*4.1. Reagents*

Wistin was purchased from Indofine Chemical Company, Inc. (Hillsborough, NJ, USA) and was dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, high glucose) was purchased from Hyclone Laboratories Inc. (Marlborough, MA, USA), and fetal bovine serum (FBS) was purchased from Corning (Corning, NY, USA). Penicillin-streptomycin-glutamine was purchased from Gibco (Waltham, MA, USA). MTT, LPS from *Escherichia coli* O127:B8, N-(1-naphtyhyl) ethylenediamine dihydrochloride, phosphoric acid, sulfanilic acid, and nitrite ion standard solutions were purchased from Sigma-Aldrich Co. (St. Louis, MO, USA). Dulbecco's phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS) and Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) were purchased from WELGENE, Inc. (Gyeongsan, Korea). 2 7-Dicholrodihydrofluorecsein diacetate (DCF-DA) was purchased from Cayman Chemical Company (Ann Arbor, MI, USA). The quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) primers were purchased from Macrogen (Seoul, Korea). Primary antibodies ((iNOS (#13120), COX-2(#12282), phospho-p65 (#13346), phospho-JNK (#9255), phospho-ERK (#4370), and β-actin (#8457)) were purchased from Cell Signaling Technology, Inc. (Danvers, MA, USA). Goat anti-rabbit IgG (5220-0036) and goat anti-mouse IgG (5220-0341) antibodies were purchased from SeraCare Life Sciences, Inc. (Gaithersburg, MD, USA).

#### *4.2. Cell Culture*

The RAW264.7 cell line (mouse origin) was obtained from Dr. Sung Ho Ryu's lab (POSTECH, Korea). The cells were cultured in DMEM supplemented with 10% FBS and 1% penicillin–streptomycin and incubated at 37 ◦C with 5% CO2.
