAN, kitchen appliances, heating system, security frameworks, lighting system, theater setups, and water and sewage systems are totally instrumented with wireless sensors performing various operations. Access to these systems is through a home managemen<sup>t</sup> system (HMS), which could be through the Internet or a cell phone application [32,33].
