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Search Results (2,124)

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19 pages, 2107 KB  
Article
Genotypic Variation and Genetic Control of Phenolic Compounds and Antioxidant Activity in Shanlan Upland Rice Landrace
by Lin Zhang, Jing Yu, Bowen Deng, Yi Peng, Yafang Shao and Jinsong Bao
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9800; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199800 (registering DOI) - 8 Oct 2025
Abstract
Shanlan rice, a unique drought-resistant rice germplasm resource in Hainan Province, China, holds significant potential for rice genetic improvement and breeding innovation. However, its genetic diversity and significance in rice breeding remain inadequately explored. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of phenolic acid [...] Read more.
Shanlan rice, a unique drought-resistant rice germplasm resource in Hainan Province, China, holds significant potential for rice genetic improvement and breeding innovation. However, its genetic diversity and significance in rice breeding remain inadequately explored. This study conducted a comprehensive analysis of phenolic acid profiles and antioxidant properties in the brown rice of 84 Shanlan rice accessions. It was revealed that colored Shanlan rice accessions exhibited significantly higher total phenolic content (249.00–2408.33 mg gallic acid equivalents per 100 g of rice flour (mg GAE/100 g)) and antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 680.39–809.63 micromoles of Trolox equivalent per 100 g (μmol TE/100 g); ABTS: 529.93–1917.77 μmol TE/100 g) compared to white-grained varieties. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis identified eight phenolic acids in the bound fractions, among which the sinapic acid (55.08 μg/g) and vanillic acid (11.72 μg/g) were predominant, accounting for over 60% of total bound phenolic acid content. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 84 significant loci associated with these phenolic-related traits. A major quantitative trait locus (QTL) on chromosome 7 for free phenolic content, total phenolic content, flavonoids, and DPPH activity was co-located at the Rc gene locus, a key regulator of red pericarp pigmentation and proanthocyanidin biosynthesis. Haplotype analysis identified ten haplotypes in Rc, with the haplotype H002 showing the highest antioxidant capacity. Another QTL on chromosome 11 was associated with p-coumaric, vanillic, and sinapic acids, although no significant difference was observed in haplotype analysis. These results highlight Rc as a key genetic factor underlying antioxidant properties in rice, while other loci require further validation. This research provides a foundation for breeding health-benefit, drought-tolerant rice cultivars using Hainan’s unique germplasm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Collection Feature Papers in Molecular Plant Sciences)
19 pages, 2281 KB  
Article
Resisting the Toxic Tide: Multi-Metal Resistance of Bacteria Originating from Contaminated Šibenik Bay Sediments
by Ana Ramljak, Marta Žižek, Anastazija Huđ, Goran Palijan, Mavro Lučić and Ines Petrić
Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2326; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102326 - 8 Oct 2025
Abstract
In this study, 74 bacterial isolates were obtained from sediments of Šibenik Bay, which has historically been impacted by heavy metal pollution. Isolates were tested for tolerance to cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tin [...] Read more.
In this study, 74 bacterial isolates were obtained from sediments of Šibenik Bay, which has historically been impacted by heavy metal pollution. Isolates were tested for tolerance to cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), tin (Sn), and zinc (Zn), both individually and in mixtures, and for their biofilm-forming ability. Toxicity followed the trend Hg > Sn > Zn/Cd/Cr > Co/Ni > Pb, with Cu showing resistance across different concentrations. Resistance traits were observed against all tested metals, with some isolates displaying multi-metal resistance to as many as seven metals, reflecting long-term selective pressure in the Bay. The Bacillus species dominated the community (48 isolates across five clusters), confirming this genus as the principal group in metal-polluted sediments. Several less-explored genera, including Ruegeria/Cribrihabitans, Bhargavaea, Pseudoalteromonas, and Lysinibacillus/Sporosarcina, also exhibited notable resistance traits, underscoring their potential as novel candidates for bioremediation. Eleven isolates from Bacillus/Mesobacillus/Cytobacillus, Bacillus/Peribacillus/Rossellomorea, Bacillus/Pseudoalkalibacillus/Alkalibacillus, Lysinibacillus/Sporosarcina, and Ruegeria/Cribrihabitans clusters showed resistance and robust growth under metal mixtures. Among all isolates, 11, 32, 81, and 82 (Bacillus/Mesobacillus/Cytobacillus and Bacillus/Peribacillus/Rossellomorea) combined broad multi-metal tolerance with strong biofilm formation, positioning them as candidates for site-specific, nature-based bioremediation of heavy-metal-impacted coastal ecosystems such as Šibenik Bay. Full article
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36 pages, 4341 KB  
Review
Physiological Barriers to Nucleic Acid Therapeutics and Engineering Strategies for Lipid Nanoparticle Design, Optimization, and Clinical Translation
by Yerim Kim, Jisu Park, Jaewon Choi, Minse Kim, Gyeongsu Seo, Jeongeun Kim, Jeong-Ann Park, Kwang Suk Lim, Suk-Jin Ha and Hyun-Ouk Kim
Pharmaceutics 2025, 17(10), 1309; https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics17101309 - 8 Oct 2025
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles are a clinically validated platform for delivering nucleic acids, but performance is constrained by multiscale physiological barriers spanning circulation, vascular interfaces, extracellular matrices, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking. This review links composition–structure–function relationships for ionizable lipids, helper phospholipids, cholesterol, and PEG-lipids [...] Read more.
Lipid nanoparticles are a clinically validated platform for delivering nucleic acids, but performance is constrained by multiscale physiological barriers spanning circulation, vascular interfaces, extracellular matrices, cellular uptake, and intracellular trafficking. This review links composition–structure–function relationships for ionizable lipids, helper phospholipids, cholesterol, and PEG-lipids to systemic fate, endothelial access, endosomal escape, cytoplasmic stability, and nuclear transport. We outline strategies for tissue and cell targeting, including hepatocyte ligands, immune and tumor selectivity, and selective organ targeting through compositional tuning, together with approaches that modulate escape using pH-responsive chemistries or fusion-active peptides and polymers. We further examine immunomodulatory co-formulation, route and schedule effects on biodistribution and immune programming, and manufacturing and stability levers from microfluidic mixing to lyophilization. Across these themes, we weigh trade-offs between stealth and engagement, potency and tolerability, and potency and manufacturability, noting that only a small fraction of endosomes supports productive release and that protein corona variability and repeat dosing can reshape tropism and clearance. Convergence of standardized assays for true cytosolic delivery, biomarker-guided patient selection, and robust process controls will be required to extend LNP therapeutics beyond the liver while sustaining safety, access, and scale. Full article
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14 pages, 11233 KB  
Article
Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) in Response to Freezing Stress
by Lin Chen, Juntao Wang, Qi Zhang, Taoyu Xu, Zhongrui Ji, Huazheng Hao, Jing Wang, Gensheng Shi and Jian Li
Plants 2025, 14(19), 3089; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193089 - 7 Oct 2025
Abstract
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are an economically important woody crop, but spring frost poses a serious threat to their growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying walnut responses to freezing stress remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed [...] Read more.
Walnuts (Juglans regia L.) are an economically important woody crop, but spring frost poses a serious threat to their growth and productivity. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying walnut responses to freezing stress remain largely unknown. In this study, transcriptome analyses were performed on cold-tolerant and cold-sensitive walnut varieties subjected to freezing stress. A total of 9611 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) responsive to freezing stress were obtained, of which 2853 were common up-regulated and 2880 were common down-regulated in both varieties. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis revealed 15 significantly enriched pathways in both varieties, including flavonoid biosynthesis. A simplified walnut flavonoid biosynthesis pathway was constructed, encompassing 36 DEGs encoding 13 key enzymes, demonstrating that flavonoid biosynthesis in walnut is significantly activated under freezing stress. Furthermore, weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) identified a regulatory network centered on the JrCBF genes and uncovered 34 potential interacting genes. Collectively, these findings provide novel insights into the molecular responses of walnut to freezing stress and establish a foundation for elucidating the mechanisms underlying walnut cold tolerance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Plant Response to Abiotic Stress and Climate Change)
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36 pages, 10309 KB  
Article
Epoxy-Functional (Alkyl)methacrylate-Based Hybrids Reinforced with Layered Silicate Montmorillonite: From Mechanistic Study to Sustainable Wastewater Treatment
by Berran Sanay, Rabia Bozbay, Sena Ciftbudak, Zeynep Ulker, Sevval Teke, Zuhal Akyol, Elif Pelin Ozdemir and Nermin Orakdogen
Gels 2025, 11(10), 803; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11100803 - 7 Oct 2025
Abstract
This work aims to design versatile hybrids fabricated by poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) gels loaded with pristine montmorillonite, P(HPMA-co-GMA)/Mmt, by varying the clay content. Insights into design of epoxy-functional hybrids were provided by combining in situ copolymerization reactions with solution mixing to evaluate the [...] Read more.
This work aims to design versatile hybrids fabricated by poly(hydroxypropyl methacrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) gels loaded with pristine montmorillonite, P(HPMA-co-GMA)/Mmt, by varying the clay content. Insights into design of epoxy-functional hybrids were provided by combining in situ copolymerization reactions with solution mixing to evaluate the effect of aluminosilicate addition on structure–property changes in (alkyl)methacrylate-based gels. Comprehensive analyses were conducted regarding the composition and structural properties of hybrids in the presence of Mmt. The hybrids exhibited excellent swelling, salt surfactant tolerance, and pH sensitivity depending on the composition. The higher the Mmt concentration, the lower the swelling ratio; however, the compressive moduli did not change monotonically with increasing Mmt from 0.80 to 2.20% (w/v). Dye adsorption revealed the effects of variables (dye type, pH, contact time, concentration) on adsorptive properties of hybrids towards cationic methylene blue (MB) and anionic sunset yellow, allura red, blue brilliant, carmoisine, and tartrazine dyes. Adsorption kinetics of MB obeyed pseudo-second-order model, and the maximum dye adsorption capacity for hybrids increased from 5.01 mg g−1 to 16.42 mg g−1, while adsorption isotherms were defined by the Freundlich model. The proposed hybrids have emerged as alternative materials that enable multiple uses of same adsorbent for the removal of different types of pollutants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Women’s Special Issue Series: Gels (2nd Edition))
17 pages, 1470 KB  
Article
Stem-Centered Drought Tolerance in Mikania micrantha During the Dry Season
by Minling Cai, Minghao Chen, Junjie Zhang and Changlian Peng
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9722; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199722 - 6 Oct 2025
Viewed by 24
Abstract
Mikania micrantha, commonly known as mile-a-minute weed, is listed among the world’s top 10 worst weeds. Although native to humid regions of South America, it has recently been found to colonize arid habitats as well. Despite pronounced seasonal hydroclimatic variations in South [...] Read more.
Mikania micrantha, commonly known as mile-a-minute weed, is listed among the world’s top 10 worst weeds. Although native to humid regions of South America, it has recently been found to colonize arid habitats as well. Despite pronounced seasonal hydroclimatic variations in South China and increasing drought due to global climate change, the mechanisms underlying M. micrantha’s drought tolerance remain poorly understood. In this study, we compared the photosynthetic responses of M. micrantha leaves and stems between the dry (June) and wet (December) seasons through field experiments. We measured changes in phenotype, photosynthetic characteristics, and the content of antioxidant and osmotic adjustment substances, using the co-occurring native vine Paederia scandens as a control. The results revealed that during the dry season, M. micrantha leaves exhibited wilting, along with significant reductions in relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll (Chl), soluble sugar (SS), and soluble protein (SP). In contrast, the stems of M. micrantha maintained relatively stable phenotypes and chlorophyll levels compared to those of P. scandens. Notably, M. micrantha stems exhibited significant increases in vessel wall thickness, vessel density, total phenol content, and the activities of peroxidase (POD) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Furthermore, compared to P. scandens, M. micrantha stems displayed a greater increase in cortex proportion, flavonoid content, and soluble protein content. Expression analysis of bZIP transcription factors further revealed drought-responsive upregulation of specific genes (bZIP60, ZIP42-1), suggesting their potential involvement in drought response. These results indicate that although the leaves of M. micrantha are susceptible to prolonged drought, the stems exhibit considerable resilience, which may be attributed to a combination of traits including structural modifications in stem anatomy, enhanced antioxidant capacity, and osmotic adjustment. These insights suggest that stem-specific adaptations are key to its drought tolerance, providing a theoretical foundation for understanding the habitat distribution of M. micrantha and informing effective management strategies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Plant Sciences)
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15 pages, 963 KB  
Article
Phytoremediation of Meta-Cresol by Sunflower: Tolerance of Plant and Removal of M-Cresol
by Hui Li, Shuai Su, Yujia Jiang, Hong Chen, Liudong Zhang, Yi Li, Shengguo Ma, Jiaxin Liu, Haitao Li, Degang Fu, Kun Li and Huicheng Xie
Toxics 2025, 13(10), 845; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13100845 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 189
Abstract
Meta-cresol (m-cresol) is highly corrosive and toxic, and is widely present in industrial wastewater. As a pollutant, it adversely affects various aspects of human production and daily life. To evaluate the feasibility of using sunflowers to remediate m-cresol-contaminated wastewater, this study used Helianthus [...] Read more.
Meta-cresol (m-cresol) is highly corrosive and toxic, and is widely present in industrial wastewater. As a pollutant, it adversely affects various aspects of human production and daily life. To evaluate the feasibility of using sunflowers to remediate m-cresol-contaminated wastewater, this study used Helianthus annuus L. as the test subject to analyze its tolerance and the wastewater purification efficiency under different m-cresol concentrations. The results showed that the net photosynthetic rate (Pn), transpiration rate (Tr), stomatal conductance (Gs), and light energy utilization efficiency (LUE) of Helianthus annuus L. exhibited an overall decreasing trend, while the intercellular CO2 concentration (Cᵢ) initially increased and subsequently decreased with increasing m-cresol concentration. When m-cresol concentration reached or exceeded 60 mg·L−1, the net photosynthetic rate and intercellular CO2 concentration in the leaves showed opposite trends with further increases in m-cresol stress. The inhibition of net photosynthesis in sunflowers by m-cresol was mainly attributed to non-stomatal factors. The maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm), actual photochemical efficiency (ΦPSII), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), PSII excitation energy partition coefficient (α), and the fraction of absorbed light energy used for photochemistry (P) all decreased with increasing m-cresol concentration. In contrast, non-photochemical quenching (NPQ), the quantum yield of regulated energy dissipation [Y(NPQ)], and the fraction of energy dissipated as heat through the antenna (D) first increased and then decreased. Under low-concentration m-cresol stress, sunflowers protected their photosynthetic system by dissipating excess light energy as heat as a stress response. However, high concentrations of m-cresol caused irreversible damage to Photosystem II (PSII) in sunflowers. Under m-cresol stress, chlorophyll a exhibited strong stability with minimal degradation. As the m-cresol concentration increased from 30 to 180 mg·L−1, the removal rate decreased from 84.91% to 11.84%. In conclusion, sunflowers show good remediation potential for wastewater contaminated with low concentrations of m-cresol and can be used for treating m-cresol wastewater with concentrations ≤ 51.9 mg·L−1. Full article
24 pages, 3288 KB  
Article
Bioluminescent ATP-Metry in Assessing the Impact of Various Microplastic Particles on Fungal, Bacterial, and Microalgal Cells
by Olga Senko, Nikolay Stepanov, Aysel Aslanli and Elena Efremenko
Microplastics 2025, 4(4), 72; https://doi.org/10.3390/microplastics4040072 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 176
Abstract
The concentration of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important characteristics of the metabolic state of the cells of microorganisms and their viability. This indicator, monitored by bioluminescent ATP-metry, and accumulation of the suspension biomass in the medium were used [...] Read more.
The concentration of intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is one of the most important characteristics of the metabolic state of the cells of microorganisms and their viability. This indicator, monitored by bioluminescent ATP-metry, and accumulation of the suspension biomass in the medium were used to assess the effect of particles of different synthetic microplastics (MPs) (non-biodegradable and biodegradable) on the cells of yeast, filamentous fungi, bacteria and phototrophic microorganisms (microalgae and cyanobacteria) co-exposed with polymer samples in different environments and concentrations. It was found that the effect of MPs on microorganisms depends on the concentration of MPs (1–5 g/L), as well as on the initial concentration of cells (104 or 107 cells/mL) in the exposure medium with polymers. It was shown that the lack of a sufficient number of nutrition sources in the medium with MPs is not fatal for the cells. The study of the effect of MPs on the photobacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum, widely used as a bioindicator for assessing the ecotoxicity of various environments, demonstrated a correlation between the residual bioluminescence of these cells and the level of their intracellular ATP in media with biodegradable polycaprolactone and polylactide, which had an inhibitory effect on these cells. Marine representatives of phototrophic microorganisms showed the greatest sensitivity to the presence of MPs, which was confirmed by both a decrease in the level of intracellular ATP and the concentration of their biomass. Among the eight microorganisms studied, bacteria of the genus Pseudomonas turned out to be not only the most tolerant to the presence of the seven MP samples used in the work, but also actively growing in their presence. Full article
19 pages, 21171 KB  
Article
Structural, Physiological, and Biochemical Responses of Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) Leaves Under Cold Stress
by Lan Yu, Na Cui, Yuyan Zhang, Yufeng Xu, Qing Miao, Xuhui Chen, Meini Shao and Bo Qu
Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1178; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101178 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 216
Abstract
Cold stress significantly impairs plant growth and development, making the study of cold resistance mechanisms a critical research focus. Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) exhibits strong cold hardiness, yet its molecular and physiological adaptations to cold stress remain unclear. This study utilized microscopy, physiological assays, [...] Read more.
Cold stress significantly impairs plant growth and development, making the study of cold resistance mechanisms a critical research focus. Oreorchis patens (Lindl.) exhibits strong cold hardiness, yet its molecular and physiological adaptations to cold stress remain unclear. This study utilized microscopy, physiological assays, and RNA sequencing to comprehensively investigate O. patens’s responses to cold stress. The results reveal that cold stress altered leaf anatomy, leading to irregular mesophyll cells, deformed chloroplasts, and variable epidermal thickness. Physiologically, SOD and POD activities peaked at 5 °C/−10 °C, while CAT activity declined; osmotic regulators (soluble sugars, proline) increased with decreasing temperatures. Compared to the reference plants (e.g., Erigeron canadensis, Allium fistulosum), O. patens exhibited lower SOD and POD but markedly higher CAT activities, alongside reduced MDA, soluble sugars, proline, and proteins, underscoring its distinctive tolerance strategy. Low temperature stress (≤10 °C/5 °C) significantly decreased the SPAD index; the net photosynthetic rate (Pn) initially increased and then approached zero within the temperature range from 30 °C/25 °C to 25 °C/20 °C; transpiration rate (Tr) and stomatal conductance (Gs) changed synchronously, accompanied by an increase in intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci). RNA sequencing identified 1139 cold-responsive differentially expressed genes, which were primarily enriched in flavonoid/lignin biosynthesis, jasmonic acid synthesis, and ROS scavenging pathways. qRT-PCR analysis revealed the role of secondary metabolites in O. patens response to cold stress. This study was the first to discuss the physiological, biochemical, and molecular regulatory mechanisms of O. patens resistance to cold stress, which provides foundational insights into its overwintering mechanisms and informs breeding strategies for cold-hardy horticultural crops in northern China. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Protected Horticulture Stress)
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15 pages, 1753 KB  
Article
Photosynthetic Performance and Phytoremediation Potential of Narrow Crown Black-Cathay Poplar Under Combined Cadmium and Phenol Pollution
by Huimei Tian, Kaixin Zheng, Qiyun Lu, Siyuan Sun, Chuanrong Li and Huicheng Xie
Forests 2025, 16(10), 1531; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16101531 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 174
Abstract
Heavy metal pollutants and organic contaminants often co-exist in the environment, posing significant ecological risks due to their combined toxicity. Phytoremediation, a plant-based biotechnology, offers a promising solution for pollutant removal. This study investigated the potential cadmium (Cd) removal capacity of Narrow Crown [...] Read more.
Heavy metal pollutants and organic contaminants often co-exist in the environment, posing significant ecological risks due to their combined toxicity. Phytoremediation, a plant-based biotechnology, offers a promising solution for pollutant removal. This study investigated the potential cadmium (Cd) removal capacity of Narrow Crown Black-Cathay poplar (Populus × canadensis Moench × Populus simonii Carr. f. fastigiata Schneid.) under combined Cd-phenol stress. The results showed that the combined stress synergistically inhibited the photosynthetic physiological characteristics, with an inhibition rate up to 54.0%, significantly higher than that under single stress (p < 0.05). Cd accumulation varied markedly among plant organs, following the order: root (ranging from 4000.2 to 9277.0 mg/kg) > stems (ranging from 96.0 to 383.6 mg/kg) > leaf (ranging from 10.3 to 40.1 mg/kg). Phenol enhanced Cd absorption and enrichment in the roots by up to 1.8 times but reduced its translocation to aboveground parts by 37.8–40.0%. Notably, at low Cd concentrations, the Cd removal efficiency under combined stress (26.0%) was substantially higher than under single Cd stress (6.6%). In contrast, biomass, tolerance index, and root–shoot ratio were slightly affected in all treatments (p > 0.05). These findings demonstrate that Narrow Crown Black-Cathay poplar is a suitable candidate for the short-term remediation of Cd in environments co-contaminated with cadmium and phenol. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physiological Mechanisms of Plant Responses to Environmental Stress)
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16 pages, 545 KB  
Review
Shared Immunopathogenic Mechanisms in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria, Vitiligo, and Hashimoto’s Thyroiditis: The Role of Oxidative Stress and Vitamin D
by Rossella Casella, Federica Li Pomi, Francesco Borgia, Eustachio Nettis and Sebastiano Gangemi
Life 2025, 15(10), 1535; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101535 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 301
Abstract
Introduction: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), vitiligo, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) frequently co-occur in the same patients, suggesting a shared autoimmune pathogenesis. These conditions are increasingly recognized as components of polyautoimmunity, with overlapping clinical, immunological, and pathogenetic features. Among the proposed common mechanisms, vitamin [...] Read more.
Introduction: Chronic spontaneous urticaria (CSU), vitiligo, and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) frequently co-occur in the same patients, suggesting a shared autoimmune pathogenesis. These conditions are increasingly recognized as components of polyautoimmunity, with overlapping clinical, immunological, and pathogenetic features. Among the proposed common mechanisms, vitamin D deficiency and oxidative stress (OS) have emerged as key contributors. We aimed to explore the shared immunopathogenic pathways linking these conditions, with a focus on the interplay between vitamin D status and redox imbalance. Methods: An extensive narrative review of the current literature regarding the associations among CSU, vitiligo, and HT, focusing on the role of vitamin D status, OS, and nitrosative stress, and shared immunological pathways was conducted. Discussion: Vitamin D deficiency was consistently observed across all three conditions and is associated with increased disease activity and poorer clinical outcomes. Several polymorphisms in the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and binding protein genes correlate with disease susceptibility. OS and nitrosative stress markers, such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites, are elevated in patients with CSU, vitiligo, and HT, and are linked to tissue-specific immune activation, apoptosis, and loss of self-tolerance. Evidence suggests that vitamin D and antioxidant supplementation may provide clinical benefit. In vitiligo, narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) phototherapy not only promotes repigmentation through melanocyte stimulation but also reduces ROS production and modulates local immune responses. Conclusions: The coexistence of CSU, vitiligo, and HT reflects a broader systemic autoimmune tendency, with vitamin D deficiency and redox imbalance serving as potential unifying mechanisms. Routine assessment of vitamin D levels and OS parameters may enhance diagnostic precision and inform therapeutic strategies. Antioxidant-based interventions represent promising avenues in the integrated management of autoimmune skin and endocrine disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Approaches in Dermatological Therapies and Diagnostics)
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30 pages, 1389 KB  
Review
Immunological Mechanisms Underlying Allergy Predisposition After SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children
by Filippos Filippatos, Dimitra-Ifigeneia Matara, Athanasios Michos and Konstantinos Kakleas
Cells 2025, 14(19), 1511; https://doi.org/10.3390/cells14191511 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 540
Abstract
As the pediatric COVID-19 landscape evolves, it is essential to evaluate whether SARS-CoV-2 infection predisposes children to allergic disorders. This narrative review synthesizes current epidemiological and immunological evidence linking pediatric COVID-19 with new-onset atopy. Epidemiological data remain heterogeneous: large Korean and multinational cohorts [...] Read more.
As the pediatric COVID-19 landscape evolves, it is essential to evaluate whether SARS-CoV-2 infection predisposes children to allergic disorders. This narrative review synthesizes current epidemiological and immunological evidence linking pediatric COVID-19 with new-onset atopy. Epidemiological data remain heterogeneous: large Korean and multinational cohorts report increased risks of asthma and allergic rhinitis following COVID-19, whereas U.S. cohorts show neutral or protective associations, highlighting geographic and methodological variability. Mechanistic insights provide biological plausibility: epithelial injury and the release of alarmin cytokines (IL-33, IL-25, TSLP) promote Th2 polarization and ILC2 expansion, while epigenetic “scars” (e.g., LMAN2 methylation changes) and hematopoietic stem cell reprogramming may sustain long-term Th2 bias. Cytokine memory involving IL-7 and IL-15 contributes to altered T- and B-cell homeostasis, whereas disrupted regulatory T-cell function may reduce tolerance thresholds. Paradoxical trade-offs exist, such as ACE2 downregulation in allergic airways, which may lower viral entry but simultaneously amplify type-2 inflammation. Together, these processes suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection could foster a pro-allergic milieu in susceptible children. Although current evidence is inconclusive, integrating epidemiological surveillance with mechanistic studies is crucial for predicting and alleviating post-COVID allergic outcomes. Longitudinal pediatric cohorts and interventions targeting epithelial alarmins or microbiome restoration may hold promise for prevention. Full article
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29 pages, 8599 KB  
Review
Strategic Design of Ethanol Oxidation Catalysts: From Active Metal Selection to Mechanistic Insights and Performance Engineering
by Di Liu, Qingqing Lv, Dahai Zheng, Chenhui Zhou, Shuchang Chen, Kaiyang Zhang, Suqin Han, Hui-Zi Huang, Yufeng Zhang and Liwei Chen
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1477; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191477 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 458
Abstract
The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is a key process for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), offering a high-energy-density and carbon-neutral pathway for sustainable energy conversion. However, the practical implementation of DEFCs is significantly hindered by the EOR due to its sluggish kinetics, complex [...] Read more.
The ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) is a key process for direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs), offering a high-energy-density and carbon-neutral pathway for sustainable energy conversion. However, the practical implementation of DEFCs is significantly hindered by the EOR due to its sluggish kinetics, complex multi-electron transfer pathways, and severe catalyst poisoning by carbonaceous intermediates. This review provides a comprehensive and mechanistically grounded overview of recent advances in EOR electrocatalysts, with a particular emphasis on the structure–activity relationships of noble metals (Pt, Pd, Rh, Au) and non-noble metals. The effects of catalyst composition, surface structure, and electronic configuration on C–C bond cleavage efficiency, product selectivity (C1 vs. C2), and CO tolerance are critically evaluated. Special attention is given to the mechanistic distinctions among different metal systems, highlighting how these factors influence reaction pathways and catalytic behavior. Key performance-enhancing strategies—including alloying, nanostructuring, surface defect engineering, and support interactions—are systematically discussed, with mechanistic insights supported by in situ characterization and theoretical modeling. Finally, this review identifies major challenges and emerging opportunities, outlining rational design principles for next-generation EOR catalysts that integrate high activity, durability, and scalability for real-world DEFC applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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27 pages, 7145 KB  
Article
An Approach to the Optimization of Ba-Mn-Cu Perovskites as Catalysts for CO Oxidation: The Role of Cerium
by Álvaro Díaz-Verde and María José Illán-Gómez
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1467; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191467 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 404
Abstract
Two copper-containing perovskites Ba0.8Mn0.7Cu0.3O3 and Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 (selected from previous studies) were tested as catalysts for the CO oxidation reaction under conditions similar to the found in the exhaust of last-generation automotive internal [...] Read more.
Two copper-containing perovskites Ba0.8Mn0.7Cu0.3O3 and Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 (selected from previous studies) were tested as catalysts for the CO oxidation reaction under conditions similar to the found in the exhaust of last-generation automotive internal combustion engines. The Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 sample has been selected due to its higher tolerance to CO2. In order to optimize the performance of this sample for the reaction under study, a Cu(2 wt%)Ce(2 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 formulation was synthesized, characterized and tested. The excellent catalytic performance of the bimetallic formulation, in terms of CO conversion at low temperatures and tolerance to CO2, is because cerium improves the redox properties and increases the proportion of reduced copper species on the surface compared to the Cu(4 wt%)/Ba0.7MnO3 sample. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)
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21 pages, 4287 KB  
Article
Performance Enhancement and Control Strategy for Dual-Stator Bearingless Switched Reluctance Motors in Magnetically Levitated Artificial Hearts
by Chuanyu Sun, Tao Liu, Chunmei Wang, Qilong Gao, Xingling Xiao and Ning Han
Electronics 2025, 14(19), 3782; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics14193782 - 24 Sep 2025
Viewed by 180
Abstract
Magnetically levitated artificial hearts impose stringent requirements on the blood-pump motor: zero friction, minimal heat generation and full biocompatibility. Traditional mechanical-bearing motors and permanent-magnet bearingless motors fail to satisfy all of these demands simultaneously. A bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM), whose rotor contains [...] Read more.
Magnetically levitated artificial hearts impose stringent requirements on the blood-pump motor: zero friction, minimal heat generation and full biocompatibility. Traditional mechanical-bearing motors and permanent-magnet bearingless motors fail to satisfy all of these demands simultaneously. A bearingless switched reluctance motor (BSRM), whose rotor contains no permanent magnets, offers a simple structure, high thermal tolerance, and inherent fault-tolerance, making it an ideal drive for implantable circulatory support. This paper proposes an 18/15/6-pole dual-stator BSRM (DSBSRM) that spatially separates the torque and levitation flux paths, enabling independent, high-precision control of both functions. To suppress torque ripple induced by pulsatile blood flow, a variable-overlap TSF-PWM-DITC strategy is developed that optimizes commutation angles online. In addition, a grey-wolf-optimized fast non-singular terminal sliding-mode controller (NRLTSMC) is introduced to shorten rotor displacement–error convergence time and to enhance suspension robustness against hydraulic disturbances. Co-simulation results under typical artificial heart operating conditions show noticeable reductions in torque ripple and speed fluctuation, as well as smaller rotor radial positioning error, validating the proposed motor and control scheme as a high-performance, biocompatible, and reliable drive solution for next-generation magnetically levitated artificial hearts. Full article
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