**Appendix B. Self-Organization and Its Extension to Other "Many-Body" Systems**

We here discuss briefly how the present self-organization mechanism may be applied to other systems comprising many constituents, including human societies. One of the essential points is two interactions with different characters: one drives the system into specific modes, as denoted by the mode-driving force. The mode here generally refers to a collective phenomenon involving many constituents, like the shape of an atomic nucleus. A certain resistance usually exists against the mode development. The other interaction is to control the resistance, called the resistance-control force. The monopole interaction in this work is an example. The resistance-control force does not create any mode, being neutral. However, it can change the disorder in the original environment (=original SPE in this work) to the order where the resistance is weakened for certain modes (ESPE tailored to the shape). This order thus gives extra stability to the system, to varying degrees depending on the modes. Thus, the resistance-control force can be a crucial factor in determining which mode gains the maximum stability (i.e., binding energy). Obviously, in many systems, only the maximum-stability mode matters, which may not be the one most favored by the driving force. If this general idea can be applied to various problems, including social/economical issues, it is of great interest. While the mode varies over different systems, the mode-driving force may be visible. The resistance-control force, however, may not be so, because it exhibits less characteristics (like the monopole interaction in atomic nuclei). Studies in this direction can be of interest. What are the resistance and its control force in human societies?
