Search Results (3,384)

This study investigates the effects of incorporating paper mulberry (Broussonetia papyrifera L.) powder into the diets of Cherry Valley ducks on growth performance, serum biochemistry, and the gut microbiome. A total of 350 14-day-old male Cherry Valley ducks were randomly assigned to five groups receiving diets with 0%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10% paper mulberry powder for 42 days. Growth performance, meat quality, serum immunity, and cecal microbial composition were assessed. The results showed no significant differences in average daily feed intake and feed conversion ratio among treatments, with the 6% paper mulberry group showing the highest average daily gain (79.73 g) (p < 0.05). Meat quality parameters, including color, drip loss, cooking loss, and shear force, were not significantly affected by paper mulberry powder supplementation, while the 8% paper mulberry group showed the highest pH₂₄ value (5.47) (p < 0.05). Serum biochemistry revealed increased total protein (G0, G4, G6, G8, and G10: 41.50, 44.47, 45.58, 45.67, and 45.85 g/L, respectively), albumin (G0, G4, G6, G8, and G10: 18.61, 19.56, 20.29, 20.2, and 20.39 g/L, respectively), total cholesterol (G0, G4, G6, G8, and G10: 5.31, 4.96, 5.37, 5.53, and 5.59 mmol/L, respectively), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) in ducks fed 6%, 8%, and 10% paper mulberry powder, with lower alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and total bilirubin (TBI) in the 8% and 10% groups (p < 0.05). Cecal microbial diversity was enhanced with paper mulberry powder, particularly in the 6% group, which showed increased Bacteroides abundance (p < 0.05). Supplementing duck diets with 6% paper mulberry powder increased average daily gain, without adversely affecting meat quality and health, suggesting its potential as a sustainable feed ingredient in the duck meat industry. Full article

Background and Objectives: The nasopharynx, unlike other pharyngeal regions, includes an important part of the immune system, called the adenoid (nasopharyngeal tonsil); its posterior wall contains lymphoid tissue belonging to Waldeyer’s ring. Nasopharyngeal posterior wall thickness is often associated with adenoid hyperplasia in adults. The current study aimed to compare the blood lipid and metabolic profiles of adult patients with increased nasopharyngeal posterior wall thickness to those of the healthy population. Materials and Methods: This study included a cohort of 98 patients, 52 in the control group and 46 diagnosed with increased nasopharyngeal posterior wall thickness due to adenoid hyperplasia. Clinical and biochemical data were collected from medical records at Sivas Cumhuriyet University and Erbaa State Hospital between January 2024 and March 2025. The dataset consisted of the following 11 features: age, sex, total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), triglycerides, fasting blood glucose, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C), C-reactive protein (CRP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). Results: HDL was significantly lower in the adenoid hyperplasia group (mean = 48.68, SD = 21.87) compared to the control group (mean = 51.31, SD = 11.80; Kruskal–Wallis H = 4.750, p = 0.029), with a small effect size (Cohen’s d = −0.156). ALT was higher in the adenoid hyperplasia group (mean = 26.35, SD = 16.93 vs. 20.88, SD = 11.42; permutation test p = 0.082), suggesting a trend toward significance. HbA1C had a higher mean in the adenoid hyperplasia group (7.88, SD = 9.82 vs. 6.18, SD = 1.18; p = 0.852), with high variability. Conclusions: In conclusion, this study identified HDL, HbA1C, and ALT as potential biomarkers for nasopharyngeal adenoid hyperplasia, with XGBoost and SHAP providing valuable insights despite dataset constraints. Full article

Background and Objectives: Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in women of reproductive age. The etiology of PCOS is complex and is associated with low-grade chronic inflammation. The current study aimed to investigate inflammation markers in PCOS patients with and without metformin treatment. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study included 30 age-matched PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment, 50 PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment, and 30 healthy controls. The groups were compared according to inflammatory (hs-CRP, NLR, and PLR) and metabolic parameters (lipids, fasting blood-sugar insulin, HOMA-IR). Results: Insulin (p < 0.001) and HOMA-IR (p < 0.001) score median values of PCOS patients were found to be significantly higher than the control group. CRP levels of PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment were found to be higher than both control and PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment (p < 0.001). There was a significant difference between the groups in terms of PLR mean value (p = 0.031). The mean PLR value of PCOS patients, both those receiving metformin treatment and those not receiving treatment, was found to be significantly higher than the control group. In PCOS patients not receiving metformin treatment, there was a negative significant correlation between NLR and HDL level (r: −0.384; p: 0.036), NLR and insulin (r: 0.422; p: 0.020), and HOMA-IR score (r: 0.439; p: 0.015). There was a positive significant correlation between them. Conclusions: In the current study, PLR was significantly increased in all PCOS patients compared to controls. CRP levels in PCOS patients receiving metformin treatment were significantly higher than both control and untreated PCOS patients. PLR is positively associated with insulin and HOMA-IR scores in PCOS patients. Full article

(1) The aim of the study was to reveal what differences in patients’ lipidogram, oxidative stress, and echocardiographic readings are reflected by SII, SIRI, and MHR of the patients with chronic heart failure (CHF). (2) A total of 220 patients diagnosed with CHF were investigated. They were stratified into groups according to averages of SII (neutrophil * platelet/lymphocyte count), SII ≤ 684.757 (n = 115), and SII > 684.757 (n = 62); SIRI (neutrophil * monocyte/lymphocyte count), SIRI ≤ 2.098 (n = 110), SIRI > 2.098 (n = 67); and monocyte count/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration (MHR), MHR ≤ 0.5854 (n = 54), and MHR > 0.5854 (n = 64) values. The analysis of transthoracic echocardiogram, complete blood count test, C reactive protein, lipidogram, oxHDL, nitrotirozine, ditirozine, TAC, protein carbonyl, catalase, and MDA were performed; (3) Between the groups, according to SII and SIRI, there were no statistically significant differences in lipidogram, oxidative stress, and echocardiography readings. In those with higher MHR, HDL concentration was lower (0.91 (0.44; 1.45) and 1.27 (0.72; 2.69), p < 0.001). In those with higher MHR, LVEDD was higher (58.12 (10.03) and 51.53 (10.34), p < 0.001), LVMM was higher (274.92 (92.24) and 233.07 (74.84), p = 0.010), MMI was higher (130.88 (34.28; 227.97) and 114.27 (70.34; 270.00), p = 0.022), and LVEF was lower (28.5 (10.0; 55.0) and 40.0 (20.0; 55.0), p < 0.001). MHR correlated with MMI (r = 0.287, p = 0.028) and LVMI (r = 0.287, p = 0.028). Nitrotyrosine concentration was higher in those with higher MHR (4.52 (1.12; 93.58) and 3.52 (1.74; 28.32), p = 0.022). MHR correlated with protein carbonyl (r = 0.321, p = 0.013), nitrotyrosine concentration (r = 0.356, p = 0.006). SIRI correlated with carbonyl protein concentration (r = 0.321, p = 0.013); (4) 1. In CHF patients, MHR could reflect the worsening of patients’ conditions related to oxidative stress. 2. The possibility to use SII and SIRI still needs to be confirmed. Full article

This study aimed to assess the effect of co-supplementing rumen-protected fat and rumen-protected choline on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat quality in lambs. Using a randomized experimental design, 45 weaned female Tian×Hu crossbred lambs (3 months old; average body weight: 27.34 ± 0.57 kg, mean ± SD) were randomly allocated to one of three dietary treatment groups. The three dietary treatments were as follows: a basal diet group (CON), a group receiving 2% rumen-protected fat in place of 2% barley (RPF), and a group supplemented with 2% rumen-protected fat and 0.4% rumen-protected choline, replacing 2% barley and 0.4% corn germ in the basal diet (RPFC). Compared to the CON group, neither the RPF nor RPFC treatments resulted in significant differences in growth performance (p > 0.05). However, the RPFC group showed a 5.3% increase in dry matter intake (DMI) compared to the RPF group (p < 0.05). Compared with the CON, the RPF treatment increased 69.23% the relative abundance of C18:2n-6t (p < 0.05), but the content of C17:0, C17:1, C18:1n-9c, and iso-C18:0 in Longissimus lumborum was decreased by 16.49%, 15.78%, 6.45% and 27.78%, respectively (p < 0.05). The RPFC treatment increased the relative abundance of C16:1 in Longissimus lumborum (p < 0.05). The RPF and RPFC treatments significantly increased serum levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and total cholesterol compared to the CON group (p < 0.05). The RPF treatment raised HDL by 50.00% and total cholesterol by 38.03%, while the RPFC treatment increased HDL by 39.47% and total cholesterol by 26.03%. Furthermore, compared to the RPF group, the RPFC treatment led to a 13.47% increase in the 45 min b* color value of the Longissimus lumborum (p < 0.01) and a significant 45.45% reduction in the relative abundance of C18:2n-6t fatty acid in the same muscle (p < 0.05). In summary, rumen-protected choline reduces the negative effects of rumen-protected fat on feed intake in lambs and changes fatty acid profile in meat. Full article

Background and Objectives: The myocardial performance index (MPI) is a diagnostic tool that assesses both the systolic and diastolic function of ventricles. The MPI provides a comprehensive view of the overall efficiency of the heart’s pumping ability, making it a valuable tool for detecting early signs of heart dysfunction, even in the absence of overt symptoms. In this regard, we aimed to explore the relationship between the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index and subclinical heart failure (HF), as well as its correlation with the MPI, in asymptomatic patients visiting a routine cardiology outpatient clinic. The study specifically excluded individuals with known diabetes, hypertension, and HF, focusing instead on those who had undergone 12 h fasting blood glucose (FBG) and triglyceride (TG) tests. Materials and Methods: The study included 125 patients with FBG, TG, total cholesterol (TC), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) data after the exclusion criteria were applied. Results: When asymptomatic patients were categorized as MPI normal or MPI (+) subjects, significant differences were found between the groups in terms of body mass index (BMI), metabolic syndrome (MetS) components, and serum TG values. Pearson correlation analysis revealed a significant and positive correlation between the MPI and TyG index (r = 0.358, p < 0.001). Regression analysis was used to determine the effective parameters in subclinical left ventricular dysfunction (SCLVD). In univariate regression analysis, obesity, the presence of MetS, serum TG, and the TyG index were identified as risk factors. In multivariate regression analysis, the TyG index was found to be the independent risk factor. Conclusions: The positive association found between the MPI and TyG index suggests a link with metabolic disorders and myocardial performance. Obesity, the presence of MetS, serum TG, and the TyG index were identified as risk factors for SCLVD in asymptomatic patients. Notably, the TyG index was identified as an independent risk factor for SCLVD, highlighting its potential role in the early identification and risk stratification of individuals at risk for cardiac dysfunction. These findings suggest that monitoring the TyG index could provide valuable insights into subclinical heart dysfunction, particularly in patients with metabolic abnormalities. Full article

Sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity (SO) represent significant age-related muscular disorders. Their specific biomarkers and pathophysiological mechanisms remain insufficiently elucidated. This study aims to identify differential and shared biomarkers between these conditions to reveal distinct pathophysiological processes, providing a foundation for precision diagnostics and targeted interventions. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies examining biomarkers related to sarcopenia and SO in adults aged 45 and older. Electronic and manual searches were performed in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase up to December 2024. The quality of each study was assessed using the National Institutes of Health Quality Assessment Tool. Meta-analysis was performed when at least three studies investigated the same biomarkers in frailty and sarcopenia, calculating the pooled effect size based on the standard mean difference using a random effects model. In total, 80 studies (64 on sarcopenia and 16 on SO) were included, encompassing 36,680 older adults (aged 45 and above) from 16 countries with varying levels of development. Participants were categorized based on their setting, age, and gender distribution. Sarcopenia is characterized by lower serum triglycerides and stable HDL/LDL ratios, while SO presents with higher triglycerides and disrupted cholesterol correlation, indicating distinct metabolic interactions. Analysis of inflammatory profiles revealed significantly elevated CRP levels in SO, with WBC as a specific marker, while TNF-α was associated with sarcopenia, suggesting a subtype-specific role of chronic inflammation. Vitamin D deficiency is prevalent in both conditions and may represent a potential therapeutic target. Subgroup analyses indicated an increased risk of muscle function decline in high-risk communities in developing regions, underscoring the urgent need for early intervention. A set of shared metabolic, hematologic, and inflammatory biomarkers was identified in sarcopenia and SO. These findings address a knowledge gap in biomarker research and highlight the distinct mechanisms involved in the development of both conditions. Developing biomarker-based diagnostic algorithms is essential for optimizing personalized treatment. Subgroup analyses have also identified high-risk populations, underscoring the need for early intervention. Full article

N-acetylaspartate (NAA) is the second most abundant metabolite in the human brain. Quantifiable amounts of NAA are also present in the blood, but its role in the peripheral tissues is largely unknown. First, we determined the acute effects of insulin administration on NAA concentrations; second, we assessed whether circulating NAA levels associate with markers of central and peripheral insulin sensitivity. A total of 24 persons living with obesity and 19 healthy, lean controls, without neurological disorders, underwent a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp combined with fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography ([¹⁸F]FDG-PET) imaging of the brain, abdomen, and femoral area. Plasma concentrations of NAA were measured at baseline and ~2 h into the clamp using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS-MS). Glucose uptake (GU) rates were analysed using a fractional uptake rate. Serum acetate levels were also assessed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) metabolomics. From baseline to steady-state, insulin levels increased from a mean level of 66 to 447 pmol/L (p < 0.0001). Over this period, circulating NAA concentrations decreased by 5% (p = 0.01), similarly in both groups. The change in NAA was inversely related with the change in plasma acetate (r = −0.36, p = 0.048). Circulating NAA was associated with waist–hip ratio (rho = −0.54, p = 0.0002), steady-state free fatty acids (rho = −0.44, p = 0.003), and directly with HDL cholesterol (rho = 0.54, p = 0.0002), adiponectin (rho = 0.48, p = 0.003), and whole-body insulin sensitivity (rho = 0.34, p = 0.03). Circulating NAA was directly related with skeletal muscle (rho = 0.42, p = 0.01) and visceral adipose tissue GU (rho = 0.41, p = 0.02). Insulin administration leads to a small decrease in circulating NAA levels, and NAA associates consistently with markers of insulin sensitivity. While plasma NAA may be relevant to aspects of whole-body homeostasis, mechanistic insights are needed. Full article

Obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) are major contributors to the rise in metabolic disorders, particularly in developed countries. Despite the need for effective therapies, natural product-based interventions remain underexplored. This study investigated the therapeutic effects of Endarachne binghamiae, a type of brown algae, hot water extract (EB-WE) in ameliorating obesity and MASLD using high-fat diet (HFD)-induced ICR mice for an acute obesity model (4-week HFD feeding) and C57BL/6 mice for a long-term MASLD model (12-week HFD feeding). EB-WE administration significantly reduced body and organ weights and improved serum lipid markers, such as triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (T-CHO), HDL (high-density lipoprotein), LDL (low-density lipoprotein), adiponectin, and apolipoprotein A1 (ApoA1). mRNA expression analysis of liver and skeletal muscle tissues revealed that EB-WE upregulated Ampkα and Cpt1 while downregulating Cebpα and Srebp1, suppressing lipogenic signaling. Additionally, EB-WE activated brown adipose tissue through Pgc1α and Ucp1, contributing to fatty liver alleviation. Western blot analysis of liver tissues demonstrated that EB-WE enhanced AMPK phosphorylation and modulated lipid metabolism by upregulating PGC-1α and UCP-1 and downregulating PPAR-γ, C/EBP-α, and FABP4 proteins. It also reduced oxidation markers, such as OxLDL (oxidized low-density lipoprotein) and ApoB (apolipoprotein B), while increasing ApoA1 levels. EB-WE suppressed lipid peroxidation by modulating oxidative stress markers, such as SOD (superoxide dismutase), CAT (catalase), GSH (glutathione), and MDA (malondialdehyde), in liver tissues. Furthermore, EB-WE regulated the glucose regulatory pathway in the liver and muscle by inhibiting the expression of Sirt1, Sirt4, Glut2, and Glut4 while increasing the expression of Nrf2 and Ho1. Tentative liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis for EB-WE identified bioactive compounds, such as pyropheophorbide A and digiprolactone, which are known to have antioxidant or metabolic regulatory activities. These findings suggest that EB-WE improves obesity and MASLD through regulation of metabolic pathways, glucose homeostasis, and antioxidant activity, making it a promising candidate for natural product-based functional foods and pharmaceuticals targeting metabolic diseases. Full article

Hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor for cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Although pharmacologic treatments are effective, their adverse effects have spurred interest in natural alternatives. Alpha-mangostin (AM), a xanthone from Garcinia mangostana, has shown lipid-lowering effects in animal studies, but its overall efficacy remains unclear. This systematic review and meta-analysis, conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines, evaluated AM’s impact on lipid profiles in hyperlipidemic animal models. Databases including Scopus, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science were searched for relevant controlled studies. Nine studies (N = 226 animals) met inclusion criteria, reporting data on triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL-C, and HDL-C. Risk of bias, assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2 tool, was generally low-to-moderate. Meta-analysis using a random-effects model revealed that AM significantly reduced TG, TC, and LDL-C, while increasing HDL-C. Stronger effects were observed at doses <50 mg/kg/day. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirmed robustness and highlighted the influence of species, region, and treatment duration. These findings suggest that AM is a promising lipid-lowering agent in animal models. Further clinical trials are needed to validate efficacy in humans and determine optimal dosing. Full article

Given the increasing incidence of chronic metabolic diseases, fermented functional foods are receiving a growing demand due to their important functional activities. The aim of this pilot clinical study–nutritional intervention is to expand knowledge on how the habitual intake of a biofunctional miso-type sauce, enhanced with biocarotenoids, may affect biomarkers of lipidemia, glycemia, and oxidative stress in healthy volunteers. Using a randomized, cross-over, controlled, and single-blind design, ten healthy participants with a mean age of 23 years, who met the eligibility criteria, supplemented their daily diet with either 20 g of legume-based or the biofunctional miso-type sauce for 30 days, with a one-week washout. Blood samples were taken at baseline and after intervention. The measured parameters included serum total, HDL, and LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, uric acid, glucose, and plasma TAC. After 30 days, the miso-type sauce increased plasma TAC (p = 0.04) and slightly decreased mean triglycerides (p = 0.47) compared with the control sauce. Both sauces resulted in higher LDL cholesterol levels (p = 0.001–0.02), indicating possible negative effects on lipidemic control. However, the miso group showed a lower grade of increment compared with the control. This long-term study partly supports the acute postprandial indications and motivates research expansion, demonstrating that biofunctional miso-type sauce, enhanced with biocarotenoids, may possess a preventive role in chronic dysmetabolism and oxidative stress. Full article

In recent years, data from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have shown that the genes coding for transcriptional repressor GATA binding 1 (TRPS1) and tribbles pseudokinase 1 (TRIB1) play an important role in plasma lipid profiles and act as risk factors for coronary heart disease (CHD). The aim of this work was to explore whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TRSP1 (rs231150 and rs2737229) and TRIB1 (rs2980880 and rs2954029) genes are involved in acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and plasma lipid levels. We included 1262 patients diagnosed with ACS and 1051 controls. According to inheritance models, the minor alleles of the SNPs (rs2737229 A, rs2980880 C, and rs2954029 T) were associated with an increased incidence of ACS (p < 0.05). In a sub-analysis that included only the control subjects, the same minor allele frequency was associated with increased total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, and LDL-cholesterol levels and low triglyceride levels. In conclusion, rs2737229, rs2980880, and rs2954029 polymorphisms are associated with a risk of developing ACS and with elevated plasma lipid levels. Our results suggest that the TRSP1 and TRIB1 are implicated in the incidence of ACS through of increased of plasma lipid profile. Full article

Lipid metabolism disorders represent a significant risk factor for the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Apolipoprotein E (APOE) has been regarded as a pivotal regulator of lipid homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS), with polymorphic alleles identified as genetic risk factors for late-onset AD. Despite advances in APOE research and the development of numerous pharmaceutical approaches targeting distinct APOE isoforms, there remain limited treatment approaches for AD that focus on lipid metabolic homeostasis. Consequently, it is necessary to reevaluate the lipid metabolic process in the CNS. Apolipoprotein A1 (APOA-I), a major component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL), plays a crucial role in reverse cholesterol transport from tissues to the liver to maintain lipid homeostasis. Over the past few decades, numerous studies have suggested a connection between reduced APOA-I levels and a higher risk of AD. APOA-I is synthesized exclusively in the liver and intestines, and there is a lack of conclusive evidence supporting its functional significance within the central nervous system, in contrast to APOE, which is produced locally by glial cells and neurons within the CNS. Moreover, APOA-I’s ability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is still poorly understood, which causes its significance in central lipid metabolism and AD pathophysiology to be mainly disregarded. Recent advancements in tracing methodologies have underscored the essential role of APOA-I in regulating lipid metabolism in the CNS. This review aims to elucidate the physiological functions and metabolic pathways of APOA-I, integrating its associations with AD-related pathologies, risk factors, and potential therapeutic targets. Through this discourse, we aim to provide novel insights into the intricate relationship between AD and APOA-I, paving the way for future research in this field. Full article

Aroma is an important processing and consumption quality trait of fruits and vegetables, and terpenes produced from the terpenoid metabolic pathway are a critical component of chili fruit flavor. This pathway involves the participation of at least eighteen enzymes, such as AACT, HMGS, HMGR, MVK, PMK, MVD, FPPS, GGPPS, DXS, DXR, MCT, CMK, MECPS, HDS, HDR, GPPS, IDI, and TPS. In this study, the genome wide information, expression characteristics, and relationship with terpenoids of terpenoid pathway genes are analyzed in C. annuum. The results showed that C. annuum has sixty-seven genes related to terpene metabolic pathways. Non-targeted metabolomics studies found that the content of aromatic terpenoids α-calacorene, α-cubene, and cis-β-farnesene increased with fruit development in HDL fruits, while linalool and nerolidol were much higher in GLD608. Correlation analyses between qRT-PCR and metabolome data showed that the expression levels of CaHMGS-3, CaMVD-1, CaCMK-1, and CaGGPPS-2 were positively correlated with the content of linalool, a flavor monoterpene alcohol. CaMECPS-1 was positively correlated with cis-β-farnesene, and there was also a significant positive regulatory relationship between CaTPS-5 and nerolidol relationship. In conclusion, the present study provides genetic resources for further studies on the gene regulatory mechanisms of flavor synthesis and terpenoid metabolic pathways in chili. Full article

The Number Theoretic Transform (NTT) is a cornerstone for efficient polynomial multiplication, which is fundamental to lattice-based cryptographic algorithms such as CRYSTALS-Kyber—a leading candidate in post-quantum cryptography (PQC). However, existing NTT accelerators often rely on integer multiplier-based modular reduction techniques, such as Barrett or Montgomery reduction, which introduce significant computational overhead and hardware resource consumption. These accelerators also lack optimization in unified architectures for forward (FNTT) and inverse (INTT) transformations. Addressing these research gaps, this paper introduces a novel, high-speed NTT accelerator tailored specifically for CRYSTALS-Kyber. The proposed design employs an innovative shift-add modular reduction mechanism, eliminating the need for integer multipliers, thereby reducing critical path delay and enhancing circuit frequency. A unified pipelined butterfly unit, capable of performing FNTT and INTT operations through Cooley–Tukey and Gentleman–Sande configurations, is integrated into the architecture. Additionally, a highly efficient data handling mechanism based on Register banks supports seamless memory access, ensuring continuous and parallel processing. The complete architecture, implemented in Verilog HDL, has been evaluated on FPGA platforms (Virtex-5, Virtex-6, and Virtex-7). Post place-and-route results demonstrate a maximum operating frequency of 261 MHz on Virtex-7, achieving a throughput of 290.69 Kbps—1.45× and 1.24× higher than its performance on Virtex-5 and Virtex-6, respectively. Furthermore, the design boasts an impressive throughput-per-slice metric of 111.63, underscoring its resource efficiency. With a 1.27× reduction in computation time compared to state-of-the-art single butterfly unit-based NTT accelerators, this work establishes a new benchmark in advancing secure and scalable cryptographic hardware solutions. Full article