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Indoor landscaping is an environmentally friendly approach that enriches the environment and fosters productivity and comfort for occupants. The practice of incorporating plants into interior spaces requires meticulous care to ensure healthy growth and prolong the benefits of interior greening. This study explores the impact of natural and artificial light, represented by fluorescent lighting on the growth and physiological responses of Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica. A natural light chamber and an artificial light chamber of identical dimensions were constructed to compare the plants’ physiological responses under consistent temperature, humidity, and illuminance conditions. The results indicate that Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica exhibited higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rates under natural light conditions compared to fluorescent lighting. Furthermore, the study found that natural light offers a rich spectral distribution across various wavelengths, providing an advantage for plant growth. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, the study emphasizes the importance of considering the rich spectral distribution of natural light when designing artificial lighting systems for optimal plant growth. In conclusion, understanding the effects of natural and artificial light on indoor plants is crucial to supporting plant growth and creating more effective indoor gardening solutions. Although direct comparisons between natural and artificial light environments are inherently challenging due to the distinct characteristics of each light source, natural light provides a more advantageous environment for growth compared to fluorescent lighting, with Codiaeum variegatum and Ardisia japonica both exhibiting a higher chlorophyll content and photosynthetic rate under natural light conditions. Full article

The adjustments that occur during photosynthesis are correlated with morphological, biochemical, and photochemical changes during leaf development. Therefore, monitoring leaves, especially when pigment accumulation occurs, is crucial for monitoring organelles, cells, tissue, and whole-plant levels. However, accurately measuring these changes can be challenging. Thus, this study tests three hypotheses, whereby reflectance hyperspectroscopy and chlorophyll a fluorescence kinetics analyses can improve our understanding of the photosynthetic process in Codiaeum variegatum (L.) A. Juss, a plant with variegated leaves and different pigments. The analyses include morphological and pigment profiling, hyperspectral data, chlorophyll a fluorescence curves, and multivariate analyses using 23 JIP test parameters and 34 different vegetation indexes. The results show that photochemical reflectance index (PRI) is a useful vegetation index (VI) for monitoring biochemical and photochemical changes in leaves, as it strongly correlates with chlorophyll and nonphotochemical dissipation (Kn) parameters in chloroplasts. In addition, some vegetation indexes, such as the pigment-specific simple ratio (PSSRc), anthocyanin reflectance index (ARI1), ratio analysis of reflectance spectra (RARS), and structurally insensitive pigment index (SIPI), are highly correlated with morphological parameters and pigment levels, while PRI, moisture stress index (MSI), normalized difference photosynthetic (PVR), fluorescence ratio (FR), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) are associated with photochemical components of photosynthesis. Combined with the JIP test analysis, our results showed that decreased damage to energy transfer in the electron transport chain is correlated with the accumulation of carotenoids, anthocyanins, flavonoids, and phenolic compounds in the leaves. Phenomenological energy flux modelling shows the highest changes in the photosynthetic apparatus based on PRI and SIPI when analyzed with Pearson’s correlation, the hyperspectral vegetation index (HVI) algorithm, and the partial least squares (PLS) to select the most responsive wavelengths. These findings are significant for monitoring nonuniform leaves, particularly when leaves display high variation in pigment profiling in variegated and colorful leaves. This is the first study on the rapid and precise detection of morphological, biochemical, and photochemical changes combined with vegetation indexes for different optical spectroscopy techniques. Full article