Search Results (419)

Rosehip (the “fruit” of Rosa canina L, commonly known as dog rose) is an emerging functional food, yet native Greek populations remain under-explored. This study screened 76 wild genotypes from Northern Greece for radical scavenging activity (% RSA), total phenolic content (TPC), and ascorbic acid (AsA). The results showed remarkable antioxidant potential (RSA > 70%), with TPC ranging from 1.02 to 35.96 mg g⁻¹ DW, and AsA between 0.72 and 3.57 mg g⁻¹ FW. Stepwise multiple regression analysis identified altitude as the primary predictor for RSA (adjusted R² = 0.139, p = 0.001) and latitude as a significant modulator for TPC (p = 0.034), reflecting subtle environmental adaptations over a robust genetic baseline. HPLC-PDA-MS characterization revealed a complex profile dominated by procyanidins, catechin derivatives, flavanonols (eriodictyol conjugates), and flavonol 3-O-glycosides (mainly quercetin hexosides and pentosides). Exploratory multivariate analysis (PCA) visualized high phenotypic plasticity and identified elite chemotypes (e.g., RPK-5, RCZ-12). Notably, the Rhodopi population exhibited the most extensive multidimensional dispersion despite its geographically restricted collection radius, suggesting a diverse local genetic reservoir. These findings establish a phytochemical map of Greek dog rose germplasm, providing essential criteria for selecting high-quality genotypes for future domestication and exploitation in the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical sectors. Full article

Cocoa husk tea has gained attention as a value-added beverage from cocoa processing by-products, due to its potential content of bioactive compounds associated with health benefits. However, rapid and reliable analytical methods for the simultaneous determination of methylxanthines and flavanols in this matrix remain limited. This study aimed to develop and validate a rapid HPLC–PDA method for the simultaneous determination of methylxanthines and selected flavanols in cocoa husk tea. Separation was performed using a Zorbax 300SB-C18 with a gradient system of acetic acid, water and acetonitrile, and detection at 280 nm. The method enabled separation of theobromine, caffeine, catechin, epicatechin, procyanidin B1, and procyanidin B2 within 15 min. Validation followed ICH Q2(R2) guidelines, demonstrating satisfactory linearity, sensitivity, accuracy, and precision. The method was applied to ten commercial cocoa husk tea products from Thailand. Theobromine was the predominant methylxanthine (10.483–16.027 mg g⁻¹), whereas caffeine was lower (0.923–1.909 mg g⁻¹), while flavanol contents varied among samples. These findings demonstrate that the developed method provides a rapid and reliable approach for the analysis and quality assessment of cocoa husk tea products and may support the further utilization of cocoa by-products in the functional beverage industry. Full article

Hydrodistillation of aromatic plants for essential oil production generates substantial amounts of solid and liquid residues that are commonly discarded despite their potential value as sources of bioactive compounds. In this study, the essential oil and post-distillation residues of Rhododendron tomentosum Harmaja were evaluated within a waste-to-value framework to recover phenolic compounds with antioxidant and antimicrobial properties. Dry extracts obtained from liquid (DEA) and solid (DEE) residues were characterized in terms of total phenolic and flavonoid contents, antioxidant capacity (DPPH assays), and antimicrobial activity against selected microorganisms. Quantitative HPLC–PDA analysis revealed multiple phenolic compounds. Extracts derived from solid residues exhibited significantly higher phenolic and flavonoid contents and stronger antioxidant activity than those obtained from liquid residues, indicating that solid by-products constitute a richer phenolic matrix. Antimicrobial assays revealed pronounced activity for extracts prepared from plant material harvested in October, particularly those based on propylene glycol and glycerin, which were effective against both Gram-positive bacteria and selected Gram-negative clinical isolates. The essential oil showed broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity, including inhibition of Aspergillus niger. Stability studies demonstrated that the phenolic composition and bioactivity of the dry extracts were largely preserved after one year of storage. These findings demonstrate that R. tomentosum hydrodistillation residues represent a promising source of natural antioxidants and antimicrobial agents, supporting their potential utilization as value-added ingredients in food and cosmetic applications and contributing to circular economy strategies. Full article

Due to its abundant content of biologically active compounds, Althaea officinalis L. (marshmallow) has been extensively researched and applied in both the food and pharmaceutical industries. This study aimed to evaluate hydroethanolic and natural deep eutectic solvent (NADES) extracts from leaves, flowers, and roots in terms of their chemical composition and biological activities. Extracts were characterized using chromatographic and spectrophotometric methods. Phytochemical profiling by HPLC-MS revealed a diverse composition, with 35 secondary metabolites identified or tentatively assigned, mainly hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives and flavonoid glycosides. GC-MS analysis of the ethanol extracts identified ten free amino acids, seven organic acids, several mono- and disaccharides, and one oligosaccharide. Their concentrations varied across different parts of the plant depending on the specific metabolism of the respective organ. Ethanolic extracts showed the highest total phenolic content (up to 176 mg GAE/L), while flower extracts exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity (DPPH up to 89 µmol TE/L). The antimicrobial potential of the extracts was assessed by the agar well diffusion method. NADES1 extracts demonstrated significant antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones reaching up to ~34 mm, whereas NADES2 extracts were largely inactive. In contrast, antifungal activity was negligible or absent across all samples. Full article

Honeysuckle berries (Lonicera caerulea) represent a valuable source of bioactive compounds, primarily flavonoids, and iridoids. This study compared the chemical composition and in vitro antioxidant and antidiabetic properties of resin-purified extracts from ripe, unripe, and unripe lactofermented honeysuckle berries. Polyphenols and iridoids were identified using UPLC-ESI-qTOF-MS/MS and quantified using HPLC-PDA. A total of 6 anthocyanins, 7 phenolic acids, 9 flavan-3-ols, 8 iridoids, 8 flavonols, 3 flavones, and 1 flavanonol were identified in the extracts. The extract from ripe fruits was characterized by a high cyanidin glycoside content (273.59 mg/g) and high iridoid content (138.30 mg/g). The amount of individual iridoids varied among the extracts, with the highest level of loganic acid detected in the unripe fruit extract (39.42 mg/g) and the highest level of sweroside in the ripe fruit extract (55.59 mg/g). Phenolic acid content was approximately twofold higher in extracts from unripe and fermented fruits compared with ripe fruit extracts, suggesting a decrease during ripening, while fermentation did not significantly affect phenolic acid content. Among flavonols, quercetin and isorhamnetin derivatives were identified, with quercetin 3-O-rutinoside being the predominant compound in all extracts. The ripe fruit extract exhibited the strongest radical scavenging activity (in ABTS and DPPH assays), ferric ion-reducing power (FRAP), and α-amylase inhibition, while all extracts exhibited comparable α-glucosidase inhibition. These findings indicate that L. caerulea extracts, especially from ripe fruits, are a rich source of biologically active compounds with potential relevance for managing oxidative stress and hyperglycemia. Full article

Background: Shikonins are natural naphthoquinones that exhibit a range of biological activities. They are typically extracted using nonpolar solvents; however, green extraction approaches remain underexplored. Methods: Phytochemical profiling of E. vulgare root extracts was performed using HPLC-ESI-QTOF-MS/MS and quantitative analysis using HPLC-PDA. Shikonin extraction was performed using VNADESs based on thymol, camphor, menthol and benzyl alcohol. The feasibility of removing the VNADES from the extracts via freeze-drying was assessed. The cytotoxic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial activities of the hexane extract and the selected VNADES-based extract (TBa 2:8) were compared. Results: Eight shikonin derivatives were identified in the extracts. VNADES extracts contained comparable amounts of shikonin to hexane extracts; however, freeze-drying resulted in significant shikonin content loss. TBa 2:8 extract exhibited noticeably lower cytotoxicity than the hexane extract while its antioxidant potential depended on the assay applied. In contrast to the hexane extract, TBa 2:8 demonstrated the ability to reduce intracellular ROS and NO levels. However, the hexane extract exhibited stronger antimicrobial activity. Conclusions: VNADES systems enable efficient extraction of shikonin derivatives with performance comparable to hexane. Although the resulting extracts exhibit multidirectional biological activity, it remains challenging to remove the VNADESs effectively without losing the shikonins. Full article

Combining plant-derived bioactives could produce effective anti-inflammatory interventions for myofascial inflammation. This study evaluated in vitro synergy and computational mechanisms of curcumin–evodiamine activity against TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2, with frontier molecular orbital analysis to inform putative mechanisms. Evodiamine and curcumin were identified/quantified by HPLC–PDA and LC–MS (λmax 226 nm and 426 nm; RT 8.61 and 9.53 min; [M−H]⁻m/z 302.2 and 367.2). Purities were 98.08 ± 1.92% and 98.04 ± 1.86%. Noncytotoxic concentrations in RAW264.7 cells were determined, then LPS-stimulated cells were treated with evodiamine (0.01 µM), curcumin (0.01 µM) and a 1:1 mixture (0.001 µM). Molecular docking against TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS and COX-2 and HOMO–LUMO calculations were performed. Curcumin and the combination significantly reduced TNF-α and NO; curcumin and the combination reduced IL-1β, whereas evodiamine alone showed limited effects. Docking predicted stronger binding for curcumin and evodiamine than ibuprofen across targets (e.g., curcumin ΔG −10.18 kcal·mol⁻¹ for TNF-α; evodiamine ΔG −10.02 kcal·mol⁻¹ for COX-2). Frontier orbital energies indicated differing electronic profiles (ibuprofen ΔE 8.62 eV; evodiamine 9.65 eV; curcumin 9.89 eV), suggesting complementary reactivity. The curcumin–evodiamine combination exhibits in vitro anti-inflammatory activity with supportive docking and orbital data, providing mechanistic rationale for further development. Full article

This study compared the quality and bioactive composition of cloudy apple juices produced from four traditional and four conventional apple cultivars immediately after harvest and following cold storage of the fruit at 4 °C for three and six months. Apples were harvested at the ripening stage at the same criteria, stored as whole fruit, and processed into cloudy juice after harvest, three, and six months of storage. Physicochemical parameters and sugar composition were determined, while phenolic compounds were quantified by HPLC-PDA. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, and flavonoid content were measured spectrophotometrically. All analyses were performed in technical triplicate. The results revealed notable differences between traditional and conventional cultivars. Juices produced from traditional apple cultivars exhibited significantly higher total polyphenol and flavonoid contents than those from conventional cultivars. Significant variations in catechin, myricetin, quercetin, and epigallocatechin levels were also observed among cultivars. The traditional apple cultivar ‘Mašanka’ showed higher concentrations of quercetin (0.09 ± 0.01 µg/mL), chlorogenic acid (486.58 ± 5.48 µg/mL), catechin (8.76 ± 0.54 µg/mL), epicatechin (20.22 ± 0.20 µg/mL), and phloridzin (13.48 ± 0.19 µg/mL) compared to the other cultivars. In contrast, conventional cultivars showed higher concentrations of myricetin and procyanidin B1. Moreover, the content of TA, sucrose, and glucose decreased, whereas pH, fructose, TSS (except for ‘Fuji’ and ‘Granny Smith’) increased. The TFC decreased in traditional apple cultivars, while it increased in conventional cultivars; however, the TFC in conventional cultivars remained lower than in traditional ones. Overall, these findings demonstrate that the cold storage of apples significantly affects juice composition and highlight the advantages of traditional apple cultivars for producing juices with enhanced phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Full article

Randia echinocarpa is an endemic shrub species of Mexico, commonly known as papache in the state of Sinaloa, where it has traditionally been used in medicinal practices. The present study evaluated the phenolic profile and antioxidant capacity of different tissues (leaf, bark, and fruit pulp) of R. echinocarpa. Phenolic compounds were characterized using HPLC–PDA–MS, which allowed the identification of seven compounds in the leaf, six in the bark, and six in the fruit pulp. Chlorogenic acid, ellagic acid, and rutin were among the most abundant compounds detected. Total phenolic content varied depending on tissue and season, with the highest concentration observed in leaves during autumn (2.770 ± 0.011 mg GAE g⁻¹) and the lowest in bark during winter (0.437 ± 0.009 mg GAE g⁻¹). This study also reports, for the first time, the concentrations of tannins and flavonoids in R. echinocarpa, with the highest content found in leaves during autumn (0.261 ± 0.003 mg EE g⁻¹ and 2.186 ± 0.005 mg RE g⁻¹, respectively). Antioxidant capacity was evaluated using DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays, with leaf extracts showing the highest activity, with IC₅₀ values of 0.82 mg mL⁻¹ and 1.21 mg mL⁻¹, respectively. These results provide new information on the phenolic composition and antioxidant potential of R. echinocarpa, contributing to the phytochemical characterization of this traditionally used medicinal species. Full article

Analytical methods for (6S)-5-methyltetrahydrofolate (5-MTHF) have mainly been reported for specific formulation types, such as tablets, chewable tablets, powders, and liquid formulations, despite its increasing use in dietary supplement and health functional food formulations with diverse matrix compositions. In this study, high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection analytical conditions and sample preparation approaches were systematically compared and optimized to improve applicability across different formulation matrices. Chromatographic performance was evaluated under standard solution conditions, followed by a comparative assessment of sample preparation conditions in tablet, chewable tablet, powder, and liquid formulations. An ultrasonic pretreatment approach without thermal treatment provided consistent recovery and repeatability across all the tested formulations. The optimized analytical conditions showed linear detector response (R² = 0.9992), precision with relative standard deviation values of 0.52–4.06%, recoveries of 81.84–102.56%, and an estimated expanded measurement uncertainty of approximately 10%. These results indicate that the optimized HPLC–PDA analytical conditions are applicable to the determination of 5-MTHF across diverse dietary supplement and health functional food formulations. Full article

The rising demand for sustainable and circular approaches in the agro-industrial sector has generated interest in repurposing herbal tea residues as sources of high-value bioactive compounds. This work focusses on recovering phytochemicals from Rosa canina L. peel and seed dust (by-products of processing of herbal tea in filter tea bags) using green extraction techniques. Two environmentally friendly technologies were used: ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) with a sonotrode and subcritical fluid extraction (SBFE). The extracts were qualitatively profiled using (HR) LC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS and quantified using HPLC-PDA. Both by-products contained phenolic substances, including gallic acid derivatives, ellagic acid, and flavonoids such as quercetin and quercetin-3-O-glucoside (only in the peel). Additionally, Folin–Ciocalteu’s assay was used to determine Total Phenolic content (TP). The extraction efficiency was considered in terms of phenolic compound recovery and total phenolic content obtained under the respective experimental conditions. The maximum TP for SBFE was reported in samples extracted with ethanol–water (48:52) at 180 °C, producing 3876.67 GAE mg/L for peel and 1648.57 GAE mg/L for seeds. In the UAE, extraction with ethanol–water (48:52) for 10 min yielded the maximum TP of 2773.81 GAE mg/L for peel and 957.86 GAE mg/L for seeds. These findings highlight the potential of R. canina infusion by-products as long-term sources of bioactive compounds for use in nutraceutical, cosmetic, and pharmaceutical industries. Full article

This study provides a comparative evaluation of two Salvia species, the widely cultivated Salvia sclarea L. and the comparatively underexplored wild species Salvia pratensis L., integrating phytochemical profiling, chemical safety assessment, and biological activity investigation. Dried hydroethanolic extracts and essential oils obtained from aerial parts were analysed. HPLC–PDA analysis revealed distinct phenolic acid profiles, with S. sclarea characterized by higher levels of rosmarinic and protocatechuic acids, whereas S. pratensis contained greater amounts of hydroxycinnamic acids such as caffeic, p-coumaric, and ferulic acids. The total phenolic content was higher in S. pratensis (79.22 mg GAE/g dry extract) than in S. sclarea (52.50 mg GAE/g). GC–MS analysis showed that the essential oil of S. sclarea was dominated by oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly linalyl acetate and linalool, while S. pratensis exhibited a linalool-rich profile accompanied by sesquiterpene derivatives. Chemical safety assessment indicated minimal contamination, with pesticide residues detected only in S. sclarea at levels below regulatory limits and low concentrations of cadmium and lead in both species. The extracts showed strong antioxidant activity (DPPH IC₅₀ values of 6.67 µg/mL for S. sclarea and 3.16 µg/mL for S. pratensis) and moderate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity (MIC 312.5–2500 µg/mL). In vitro assays on HEK 293 and HaCaT cells confirmed low cytotoxicity, with no evidence of membrane damage or pro-inflammatory effects. Overall, the results highlight the significant bioactive potential of the less studied S. pratensis, demonstrating that this wild species represents a promising alternative source of natural antioxidant and antimicrobial compounds comparable to the widely cultivated S. sclarea. Full article

Pistacia lentiscus L. is widely reported in the ethnobotanical literature for its use in treating various pathologies, particularly skin disorders such as burns, inflammation, and wounds. These traditional applications suggest broader potential anti-aging activity and support the exploration of simple and sustainable extraction strategies. In this study, an aqueous extract obtained from leaf hydrodistillation residues, representing a by-product of essential oil production, was chemically characterized by LC-ESI-QToF-MS/MS and HPLC-PDA. The analysis identified 32 compounds, including 8 gallic acid derivatives, accounting for 70.7% of the total extract, and 24 flavonol glycosides. High total phenolic and flavonoid contents were associated with strong antioxidant activity, confirmed by the ABTS assay and by a dose-dependent intracellular ROS reduction in keratinocytes. The extract exhibited significant inhibitory activities against key skin-aging-related enzymes, with IC₅₀ of 33.8 µg/mL and 17.4 µg/mL, respectively for tyrosinase and elastase. Notably, strong anti-hyaluronidase activity, IC₅₀ 4.3 µg/mL, is reported here for the first time, while no collagenase inhibition was observed. The cytotoxicity assay demonstrated a favorable safety profile at biologically active concentrations. Overall, these results highlight the bioactivity of the P. lentiscus phenolic phytocomplex and support the valorization of hydrodistillation aqueous residues as a sustainable source of multifunctional bioactive compounds for dermocosmetic applications. Full article

Echinophora tenuifolia L. subsp. sibthorpiana (E. tenuifolia), Apiaceae, is a traditional medicinal and culinary plant, yet its phytochemical composition and biological activity have not been fully investigated. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical profile of E. tenuifolia aerial parts extract and to assess its effects on healthspan and metabolic regulation in Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The characterization of the extract by NMR spectroscopy and HPLC-PDA revealed the presence of secondary metabolites, with rutin being the most abundant phenolic compound identified in the extract, alongside the presence of chlorogenic acid, ferulic acid, rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, and salicylic acid. The extract supplementation enhanced early-life locomotor activity and chemosensory behavior without affecting the lifespan. It also significantly improved thermotolerance and resistance to oxidative stress in C. elegans. Additionally, in a glucose-induced obesity model, the extract reduced lipid accumulation and triglyceride levels and restored glucose-impaired mitochondrial membrane potential. The extract dose-dependently alleviated glucose-induced endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondrial stress by suppressing the expression of both essential chaperones: endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP homolog hsp-4 and heat shock protein hsp-6. These findings indicate that E. tenuifolia extract possesses potential beneficial effects on metabolic and mitochondrial health under glucose-induced stress conditions. These observations are likely mediated by the synergistic phenolic composition of the extract, and reveal E. tenuifolia as a promising source of bioactive compounds relevant to aging and preventive strategies for cardiometabolic health. Full article

Micronutrient deficiencies, particularly of vitamins A, D₃, and folic acid, remain a significant global health challenge despite established dietary recommendations. This study proposes a novel fortification strategy using advanced emulsion technology to enrich extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) with these essential micronutrients. Water-in-oil (W/O) and double oil-in-water-in-oil (O/W/O) emulsions were designed to enable the simultaneous encapsulation of lipophilic (A and D₃) and hydrophilic (folic acid) vitamins within a single functional food matrix. Vitamin concentrations were quantified using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) coupled with a photodiode detector (PDA) to evaluate retention during processing. Bioaccessibility was assessed by subjecting vitamin-enriched emulsions to a standardized in vitro digestion model simulating gastrointestinal conditions. Results showed significantly higher incorporation efficiency in the O/W/O system compared to conventional W/O emulsions, regardless of the physicochemical properties of the vitamins. Both lipophilic (A and D₃) and hydrophilic (folic acid) compounds exhibited a satisfactory retention, highlighting the versatility of the double-emulsion approach. This study represents the first report of simple and multiple oil-continuous emulsions that simultaneously incorporate vitamins A, D₃, and folic acid, providing preliminary evidence of their stability and gastrointestinal release under simulated digestion conditions. Full article