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To study the impact of photovoltaic facilities on the climate of aquaculture areas within the new aquaculture model (photovoltaic fishery mode, PFM), meteorological monitoring instruments were used to measure light intensity, temperature, humidity, and water environment in the PFM aquaculture areas of Dongying City and Taishan City. The experimental results showed that photovoltaic facilities (PFs) significantly affected lighting, causing a substantial decrease in light intensity above the ponds, with an annual average reduction ranging from 24.15% to 67.75%, compared to the traditional pond mode (TPM). The impact of flexible PF on lighting was less pronounced than that of fixed photovoltaic facilities, with decreases of only 24.15% and 65.06%, respectively, compared to TPM. PF influenced temperature within a small range, particularly in the Dongying City aquaculture area, where the temperature difference reached 1.48 °C. The effect of flexible PF on temperature, with a decrease of only 0.071%, was much smaller than that of fixed PF, which showed a decrease of 3.28% compared to TPM. In both Dongying City and Taishan City aquaculture areas, PF reduced environmental humidity by 4.71% to 9.62% compared to TPM. In Dongying City, the water temperature under the PFM-fixed system was 0.39 to 3.78 °C lower than that of TPM. The annual biomass variation patterns of zooplankton and phytoplankton in Dongying City and Taishan City were opposite. This study provides data to support further research on the relationship between PFM and aquaculture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Carbon-Energy-Water Nexus in Global Energy Transition)

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31 pages, 4496 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cytotoxicity of Mimusops caffra-Based Ursolic Acid, Oleanolic Acid and Derivatives Against Human Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Cell Lines

by Sithenkosi Mlala, Opeoluwa Oyehan Oyedeji, Gbemisola Morounke Saibu, Mavuto Gondwe and Adebola Omowunmi Oyedeji

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9969; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209969 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

According to the World Health Organization, cancer is still the leading cause of death for humans worldwide. Although over 100 chemotherapeutic agents are currently available for the treatment of cancer patients, the overall long term clinical benefit is disappointing due to the lack of effectiveness or severe side effects from these drugs. The use of complementary and alternative medicinal products from plants has continued to increase in past decades, due to fewer side effects of bioactive compounds from medicinal plants of which pentacyclic triterpenoids have been identified as one class of secondary metabolites that could play an important role in the treatment and management of a number of non-communicable diseases. The main aim of this study is to extract, isolate, identify, and elucidate pentacyclic triterpenoid (ursolic acid, UA (1), and oleanolic acid, OA (2)) from Mimusops caffra. Semi-synthesis of UA was carried out to obtain some triterpenoid derivatives (3-O-acetyl ursolic acid, AUA (3), ursolic-28-methylate, UM (4), and 3-acetylursolic-methylate, AUM (5)), and we evaluated these compounds as anti-cancer therapeutic agents. Isolation of ursolic acid (UA) (1) from M. caffra is always accompanied by its isomer oleanolic acid (OA) (2) due to their similar retention factors (Rf) values. Acetylation and deacetylation techniques were used to isolate compounds 1 and 2. In vitro cytotoxicity activities of UA, AUA UM, and AUM were evaluated against various cancer cell lines, such as human breast adenocarcinoma cancer cell lines (MDA), human liver cancer cell lines (HepG2), human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3) and non-cancerous human fibroblast cell lines (KMST-6) using MTT assays. The UM exhibited remarkable cytotoxic activities against cancer cells, while little or no activities were observed on non-cancerous cell lines, which indicates that the addition of methyl at C-28 of UA is essential to enhance its activity as a therapeutic agent for cancer. The AUA showed moderate or no cytotoxicity against the different cancer cell lines, which is less than that of the UA parent compound. Moreover, these results suggest that ursolic acid and UA derivatives are potential therapeutic drugs for human breast, liver, and prostate cancers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Drug Discovery: Natural Products and Compounds)

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22 pages, 642 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Impact of Novel Therapies on Quality-of-Life in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials

by Banice Kamau, Maxim Shulimovich and Sinha Samridhi

Cancers 2025, 17(20), 3307; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17203307 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive breast cancer subtype characterized by poor prognosis and limited therapeutic options. Chemotherapy regimens are associated with significant adverse effects negatively impacting patients’ quality of life (QoL). This systematic review aims to evaluate and compare QoL outcomes of patients with TNBC receiving novel therapies—including immunotherapy, antibody–drug conjugates, and targeted therapies—versus standard chemotherapy. Methods: We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs) published within the past 15 years, identified through comprehensive searches in PubMed, Google Scholar, Research4Life, and Elicit. Included studies involved FDA-approved novel therapies (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab, sacituzumab-govitecan, olaparib, and talazoparib) administered to TNBC patients, and assessed QoL using validated tools such as EORTC QLQ-C30. Observational studies, case reports, and non-standardized assessments were excluded. Results: Eight RCTs comprising 3929 patients met the inclusion criteria. Sacituzumab govitecan and PARP inhibitors (olaparib and talazoparib) significantly improved QoL, notably delaying deterioration across physical, emotional, and functional domains compared to standard chemotherapy. Conversely, immunotherapies (pembrolizumab, atezolizumab) showed non-significant trends toward QoL improvement, with effects varying by patient subgroup and disease stage. Interpretation was limited by study design differences, inconsistent compliance, and incomplete data reporting. Conclusions: Immunotherapy showed a neutral effect on quality of life, providing neither significant improvement nor additional decline. Olaparib was associated with a delayed deterioration in quality of life, showing a more favorable tolerability profile compared to chemotherapy. Talazoparib leads to clinically meaningful enhancements in quality of life, while sacituzumab govitecan effectively improves patient-reported outcomes relative to standard chemotherapy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Systematic Review or Meta-Analysis in Cancer Research)

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16 pages, 7443 KB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Organic Geochemical Characteristics of Jurassic Source Rocks from the Northern Tibetan Plateau Basin

by Yajun Shi, Li Xu, Xinmin Ma and Jiajia Guo

Processes 2025, 13(10), 3266; https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13103266 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The Northern Tibetan Plateau Basin is the most extensive and least explored Mesozoic marine basin in China and shows considerable potential for oil and gas exploration. This study systematically analyzed the abundance, type, hydrocarbon generation potential, and conversion rate of organic matter within three Jurassic drill core samples from the Biloucuo area of the Northern Tibetan Plateau Basin. The total organic carbon (TOC) content of these Jurassic source rocks was >4%, on average, permitting their classification as excellent source rocks. The average contents of sapropelinite, exinite, vitrinite, and inertinite in kerogen were 74%, 4%, 18%, and 4%, respectively. The H/C and O/C ratios of the kerogen mainly ranged from 0.8 to 1.3 and 0.06 to 0.11, respectively, indicative of type II₁ kerogen. The average S₁ + S₂ content was 15.0 mg/g rock, indicating a high hydrocarbon generation potential. On the basis of the relationship between the quantity of soluble hydrocarbons remaining in the strata and the S₂ and TOC contents, it can be inferred that the hydrocarbon generation conversion rate of these Jurassic source rocks was between 25% and 50%, and partial hydrocarbon expulsion has taken place. It is estimated that the maximum oil generation potential of the formation will reach 20 kg/t rock at a greater depth, which equates to good exploration potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Theory and Technology of Unconventional Oil and Gas Reservoirs)

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11 pages, 255 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Analysis of Serum Lipid Profiles in Sanctuary-Housed Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary

by Ethan Renfro, Anneke Moresco, Ismail Hirji, Zoë MacIntyre, Kylie McDaniel, Yedra Feltrer-Rambaud, Thalita Calvi, Larry J. Minter, Aimee Drane, Joshua C. Tremblay, Bala Amarasekaran and Kimberly Ange-van Heugten

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(10), 985; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12100985 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), low-density lipoproteins (LDLs), and very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs) were evaluated in chimpanzees at Tacugama Chimpanzee Sanctuary, Sierra Leone. Blood from 75 visually healthy chimpanzees was collected, centrifuged within one hour of collection, and analyzed at Choithram Hospital within 24 h. Statistical analyses assessed differences and interactions based on age, body condition score (BCS), housing group, and sex. HDLs varied widely by housing group; HDLs and LDLs were higher in males than in females. Cholesterol and LDLs were higher in prepubertal individuals while VLDLs and triglycerides were higher in postpubertal individuals. Lipid biomarker differences by age and age * sex statistical interactions were not observed. These data represent a novel compilation of serum lipid biomarkers from a large population of sanctuary-housed Western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) within a range country, a population not previously studied with regard to serum lipid biomarkers. This study has documented significant differences compared to known values from managed chimpanzees and human reference ranges. The relationship of serum lipid biomarkers with health and disease in great apes remains understudied, but the present data set provides a basis for future studies to ascertain whether these differences are healthy biomarker variations or represent an elevated risk factor for disease. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Veterinary Biomedical Sciences)

32 pages, 3249 KB

Open AccessReview

Centipeda minima: A Review of Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, and Predictive Analysis on Quality Markers

by Zhihong Shang, Yishuo Wang, Tianxin Zhu, Wenjing Niu, Tianai Lu and Rui Lou

Molecules 2025, 30(20), 4072; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30204072 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

As a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, Centipeda minima (L.) A. Braun & Asch is known for its effects in dispersing wind-cold, clearing nasal passages, and relieving coughs. Current research has identified various chemical constituents isolated from C. minima, including volatile oils, flavonoids, organic acids, and terpenoids. These compounds demonstrate multiple pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-allergic, and anti-tumour effects. This review summarizes the chemical constituents, pharmacological effects, and clinical applications of C. minima. Furthermore, based on the concept of Quality Markers (Q-Markers) in Chinese medicine, potential Q-Markers for C. minima are predicted and analyzed from five perspectives: botanical phylogeny, specificity of chemical composition, measurability of constituents, traditional efficacy, and medicinal properties. Compounds including brevilin A, arnicolide C, arnicolide D, and helenalin are proposed as candidate Q-Markers for C. minima, providing a scientific basis for elucidating its pharmacologically active substances and establishing quality evaluation criteria. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancement in Phytochemistry and Pharmacology of Medicinal Plants)

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12 pages, 1479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure-Guided In-Use Stability Assessment of Monoclonal Antibody Tislelizumab

by David Andre Rudd and Ghizal Siddiqui

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(10), 1539; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18101539 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Monoclonal antibody (mAb) stability is critical not only during manufacturing but also at the point of clinical administration. For therapies like tislelizumab (Tevimbra), a programmed death-1 (PD-1) targeting IgG mAb, delays in dosing often result in prepared infusions being discarded, contributing to substantial drug waste despite being engineered for improved stability. Methods: To evaluate the physicochemical in-use stability of tislelizumab in a ready-to-administer format, we mapped degradation pathways, including post-translational modifications (PTMs); peptide alterations; pH and solution characteristics—under 12-month storage (ultra-long), under 1-month storage (0, 7, 14, 21, 28 and 31 days), and under exposure-related forced degradation conditions including room temperature, elevated temperature, pH (acidic/basic), oxidation and UV exposure. Structural analysis was contextualised to the known PD-1 binding site, making stability assessment relevant to tislelizumab’s mechanism-of-action in blocking PD-1. To assess solution stability, a validated size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) assay was applied to all conditions. Results: Aggregation was identified as the primary degradation pathway during ultra-long-term storage. SEC and chemical assessment revealed no measurable changes in protein quantity, aggregation, peptide integrity, or PTM profile over 31 days at 2–8 °C in polyolefin intravenous bags (1.6 mg/mL). Conclusions: These results support the structural and physicochemical stability of tislelizumab under refrigerated conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Optimization of Drug Utilization and Medication Adherence)

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Graphical abstract

23 pages, 5564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hydrodynamic Modelling of the Guajira Upwelling System (Colombia)

by Jesús Navarro, Serguei Lonin, Jean Linero-Cueto and Carlos Romero-Balcucho

Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(20), 11000; https://doi.org/10.3390/app152011000 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Coastal upwelling off La Guajira, Colombia, is an atypical system where persistent easterly winds drive upwelling along a zonally oriented coastline. To characterize its seasonal cycle and variability, the ROMS AGRIF hydrodynamic model was implemented under climatological forcing. Three indicators were analyzed: the 25 °C isotherm, the 36.5 isohaline, and sea-level anomalies. The simulations showed that upwelling initiates in December, reaches maximum intensity during February–April, and weakens from September to November. At maturity, vertical velocities up to 8.5 m·day⁻¹ and the shoaling of Subtropical Underwater (T = 22–25 °C; S = 36.5–37.0) dominate the coastal domain, producing widespread surface cooling (23–24 °C) and salinity enhancement. During relaxation, weaker winds and the influence of the Caribbean Coastal Undercurrent displace the upwelled waters to below 80–100 m in depth, with surface temperatures above 27 °C. Model performance against MODIS Aqua SST was high (d > 0.99; RMSE < 1.7 °C), confirming its reliability to reproduce the observed thermal cycle. The multiparametric approach reveals that upwelling persistence depends on both seasonal trade wind forcing and regional circulation. This framework provides a more integrated description of the Guajira upwelling system than previous studies and supports applications in fisheries management, ecosystem monitoring, and maritime operations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Marine Science and Engineering)

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10 pages, 945 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Development of New Amide Derivatives of Betulinic Acid: Synthetic Approaches and Structural Characterization

by Qinwei Xu, Yuhan Xie, Jin Qi, Zimo Ren, Carmine Coluccini and Paolo Coghi

Molbank 2025, 2025(4), M2072; https://doi.org/10.3390/M2072 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this study, we report the synthesis of three new derivatives of betulinic acid, a pentacyclic triterpenoid known for its antitumor activity. These derivatives were synthesized via amide bond formation at the C-28 position using 3-[(Ethylimino)methylidene]amino-N,N-dimethylpropan-1-amine (EDC)/Hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt) activation and various amines as nucleophiles. The synthesized compounds were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) techniques, including proton (¹H), carbon-13 (¹³C), COSY, HSQC, and DEPT, as well as ultraviolet–visible (UV-VIS) spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared (IR) and elemental analysis. This work highlights the potential of semi-synthetic modification of betulinic acid to enhance anticancer properties while addressing challenges in solubility and bioavailability. Further structural optimization and formulation studies are warranted to improve drug-like properties and therapeutic applicability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Organic Synthesis and Biosynthesis)

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26 pages, 5444 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

ADG-YOLO: A Lightweight and Efficient Framework for Real-Time UAV Target Detection and Ranging

by Hongyu Wang, Zheng Dang, Mingzhu Cui, Hanqi Shi, Yifeng Qu, Hongyuan Ye, Jingtao Zhao and Duosheng Wu

Drones 2025, 9(10), 707; https://doi.org/10.3390/drones9100707 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rapid evolution of UAV technology has increased the demand for lightweight airborne perception systems. This study introduces ADG-YOLO, an optimized model for real-time target detection and ranging on UAV platforms. Building on YOLOv11n, we integrate C3Ghost modules for efficient feature fusion and ADown layers for detail-preserving downsampling, reducing the model’s parameters to 1.77 M and computation to 5.7 GFLOPs. The Extended Kalman Filter (EKF) tracking improves positional stability in dynamic environments. Monocular ranging is achieved using similarity triangle theory with known target widths. Evaluations on a custom dataset, consisting of 5343 images from three drone types in complex environments, show that ADG-YOLO achieves 98.4% mAP_0.5 and 85.2% mAP_0.5:0.95 at 27 FPS when deployed on Lubancat4 edge devices. Distance measurement tests indicate an average error of 4.18% in the 0.5–5 m range for the DJI NEO model, and an average error of 2.40% in the 2–50 m range for the DJI 3TD model. These results suggest that the proposed model provides a practical trade-off between detection accuracy and computational efficiency for resource-constrained UAV applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Advances in Integrative AI, Machine Learning, and Big Data for Transformative Applications)

18 pages, 1340 KB

Open AccessArticle

Genetic Characterization and Pathogenesis of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus A (H5N1) Isolated in Egypt During 2021–2023

by Mina Nabil Kamel, Yassmin Moatasim, Basma Emad Aboulhoda, Mokhtar Gomaa, Ahmed El Taweel, Omnia Kutkat, Mohamed El Sayes, Mohamed GabAllah, Hend AbdAllah, Refaat M. Gabre, Maha M. AlKhazindar, Ahmed Kandeil, Pamela P. McKenzie, Richard J. Webby, Mohamed Ahmed Ali, Ghazi Kayali and Rabeh El-Shesheny

Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1370; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101370 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses have recently had a substantial impact on global poultry production and public health. In Egypt, clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI H5N1 viruses were first isolated from wild birds in 2021 and then became dominant in domestic poultry. In this study, we aimed to genetically characterize the H5N1 viruses isolated in Egypt during 2021–2023 and examine the pathogenicity and transmissibility of two H5N1 strains isolated from wild and domestic poultry in chickens. We collected 7588 specimens from live bird markets including poultry, wild birds, and environmental samples. Influenza A viruses were detected in 20.94% (484/2311) of tested samples, and 17 isolates were identified as H5N1 through complete genome sequencing. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that all H5N1 viruses were closely related to Eurasian viruses and classified into three distinct genetic groups, suggesting multiple introductions likely linked to migratory birds. Experimental infections of chickens with two H5N1 isolates, A/Pintail/Egypt/RA19853OP/2021 and A/duck/Egypt/BA20361C/2022, showed efficient replication, systemic infection, and transmission by direct contact. These findings underscore the need for continued surveillance of H5N1 at the poultry-wild bird interface to identify circulating strains, evaluate their biological characteristics, and assess their zoonotic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section General Virology)

14 pages, 794 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deciphering Escherichia coli ESBL/pAmpC Plasmids Through High-Throughput Third-Generation Sequencing and Hybrid Assembly

by Andrea Laconi, Enea Ovedani, Roberta Tolosi, Ilias Apostolakos and Alessandra Piccirillo

Pathogens 2025, 14(10), 1039; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14101039 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) and plasmid-mediated AmpC (pAmpC) β-lactamases represent a threat for public health. Their dissemination is often mediated by mobile genetic elements (MGEs), but plasmid identification and characterization could be hindered by sequencing limitations. Hybrid assembly may overcome these barriers. Eight ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates from broilers were sequenced using Illumina (short-read) and Oxford Nanopore MinION (long-read). Assemblies were generated individually and using a hybrid approach. Plasmids were typed, annotated, and screened for antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs), MGEs, and virulence factors. Short-read assemblies were highly fragmented, while long reads improved contiguity but showed typing errors. Hybrid assemblies produced the most accurate and complete plasmids, including more circularized plasmids. Long and hybrid assemblies detected IS26 associated with ESBL genes and additional virulence genes not identified by short reads. ARG profiles were consistent across methods, but structural resolution and contextualization of resistance loci were superior in hybrid assembly. Hybrid assembly integrates the strengths of short- and long-read sequencing, enabling accurate plasmid reconstruction and improved detection of resistance-associated MGEs. This approach may enhance genomic surveillance of ESBL/pAmpC plasmids and support strategies to mitigate antimicrobial resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue One Health Perspectives on Foodborne Pathogens: Evolution, Resistance, and Prevention)

13 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Deep Learning-Based Segmentation of Geographic Atrophy: A Multi-Center, Multi-Device Validation in a Real-World Clinical Cohort

by Hasenin Al-khersan, Simrat K. Sodhi, Jessica A. Cao, Stanley M. Saju, Niveditha Pattathil, Avery W. Zhou, Netan Choudhry, Daniel B. Russakoff, Jonathan D. Oakley, David Boyer and Charles C. Wykoff

Diagnostics 2025, 15(20), 2580; https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15202580 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: To report a deep learning-based algorithm for automated segmentation of geographic atrophy (GA) among patients with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Methods: Validation of a deep learning algorithm was performed using optical coherence tomography (OCT) images from patients in routine clinical care diagnosed with GA, with and without concurrent nAMD. For model construction, a 3D U-Net architecture was used with the output modified to generate a 2D mask. Accuracy of the model was assessed relative to the manual labeling of GA with the Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) and correlation r² scores. Results: The OCT data set included 367 scans from the Spectralis (Heidelberg, Germany) from 55 eyes in 33 subjects; 267 (73%) scans had concurrent nAMD. In parallel, 348 scans were collected using the Cirrus (Zeiss), from 348 eyes in 326 subjects; 101 (29%) scans had concurrent nAMD. For Spectralis data, the mean DSC score was 0.83 and r² was 0.91. For Cirrus data, the mean DSC score was 0.82 and r² was 0.88. Conclusions: The reported deep learning algorithm demonstrated strong agreement with manual grading of GA secondary to AMD on the OCT data set from routine clinical practice. The model performed well across two OCT devices as well as amongst patients with GA with concurrent nAMD, suggesting applicability in the clinical space. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Updates on the Diagnosis and Management of Retinal Diseases—2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 255 KB

Open AccessArticle

On the Unique Solution of a Partial Integro-Differential Equation on

C_{z w u}^{\infty}

and Related Problems

by Mubariz Garayev

Mathematics 2025, 13(20), 3274; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13203274 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

We investigate uniqueness of the solution of a partial Duhamel equation in three dimensions in a subspace of infinite differentiable functions on the cube

[0, 1] \times [0, 1] \times [0, 1]

. Some other related questions are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section C: Mathematical Analysis)

22 pages, 1656 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation into the Multiphase Product Distribution and Evolution During Biomass Pyrolysis Using Wheat Straw and Pine Sawdust

by Jishuo Li, Kaili Xu, Xiwen Yao and Xingyu Luo

Energies 2025, 18(20), 5397; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18205397 (registering DOI) - 13 Oct 2025

Abstract

Understanding the formation mechanisms of three-phase products during biomass pyrolysis is essential for optimizing thermochemical conversion and enhancing the efficient utilization of renewable resources. In this study, wheat straw (WS) and pine sawdust (PS) were selected as representative feedstocks to investigate the thermal decomposition behavior and evolution characteristics of gas, liquid (tar), and solid (char) products during pyrolysis. Thermogravimetric analysis and kinetic modeling revealed that PS exhibited higher activation energy (75.44 kJ/mol) than WS (65.63 kJ/mol), indicating greater thermal resistance. Tar yield increased initially and then declined with temperature, peaking at 700 °C (37.79% for PS and 32.82% for WS), while the composition shifted from oxygenated compounds to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons as temperature rose. FTIR analysis demonstrated that most functional group transformations in char occurred below 400 °C, with aromatic structures forming above 300 °C and stabilizing beyond 700 °C. Gas product evolution showed that WS produced higher CO and H₂ yields due to its composition, with CH₄ generated in relatively lower amounts. These findings provide insights into biomass pyrolysis mechanisms and offer a theoretical basis for targeted regulation of product distributions in bioenergy applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bioenergy and Biofuel Conversion: Designs and Optimization)

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