3.6.4. *Artemia salina* Lethality Bioassay

The potential toxicity of *Em*-L, *Em*-A, *Es*-L, *Es*-A, and *Cv*-L L extracts was investigated in brine shrimp (*Artemia salina* Leach) [41]. Ten brine shrimp larvae, taken 48 h after initiation of hatching in artificial seawater, were transferred to each sample vial, and then artificial seawater was added to obtain a final volume of 5 mL. Different concentrations of each extract were added (10–1000 μg/mL) and the brine shrimp larvae were incubated for 24 h at 25–28 ◦C. Then, the surviving larvae were counted using a magnifying glass. The assay was carried out in triplicate, and median lethal concentration (LC50) values were determined by Litchfield and Wilcoxon's method. Extracts giving LC50 values greater than 1000 μg/mL were considered non-toxic.

### *3.7. Statistical Analysis*

The heat map and PCA were established to provide an easier comparison of the phenolic compounds between the plant parts; the results were expressed as mean values ± relative standard deviation (RSD). All data were processed with principal component analysis (PCA) and collected in a heat map; the phenolic compounds were considered as variables in these plots to identify the connections between all the plant parts as observations. Principal component analysis (PCA) and heat map were generated using XLSTAT software ver. 2019.2.2.

Statistical comparison of the antioxidant activity data was carried out by using oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) (GraphPAD Prism Version 9.4.0. Software for Science). *p*-values lower than 0.05 were considered statistically significant.
