*3.1. Plant Material*

*A. carambola*, fresh leaf was collected from Groppy Arboretum, Giza, Egypt, in May 2021. The soil is of clay type with high humidity up to 90%. The tree grows in shade and is irrigated every 15 days. Plant material was authenticated by plant taxonomist Dr. Mohamed Gibali, Senior Botanist, Orman Botanic Garden (Giza, Egypt), and Mrs. Therese Labib, Consultant of Plant Taxonomy at the Ministry of Agriculture and Orman Botanic Garden, Giza, Egypt. A voucher specimen number (4754) was deposited in the (CAIM) Herbarium of Flora and Phytotaxonomy Researches Department, Horticultural Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Egypt.

Shade-dried powdered sample of *A. carambola* leaf (2 kg) was repeatedly extracted with 70% MeOH of analytical grade (Sigma Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in a water bath at 40 ◦C (3 × 5 L, each 48 h) until exhaustion and then filtered off. The filtrate was concentrated under reduced pressure to dryness at 55 ◦C to yield 500 g (25%) crude extract of *A. carambola* leaves. The obtained extract was kept at 4 ◦C for further phytochemical and biological assessments.
