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With the rapid development of e-commerce in China, carbon emissions from express packaging have become increasingly prominent, and the division of inter-regional emission responsibilities has emerged as a key research focus. Based on the principle of shared responsibility between producers and consumers, this study integrates life cycle assessment (LCA) and spatial decomposition analysis to quantify the full-life-cycle carbon footprint of China’s e-commerce express packaging across the raw material, production, and disposal stages and calculates the inter-provincial embodied carbon transfer. The findings show that: (1) in 2022, total emissions reached 41.209 million t CO₂e, exhibiting a “more in the east, less in the west” spatial pattern, with Guangdong Province as the largest source; (2) plastic packaging generates roughly twice the upstream emissions of paper packaging, while paper packaging surpasses plastic during disposal; and (3) significant inter-provincial disparities exist in embodied carbon transfer, with seven southeastern coastal provinces as net exporters and a net-import pattern of “more in the east, less in the west; more in the south, less in the north,” accounting for 40 % of the total transfer. Based on this, it is recommended that the government attach great importance to the issue of responsibility allocation arising from the embodied carbon transfer of e-commerce express packaging. Full article

28 pages, 4511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Treatment of Dairy Industry Wastewater and Crop Irrigation Water Using AgBr-Coupled Photocatalysts

by M. Hernández-Laverde, J. J. Murcia, J. A. Navío, M. C. Hidalgo and F. Puga

Nanomaterials 2025, 15(11), 848; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15110848 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

This work describes the application of three different AgBr heterojunctions with TiO₂, SnO₂ and WO₃ in the treatment of two water sources: wastewater from a dairy industry facility (WDI) and water from a polluted river (WPR). All heterojunctions were widely characterised, and it was observed that the physicochemical properties of all the coupled materials were similar; however, the highest elimination of Enterobacteriaceae (>90%) was obtained with the AgBr/WO₃(20%) photocatalyst in WDI. Under the same conditions, with this photocatalyst, the complete removal of bacteria (i.e., E. coli, total coliforms and other Enterobacteriaceae) was achieved in WPR. The chlorides, hardness and colour in the two water samples decreased after photocatalytic treatment with all the coupled materials. However, nitrate levels and chemical oxygen demand increased due to the possible formation of intermediary species from the photodegradation of organic pollutants and the release of metabolic intermediates from bacterial degradation during the photocatalytic process. Overall, heterogeneous photocatalysis based on AgBr-coupled materials shows potential as a tertiary treatment for WDI and for the purification of vegetable irrigation water. However, it is still important to consider the need to optimise the integrity of photocatalytic materials in order to maintain their bactericidal effectiveness through continuous reuse. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Energy and Catalysis)

33 pages, 1914 KiB

Open AccessReview

Maternal Overnutrition in Beef Cattle: Effects on Fetal Programming, Metabolic Health, and Postnatal Outcomes

by Borhan Shokrollahi, Myungsun Park, Gi-Suk Jang, Shil Jin, Sung-Jin Moon, Kyung-Hwan Um, Sun-Sik Jang and Youl-Chang Baek

Biology 2025, 14(6), 645; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14060645 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Maternal overnutrition and targeted supplements during pregnancy strongly affect fetal development in beef cattle, influencing gene expression, tissue development, and productivity after birth. As modern feeding practices often result in cows receiving energy and protein above requirements, understanding the balance between adequate nutrition and overconditioning is critical for sustainable beef production. This review synthesizes findings from recent studies on maternal overnutrition and supplementation, focusing on macronutrients (energy, protein, methionine) and key micronutrients (e.g., selenium, zinc). It evaluates the timing and impact of supplementation during different gestational stages, with emphasis on fetal muscle and adipose tissue development, immune function, and metabolic programming. The role of epigenetic mechanisms, such as DNA methylation and non-coding RNAs, is also discussed in relation to maternal dietary inputs. Mid-gestation supplementation promotes muscle growth by activating muscle-specific genes, whereas late-gestation diets enhance marbling and carcass traits. However, maternal overnutrition may impair mitochondrial efficiency, encourage fat deposition over muscle, and promote collagen synthesis, reducing meat tenderness. Recent evidence highlights sex-specific fetal programming differences, the significant impact of maternal diets on offspring gut microbiomes, and breed-specific nutritional responses, and multi-OMICs integration reveals metabolic reprogramming mechanisms. Targeted trace mineral and methionine supplementation enhance antioxidant capacity, immune function, and reproductive performance. Precision feeding strategies aligned with gestational requirements improve feed efficiency and minimize overfeeding risks. Early interventions, including protein and vitamin supplementation, optimize placental function and fetal development, supporting stronger postnatal growth, immunity, and fertility. Balancing nutritional adequacy without excessive feeding supports animal welfare, profitability, and sustainability in beef cattle systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Biochemistry and Molecular Biology)

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22 pages, 607 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Quantitative Recurrence Properties in Some Irregular Sets for Beta Dynamical Systems

by Yuanyang Chang and Wenna Liu

Mathematics 2025, 13(11), 1850; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13111850 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Let

$β > 1$ be a real number and

$T_{β} x = β x (m o d 1)$ . This paper is concerned with the quantitative recurrence properties of the system [...] Read more.

Let

$β > 1$ be a real number and

$T_{β} x = β x (m o d 1)$ . This paper is concerned with the quantitative recurrence properties of the system

$([0, 1], T_{β})$ in some (refined) irregular sets. Specifically, let

$α_{1}, α_{2} > 0$ and

$ψ : N \to (0, 1)$ be a positive function; we define the set

$E_{α_{1}, α_{2}}^{β} = \{x \in [0, 1) : \underset{n \to \infty}{lim inf} \frac{1}{n} S_{n} (x, β) = α_{1}, \underset{n \to \infty}{lim sup} \frac{1}{n} S_{n} (x, β) = α_{2}\},$ and calculate the Hausdorff dimension of the set

$E_{α_{1}, α_{2}}^{β} (ψ) : = \{x \in E_{α_{1}, α_{2}}^{β} : | T_{β}^{n} x - x | < ψ (n) i . m . n \in N\},$ where

$i . m .$ stands for infinitely many. Consequently, the Hausdorff dimension of the set

${\hat{E}}^{β} (ψ) = \{x \in [0, 1) : lim_{n \to \infty} \frac{1}{n} S_{n} (x, β) does not exist, | T_{β}^{n} x - x | < ψ (n) i . m . n \in N\}$ is also determined. Full article

18 pages, 3221 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Produced in E. coli as Potential Antigens for a Novel Vaccine

by Sang-Cheol Yu, In-Kyu Lee, Hyun-Seok Kong, Sung-Ho Shin, Sung-Yoon Hwang, Yu-Jin Ahn, Jong-Hyeon Park, Bong-Yoon Kim and Young-Cheon Song

Vet. Sci. 2025, 12(6), 539; https://doi.org/10.3390/vetsci12060539 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) continues to pose a significant threat to livestock health and the global agricultural economy, particularly in endemic regions of Asia, Africa, and the Middle East. Current vaccines based on chemically inactivated FMDV present several challenges, including biosafety risks, high production costs, and limited effectiveness against emerging viral variants. To overcome these limitations, we developed virus-like particle (VLP) vaccines targeting FMDV serotypes O, A, and Asia1 using a recombinant Escherichia coli expression system. The resulting VLPs self-assembled into 25–30 nm particles with native-like morphology and antigenic properties, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy, SDS-PAGE, and Western blot analysis. Immunogenicity was evaluated in mice and pigs using ELISA and virus neutralization tests (VNT), and protective efficacy was assessed through viral challenge studies. All VLPs induced strong serotype-specific antibody responses, with ELISA PI values exceeding 50% and significantly increased VNT titers after booster immunization. In mice, PD₅₀ values were 73.5 (A-type), 32.0 (O-type), and 55.7 (Asia1-type); in pigs, PD₅₀ values reached 10.6 (O-type) and 22.6 (Asia1-type). Notably, the vaccines induced robust immune responses even at lower antigen doses, suggesting the feasibility of dose-sparing formulations. These findings demonstrate that FMDV VLPs produced in E. coli are highly immunogenic and capable of eliciting protective immunity, highlighting their promise as safe, scalable, and cost-effective alternatives to conventional inactivated FMD vaccines. Full article

26 pages, 6588 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Research on Quantitative Evaluation of Defects in Ferromagnetic Materials Based on Electromagnetic Non-Destructive Testing

by Xiangyi Hu, Ruijie Xie, Ruotian Wang, Jiapeng Wang, Haichao Cai, Xiaoqiang Wang, Xiang Li, Qingzhu Guan and Jianhua Zhang

Sensors 2025, 25(11), 3508; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25113508 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Defects are a direct cause of failure in ferromagnetic components, which can be evaluated via electromagnetic non-destructive testing (ENDT) methods. However, the existing studies exhibit several limitations (e.g., inaccurate quantification, over-reliance on algorithms, and non-intuitive result presentation, among others) in quantitative defect evaluation. To accurately describe the quantitative relationship between ENDT signals and defect dimensional parameters, the electromagnetic model and electromagnetic induction model are introduced in this paper to elucidate the physical mechanism of ENDT, as both models provide a basis for the selection of the constitutive relationship for simulation analysis. Then, a higher precision three-dimensional nonlinear finite element simulation model is established, and the effects of the excitation parameters and detection positions on signal characteristics are investigated. The simulation results indicate that the excitation frequency influences both the detection depth and sensitivity of ENDT, while the voltage amplitude affects the peak strength of the magnetic signal. Consequently, the excitation parameters are determined to be a 10 Hz frequency with a 25 V amplitude. Based on the characterization of signal peaks at positions of 0°, 90°, 180°, and 270°, the characteristic parameter K_A of the peak electrical signal curve is proposed as a quantitative index for evaluating defects. The quantitative experimental results show that K_A is related to the defect dimension. Specifically, the K_A value monotonically decreases from a constant greater than 1 to a constant less than 1 as the defect length increases, K_A is positively correlated with the defect width, and K_A follows a parabolic trend (first increase and then decrease) as the defect depth increases. Notably, K_A values associated with defect width and depth remain below 1. All the above findings provide a basis for evaluating defect dimensions. The results of this paper provide a novel ENDT method for evaluating defects, which is of great significance for improving the accuracy of ENDT and promoting its engineering applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Electronic Sensors)

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16 pages, 2123 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Reinforcement Learning for Multi-Objective Optimization Operation of Cascade Reservoir System Based on Monotonic Property

by Xiang Li, Haoyu Ma, Sitong Chen, Yang Xu and Xiang Zeng

Water 2025, 17(11), 1681; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17111681 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

In this paper, improved reinforcement learning (IRL) is designed for the multi-objective optimization operation of a cascade reservoir system. The primary improvement of IRL is searching within limited solution space, based on the derived monotonic property: the first-order derivative relationship between individual reservoir water release decisions for mainstream use (i.e., hydropower generation) as well as tributary use (i.e., regional water supply) and the cascade system’s or a particular reservoir’s water availability, along with the synchronicity and substitutability assumption of storage distribution in the cascade system. The improved algorithm is then applied to a real-world cascade reservoir system in the Yangtze River of China. The results demonstrate the high computational efficiency and reasonable interpretability of IRL. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Machine Learning Applications in the Water Domain)

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19 pages, 1768 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Verification of Seed-Priming-Induced Stress Memory by Genome-Wide Transcriptomic Analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

by Kincső Decsi, Mostafa Ahmed, Donia Abdul-Hamid, Roquia Rizk and Zoltán Tóth

Agronomy 2025, 15(6), 1365; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15061365 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

In line with the latest challenges, agriculture has many options to protect against stress conditions. Seed-priming treatment was applied to winter wheat genotype AG Hurrem with Dr. Green seed-priming fertilizer, which is a commonly used seed fertilizer containing macro- and microelements. Genome-wide transcriptomic analysis was performed to examine the effects of treatments. In seed-primed plants, defense response pathways such as purine and thiamine metabolism, glutathione pathway, and phenylpropanoid biosynthesis were activated. At the same time, photosynthesis and some cellular respiration processes were downregulated and suppressed. Furthermore, in samples of plants previously exposed to priming and subsequently to drought stress, biochemical pathways activated during seed priming showed positive modulation, thus confirming the long-term traces of the priming effects of previous treatments and their repeated inducibility in the genome, i.e., the presumed existence of stress memory. The in silico analyses were also supported by laboratory antioxidant enzyme activity measurements. The priming technique and the preventive approach that can be offered with it may be a promising option for developing sustainable agricultural production in the future. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stress Responses and Resistance Mechanisms in Plants: Physiology, Genetics, and Molecular Pathways)

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21 pages, 6822 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Soil Physicochemical Improvement in Coastal Saline–Alkali Lands Through Salix matsudana × alba Plantation

by Zhenxiao Chen, Zhenan Chen and Handong Gao

Forests 2025, 16(6), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/f16060933 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

To evaluate the ecological remediation effect of Salix matsudana × alba on saline coastal soils, we established a five-year field experiment in Rudong County, Jiangsu Province, China. The experiment was designed with three salinity gradients (low, medium, and high) and five plant spacing treatments (2 × 2 m, 2 × 3 m, 3 × 3 m, 3 × 4 m, and 4 × 4 m). Soil samples were collected annually at a depth of 0–20 cm using grid and random sampling methods. Indicators of soil physicochemical properties and heavy metal content were measured, including soil organic matter (SOM), pH, total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), total potassium (TK), electrical conductivity (EC), total salinity (TS), and bulk density (BD). Additionally, eight heavy metals were analyzed: zinc (Zn), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), copper (Cu), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), and mercury (Hg). Results showed that the hybrid willow significantly improved SOM content by up to 90% and reduced EC and TS by 52% and 60% over five years, especially under low and medium salinity conditions with dense planting (2 × 2 m, 2 × 3 m). The content of most heavy metals exhibited a decreasing trend or remained stable, indicating the plant’s phytostabilization potential (i.e., stabilization of heavy metals via plant-soil interaction). Principal component analysis (PCA) and random forest (RF) modeling identified SOM, EC, TS, and BD as the dominant factors influencing soil quality improvement. A soil quality index (SQI) was constructed based on PCA-derived weights, which further confirmed the positive ecological effect of this hybrid species on coastal saline soils. This study provides scientific evidence supporting the use of Salix matsudana × alba as a promising species for large-scale ecological restoration in coastal saline-alkaline lands. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Forest Soil)

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27 pages, 4562 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Text Mining for Consumers’ Sentiment Tendency and Strategies for Promoting Cross-Border E-Commerce Marketing Using Consumers’ Online Review Data

by Changting Liu, Tao Chen, Qiang Pu and Ying Jin

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020125 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

With the rapid advancement of information technology and the increasing maturity of online shopping platforms, cross-border shopping has experienced rapid growth. Online consumer reviews, as an essential part of the online shopping process, have become a vital way for merchants to obtain user feedback and gain insights into market demands. The research employs Python tools (Jupyter Notebook 7.0.8) to analyze the 14,078 pieces of review text data from the top four best-selling products in a certain product category on a certain cross-border e-commerce platform. By applying social network analysis, constructing LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) topic models, and establishing LSTM (Long Short-Term Memory) sentiment classification models, the topics and sentiment distribution of the review set are obtained, and the evolution trends of topics and sentiments are analyzed according to different periods. The research finds that in the overall review set, consumers’ focus is concentrated on five aspects: functional features, quality and cost-effectiveness, usage effectiveness, post-purchase support, and design and assembly. In terms of changes in review sentiments, the negative proportion of the topics of functional features and usage effects is still relatively high. Given the above, this study integrates the 4P and 4C theories to propose strategies for enhancing the marketing capabilities of cross-border e-commerce in the context of digital cross-border operations, providing theoretical and practical marketing insights for cross-border e-commerce enterprises. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human–Technology Synergies in AI-Driven E-Commerce Environments)

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17 pages, 452 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Efficacy and Safety of a Personalized Protocol Designed to Balance Hemoglobin Levels in Hemodialysis Patients as Led by Nephrology Clinical Nurse Specialists: An Intervention Study

by Ruth Israeli, Gillie Gabay, Sigal Shafran Tikva, Michal Exman, Irit Mor Yosef Levi, Ruth Radiano, Rely Alon, Yulia Lerman and Revital Zelker

Healthcare 2025, 13(11), 1317; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13111317 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

Background: The ongoing clinical challenge of managing hemoglobin levels in chronic dialysis patients is exacerbated by the gap between growing patient needs and the limited availability of nephrologists. Clinical nurse specialists (CNSs) have been contributing to the successes of modern healthcare systems across Europe, but there is a limited understanding of specific mechanisms by which CNSs can support and improve patient outcomes in renal diseases. Objectives: Responding to previous calls, this intervention study evaluated the role of nephrology CNSs in dialysis patient care. Methods: This intervention study employed erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) to investigate whether a personalized, tailored protocol led by nephrology CNSs could improve the hemoglobin balance compared to the conventional standard of care led by nephrologists. Thirty-nine patients who met the inclusion criteria with a preset hemoglobin value between 10.5–12 g/dL completed the study. Results: There were no significant differences in hemoglobin levels between patients managed by nephrologists and those overseen by CNSs. Hemoglobin variability remained unchanged after protocol implementation, while key dialysis quality indicators (e.g., iron saturation, urea reduction) remained within safety limits. Notably, ESA-related medical adjustments were significantly reduced, requiring half as many modifications over 12 study points. Conclusions: A CNS-led personalized protocol effectively maintained dialysis patient parameters within established safety thresholds. These findings reinforce the critical role of CNSs in enhancing the efficiency, effectiveness, and safety of hemoglobin management in this high-risk population. Policy implications are discussed. Full article

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27 pages, 5038 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prediction and Optimization for Multi-Product Marketing Resource Allocation in Cross-Border E-Commerce

by Yi Xie, Heng-Qing Ye and Wenbin Zhu

J. Theor. Appl. Electron. Commer. Res. 2025, 20(2), 124; https://doi.org/10.3390/jtaer20020124 - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

In cross-border e-commerce, effective marketing resource allocation is crucial due to the complexity introduced by diverse product categories, regional differences, and competition among category managers. Current methods either overlook these constraints or fail to enforce them efficiently due to computational challenges. We propose a two-stage optimization framework that integrates predictive models with constrained optimization. In the first stage, predictive models estimate user purchase probabilities and determine upper bounds on product-specific sending volumes. In the second stage, the resource allocation problem is formulated as a large-scale integer programming model, which is then transformed into a minimum-cost flow problem to ensure computational efficiency while preserving solution optimality. Experiments on real-world data show that our framework significantly outperforms baseline strategies, achieving a 14.48% increase in order volume and revenue improvements ranging from 0.19% to 43.91%. The minimum-cost flow algorithm consistently outperforms the greedy approach, especially in large-scale instances. The proposed framework enables scalable and constraint-compliant marketing resource allocation in cross-border e-commerce. It not only improves sales performance but also ensures strict adherence to operational constraints, making it well-suited for large-scale commercial deployment. Full article

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21 pages, 3047 KiB

Open AccessReview

Microgeneration of Electricity in Gyms—A Review and Conceptual Study

by Waldemar Moska and Andrzej Łebkowski

Energies 2025, 18(11), 2912; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18112912 (registering DOI) - 2 Jun 2025

Abstract

This article presents a comprehensive analysis of the potential for microgeneration of electrical energy from human physical activity and reviews current commercial and research solutions, including stationary bicycles, treadmills, rowing ergometers, strength equipment, and kinetic floor systems. The physiological foundations of human energy generation are examined, with attention to key factors such as age, gender, fitness level, maximum oxygen uptake, heart rate, and hydration. The study includes mathematical models of energy conversion from metabolic to electrical output, incorporating fatigue as a limiting factor in long-duration performance. Available energy storage technologies (e.g., lithium-ion batteries, supercapacitors, and flywheels) and intelligent energy management systems (EMS) for use in sports facilities and net-zero energy buildings are also reviewed. As part of the study, a conceptual design of a multifunctional training and diagnostic device is proposed to illustrate potential technological directions. This device integrates microgeneration with dynamic physiological monitoring and adaptive load control through power electronic conversion. The paper highlights both the opportunities and limitations of harvesting human-generated energy and outlines future directions for sustainable energy applications in fitness environments. A preliminary economic analysis is also included, showing that while the energy payback alone is limited, the device offers commercial potential when combined with diagnostic and smart fitness services and may contribute to broader building energy efficiency strategies through integration with intelligent energy systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies for Energy-Efficient Buildings)

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32 pages, 11077 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Gelatin/Cerium-Doped Bioactive Glass Composites for Enhancing Cellular Functions of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells (hBMSCs)

by Andrey Iodchik, Gigliola Lusvardi, Alfonso Zambon, Poh Soo Lee, Hans-Peter Wiesmann, Anne Bernhardt and Vera Hintze

Gels 2025, 11(6), 425; https://doi.org/10.3390/gels11060425 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

Delayed or non-healing of bone defects in an aging, multi-morbid population is still a medical challenge. Current replacement materials, like autografts, are limited. Thus, artificial substitutes from biodegradable polymers and bioactive glasses (BGs) are promising alternatives. Here, novel cerium-doped mesoporous BG microparticles (Ce-MBGs) with different cerium content were included in photocrosslinkable, methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) for promoting cellular functions of human mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs). The composites were studied for intrinsic morphology and Ce-MBGs distribution by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). They were gravimetrically analyzed for swelling and stability, compressive modulus via Microsquisher^® and bioactivity by Fluitest^® calcium assay and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES), also determining silicon and cerium ion release. Finally, seeding, proliferation, and differentiation of hBMSCs was investigated. Ce-MBGs were evenly distributed within composites. The latter displayed a concentration-dependent but cerium-independent decrease in swelling, while mechanical properties were comparable. A MBG type-dependent bioactivity was shown, while an enhanced osteogenic differentiation of hBMSCs was achieved for Ce-MBG-composites and related to different ion release profiles. These findings show their strong potential in promoting bone regeneration. Still, future work is required, e.g., analyzing the expression of osteogenic genes, providing further evidence for the composites’ osteogenic effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Collagen-Based Gels)

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14 pages, 425 KiB

Open AccessReview

Clinical Impact of Vaping

by Francesco Petrella, Paola Faverio, Andrea Cara, Enrico Mario Cassina, Lidia Libretti, Sara Lo Torto, Emanuele Pirondini, Federico Raveglia, Francesca Spinelli, Antonio Tuoro, Elisa Perger and Fabrizio Luppi

Toxics 2025, 13(6), 470; https://doi.org/10.3390/toxics13060470 (registering DOI) - 1 Jun 2025

Abstract

The term ‘vaping’ refers to the use of electronic cigarettes or other devices to inhale a variety of heated and aerosolized substances. Vaping has been promoted as a less harmful and potentially oncogenic alternative to nicotine cigarettes, particularly to help heavy smokers quit. While vaping products do not produce the same carcinogenic substances—such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons—generated by the combustion of tobacco, and while their fluids lack tobacco-related carcinogens like nitrosamines, it is now well established that they still generate harmful and potentially oncogenic byproducts. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the potential oncogenic effects of vaping fluids, including direct chemical action, epithelial–mesenchymal transition induction, redox stress, mitochondrial toxicity, and DNA damage. In addition to cancer risk, there have been reports of adverse effects on cardiovascular health, reproductive function, and non-oncologic lung injuries. These include exogenous lipoid pneumonia, diffuse alveolar hemorrhage with proven alveolar injury, and vaping-associated bronchiolitis obliterans. The aim of this review is to examine vaping devices, their potential role in lung carcinogenesis, vaping-associated lung injury, and other clinical implications, including impacts on cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory diseases, and also pregnancy and fetus health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Human Toxicology and Epidemiology)

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