*3.2. Community Engagement and Capacity Building*

Consistent and meaningful community engagement and capacity building is an important next step for not only decolonizing research but also for self-determination to take place as described in Tuhiwai Smith's Indigenous Research Agenda [35]. This agenda provides a set of approaches that can be incorporated into research methods or practices to facilitate self-determination. Self-determination is described not only as a goal, but also as a process that requires transformation, decolonization, healing, and mobilization of Indigenous Peoples [35]. As part of this process, researchers must appreciate how each community is unique and has different histories, experiences, understandings of the world, and teachings. Community engagement is an important part of this learning and can take place in various forms. However, a critical aspect of this engagement is identifying where and how capacity can be built to ensure long-term project sustainability and longevity. Ultimately, self-determination and governance rely on community capacity.

## *3.3. Integrated Knowledge Translation and Co-Creating Solutions*

Integrated knowledge translation (iKT) refers to collaboration between researchers and knowledge users to address a research issue [50,51]. Taking principles from communitybased participatory research, iKT involves the co-production of knowledge as knowledge users work with researchers throughout the research process [51]. This approach not only provides the necessary context for designing and implementing a research project, but also ensures that the knowledge generated and shared throughout a research project is continually disseminated to all relevant stakeholders [51]. For community-based initiatives, the consultation also ensures that the project plan, implementation, and knowledge dissemination are both culturally appropriate and relevant given the specific context, resources, and infrastructure available to a given project or community.

Throughout a project, co-creating solutions to identified problems is an essential component of designing policies, programs, and strategies that will succeed. Emphasizing co-creation ensures that solutions do not come from the 'top' down [41,43,47]. Communities are the experts and beneficiaries of a given research project, and thus must lead in guiding solutions. The process of iKT should take place before, during, and after co-creating solutions, as this encourages timely idea sharing, dissemination, and implementation of solutions. Activities may include organizing community events, use of social media, or sharing knowledge via KT symposia [52].
