Search Results (3,441)

Background: Adequate nutrition during young adulthood is essential for health promotion, optimal physiological function, and the prevention of non-communicable diseases. However, evidence describing both nutrient adequacy and compliance with dietary recommendations in well-characterized samples of young adults remains limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe macronutrient and micronutrient adequacy and to quantify compliance with current dietary recommendations in young adults using an individualized energy-adjusted nutrient adequacy approach (NARm), and to explore sex differences to identify priority targets to inform tailored health promotion and public health nutrition strategies. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 74 young adults aged 18–45 years participating in the NutAF project. Dietary intake was assessed using a 5-day dietary record, including three weekdays and two weekend days. Modified nutrient adequacy ratios (NARm), adjusted according to individualized total daily energy expenditure, were calculated for macronutrients and micronutrients. The prevalence of compliance with current dietary recommendations was also determined. Differences between men and women were analyzed using independent samples t-tests. Results: Protein and total lipid intake levels exceeded recommended values in most participants, whereas carbohydrate adequacy was below recommendations. Regarding micronutrients, adequate intake was observed for several nutrients; however, low adequacy and low compliance rates were identified for calcium, folate, vitamin D, and omega-3 and omega-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids. No participants met the recommendations for vitamin D. No significant sex differences were observed for most nutrients. Conclusions: Despite intake levels above recommendations for some macronutrients, young adults included in this study exhibited inadequate intake and low compliance with current dietary recommendations for several key nutrients. No relevant sex differences were observed for most nutrients. These findings, obtained using an individualized energy-adjusted nutrient adequacy approach (NARm), underscore the need for targeted nutritional strategies, including nutrition education and micronutrient-focused interventions, aimed at improving dietary adequacy and supporting health promotion in this population. Full article

Background: Rifaximin is widely used in the management of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), but concerns remain regarding the potential risk of Clostridioides difficile infection (CDI), particularly with repeated antibiotic exposure. Aim: To evaluate the short-term risk of CDI following Rifaximin therapy in patients with SIBO. Materials and Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX Collaborative Research Network. Adult patients with SIBO were identified and categorized based on Rifaximin exposure within 60 days of diagnosis. The primary analysis compared patients with SIBO treated with Rifaximin to those with SIBO who did not receive Rifaximin. Secondary analyses included comparisons between SIBO patients treated with Rifaximin and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients receiving Rifaximin, as well as patients with SIBO receiving a single versus multiple Rifaximin courses. Propensity score matching (1:1) was performed to balance baseline characteristics. The primary outcome was CDI within 60 days of the index event. Secondary outcomes included hospitalization and emergency department (ED) visits. Results: After propensity score matching, 19,597 patients were included in each cohort in the primary comparison of SIBO treated with Rifaximin versus SIBO without Rifaximin. CDI occurred in 0.21% of Rifaximin-treated patients and 0.15% of untreated patients (p = 0.152). In the contextual comparison, CDI incidence was similar between SIBO patients receiving Rifaximin and IBS patients receiving Rifaximin (0.21% vs. 0.15%, p = 0.168). Among patients with SIBO receiving Rifaximin, CDI risk did not differ between single and multiple treatment courses (0.20% vs. 0.21%, p = 0.850). Conclusions: In this large real-world cohort, Rifaximin therapy for SIBO was not associated with a statistically significant increase in short-term CDI risk. However, given the low event rate, wide confidence intervals, and risk of type II error, these findings should be interpreted with caution. Full article

Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been the subject of extensive study in recent years due to their recognition as highly promising therapeutic molecules offering high specificity and a low risk of side effects. Monitoring the structure of these molecules is crucial for developing new therapeutics, characterizing interactions with antigens or receptors, and explaining potential changes in activity between antibody production batches. However, commonly used biophysical approaches provide only low-spatial-resolution information, and conventional structural biology techniques such as crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) are difficult to apply to these highly dynamic proteins. Solution nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is the method of choice for structural studies of flexible proteins at atomic resolution; however, it has traditionally been limited to low-molecular-weight biological systems. In this review, we present recent advances in NMR spectroscopy and advanced isotopic labeling methods that have enabled the atomic-resolution study of both the crystallizable (Fc) and antigen-binding (Fab) fragments of antibodies. We show how NMR is becoming a powerful tool for investigating full-length mAbs at an atomic level, opening up new possibilities for the characterization and in-depth quality control of therapeutic antibodies in solution. Full article

The proliferation of AI-generated content and personalized AI systems has sharpened two fundamental and related computational problems: the progressive erosion of authentic identity in AI-mediated representations, and the growing difficulty of distinguishing human-originated from AI-generated behavioral and textual streams. This paper proposes a rigorous computational framework in which digital identity is formalized as a holomorphic function of complex time T = (a + ib) ∈ ℂ, where the real component Re$\left(T\right)$ encodes chronological progression and the imaginary component Im$\left(T\right)$ spans a continuum from episodic memory ($Im\left(T\right)<0$) through the present moment ($Im\left(T\right)=0$) to prospective imagination ($Im\left(T\right)>0$). We argue that holomorphicity—enforced via Cauchy–Riemann regularization during CTNN learning (Proposition 1)—provides a theoretically grounded encoding of identity coherence, and discuss its advantages over alternative mathematical choices, including Lipschitz continuity, ${\mathit{C}}^{\mathbf{\infty }}$ smoothness, piecewise analytic functions, and stochastic models. Under four explicit Assumptions 1–4 covering the Markovian structure and fixed context window of current LLM architectures, we establish via Lemmas 1–2 and Theorem 1 that AI-generated behavioral trajectories exhibit structural limitations in satisfying the Cauchy–Riemann conditions at temporal depths characteristic of human biographical memory—limitations that do not arise for human trajectories learned under CTNN regularization. Building on this result, we introduce the Human–AI Authenticity Discriminant (HAAD), a theoretically grounded classifier with a fully specified calibration algorithm and sensitivity analysis ($\mathit{\kappa }$ ΔAUROC ≤ 0.04 over ±30% perturbation). Five metrics—TCS, ISI, PAS, GAS, and HAAD—are derived analytically from the holomorphic structure. The algorithmic framework is instantiated on four real-world datasets: MovieLens 25M, the Pushshift Reddit corpus, the Stack Overflow Data Dump, and the LIAR dataset. On the LIAR benchmark, TDT-HAAD achieves AUROC = 0.82 (95% CI: [0.79, 0.85]), exceeding a RoBERTa-based LLM detector baseline (AUROC = 0.75, DeLong p < 0.01); an ablation study supports the structural contribution of each component. A credibility harvesting signature is detectable 45.3 ± 12.1 days before standard temporal models reach statistical significance. Full article

Transfer hydroformylation of alkenes with formaldehyde constitutes a green and sustainable route to aldehydes. In this work, the transfer hydroformylation of styrene with formaldehyde was efficiently catalyzed by [Rh(κ²-dppe)₂]⁺ (A), where dppe stands for 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane. The reaction was found to be first order with respect to both Rh and substrate concentrations and fractional order with respect to formaldehyde concentration, in line with the behavior previously reported for 1-hexene. DFT was used to investigate the reaction mechanism by using ethene and [Rh(κ²-dpe)₂]⁺ (A), where dpe stands for 1,2-bis(phosphine)ethane, as simplified models of the substrate and catalyst, respectively, and by considering several functionals. The DFT calculations indicate that M06-L provides the most suitable description of the thermodynamic and activation parameters associated with the elementary steps. The combined analysis of kinetic results and the DFT calculations allowed us to propose a detailed catalytic cycle for this reaction, initiated by the reversible oxidative addition of formaldehyde to complex A to afford [Rh(H)(CHO)(κ²-dppe)₂]⁺ (B, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathbf{1}}$). Coordination of ethene occurs through partial dissociation of one phosphorus atom of the diphosphine ligand, generating [Rh(H)(alkene)(CHO)(κ²-dppe)(κ¹-dppe)]⁺ (I_B, ${\mathit{K}}_{\mathbf{2}}$), followed by the transfer of the hydride to the alkene to give [Rh(alkyl)(CHO)(κ²-dppe)₂]⁺ (C, ${\mathit{k}}_{\mathbf{3}}$), which is considered the rate-determining step of the process. The cycle is completed by reductive elimination of propanal, thereby regenerating A. The overall activation energy calculated by DFT (Ea = 20.0 kcal mol⁻¹) is in good agreement with the experimental values determined for 1-hexene and styrene (20.1 and 22.9 kcal mol⁻¹, respectively). On the basis of these experimental and DFT results, a mathematical kinetic model with the canonical form $r_0={{\mathit{K}}_{\mathbf{1}}{\mathit{K}}_{\mathbf{2}}\mathit{k}}_{\mathbf{3}}{\left[Rh\right]}_o\left[alkene\right]\left[C{H}_{2}O\right]/\left({1+\mathit{K}}_{\mathbf{1}}\left[C{H}_{2}O\right]\right)$ was developed and fitted using a tandem LMFit/Bayesian approach, allowing the values of K₁ and K₂k₃ to be estimated, with comparatively low uncertainty. Overall, this integrated kinetic, computational, and statistical study provides a consistent mechanistic and quantitative framework for understanding the transfer hydroformylation of alkenes with formaldehyde. Full article

Wearables design research often evaluates aesthetic and ergonomic features without capturing their emotional and cognitive effects on user experience and buying decisions. This paper investigates both dimensions for smartwatches as screen-based wrist-worn wearable devices (SBWWDs) among Millennials and Generation Z using Kansei Engineering to structure SBWWD design features into users’ emotional perception and affective preferences. The study examines four hypotheses: (H1a) aesthetic perception differs between Millennials and Generation Z, (H1b) aesthetic perception differs across genders within the same generation, (H2a) ergonomic perception and visual needs for smartwatches’ screen interfaces differ between Millennials and Generation Z, and (H2b) ergonomic preferences differ across genders within the same generation. The research adopts a two-phase design methodology. Phase I-A identifies key aesthetic attributes from market-leading smartwatches and develops controlled design stimuli using AI-assisted concept generation. A questionnaire-based survey captures demographic-linked aesthetic preferences and emotional responses, with emphasis on case shape, strap material, and wearable color, to psychological perception and preference in smartwatch product designs. Phase I-B examines ergonomic interface display preferences relevant to smartwatch screens, including contrast and polarity, using Likert scales and bipolar Semantic Differential Scales. Subsequently, participants evaluate the combined interface features’ stimuli through measures of task accuracy and completion, best/worst interface display selections, eye-tracking metrices analysis, as well as emotional and cognitive arousal provoked by psychological intention using the Self-Assessment Manikin. Further, a full factorial design experiment evaluates the effects of participants’ demographic variables, including generation and gender, as well as smartwatch design features, on aesthetics and ergonomics design perception and preference. Phase II applies Kansei Engineering principles by mapping design features to affective responses of Phase I. Findings provide a structured mapping of smartwatch design perception and preferences across generational and gender groups within the Egyptian market, supporting affective principles in SBWWD design guidelines. The study contributes an evidence-based framework that integrates aesthetic and ergonomic features through Kansei Engineering, aiming to enhance online purchasing in smartwatch devices. Full article

Background/Objectives: To evaluate the association of preoperative morphometric and morphovolumetric parameters with post-endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR) sac remodeling, endoleak development, and secondary interventions, and to assess the role of volumetric analysis in post-EVAR surveillance. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included 383 patients who underwent elective EVAR for infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm between 2016 and 2024, with available pre- and postoperative computed tomography angiography and at least 1 year of follow-up. Diameter- and volume-based sac dynamics were analyzed using standardized morphometric and 3-dimensional morphovolumetric measurements. Endoleak subtype distribution, risk factors, secondary interventions, and survival were assessed using regression and survival analyses. Results: Endoleaks were detected in 26.1% of patients (n = 100), with type II endoleak being the most frequent subtype (12.3%, n = 47), followed by type Ib (6.8%, n = 26), type III (5.5%, n = 21), type Ia (4.2%, n = 16), and 1 patient with type V endoleak in the revised manuscript framework. Secondary interventions were required in 14.1% of patients (n = 54), mainly for type I and III endoleaks, with a mean time to reintervention of 21.7 ± 10 months. Diameter and volume changes were strongly correlated; a 10% increase in aneurysm volume corresponded to an average 4 mm increase in diameter (R² = 0.72, p < 0.001). Significant predictors of overall endoleak included dual antiplatelet therapy, aneurysm length > 133 mm, elevated pre- and postoperative D-dimer levels, aneurysm diameter > 59 mm, aneurysm volume > 164 cm³, and thrombus volume > 89 cm³. Subtype-specific analyses identified distinct risk profiles for type Ia, Ib, II, and III endoleaks. Overall survival did not differ significantly between patients with and without endoleaks (p = 0.227), although worse survival was observed in type Ia and III endoleaks than in type II and Ib endoleaks. Conclusions: Preoperative morphovolumetric parameters are significant predictors of post-EVAR endoleaks and secondary interventions. Volumetric analysis may provide a complementary early signal of aneurysm sac remodeling beyond conventional diameter-based assessment, particularly in patients with type II endoleaks. However, the proposed volumetric thresholds remain exploratory and require prospective external validation before routine clinical adoption. Post-EVAR management should integrate endoleak subtype, sac behavior, and patient-specific morphovolumetric risk factors to improve surveillance and treatment selection. Full article

Curiosity empowers humans to ask questions about the world and explore it without relying on extrinsic, encouraging rewards such as money. To investigate how this mechanism drives exploration, we implement a curiosity-based approach and test it in a reinforcement learning environment. We define curiosity using a hybrid intrinsic signal based on prediction error and the rarity of state–action pairs. To address the curse of dimensionality in raw pixel inputs, we adopt the Information Bottleneck (IB) principle to learn low-dimensional representations that are both compact and predictive. We introduce two formulations for computing mutual information—one based on entropy decomposition and the other on matrix-based Rényi entropy—and compare their effectiveness. Experiments on Acrobot show substantially improved exploration efficiency over Intrinsic Curiosity Module (ICM), Random Network Distillation (RND), and a k-NN novelty baseline, while results on MountainCar indicate that the proposed method is not uniformly superior in low-dimensional environments. These findings suggest that IB-shaped representations and matrix-based information objectives are most beneficial when observations are high-dimensional or dynamics are structurally complex. Full article

The seeds of Impatiens balsamina L. have been traditionally used in East Asian medicine and are known to contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant properties. However, studies focusing on seed-derived callus remain limited. This study aimed to comparatively evaluate the antioxidant activities and lipid accumulation-inhibitory effects of 70% ethanol extracts from seeds (IB) and seed-derived callus (IBC) of I. balsamina. Callus was induced on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Antioxidant activities were evaluated using DPPH radical scavenging, superoxide anion scavenging, deoxyribose-based hydroxyl radical scavenging, DNA nicking, lipid peroxidation, and relative electrophoretic mobility (REM) assays, along with the determination of total phenolic, flavonoid, and tannin contents. Cell viability and lipid accumulation were assessed in FFA-treated HepG2 cells. In silico network and transcription factor (TF) enrichment analyses were performed to explore underlying mechanisms. Callus induction was most effective at 1 mg/L 2,4-D. Both IB and IBC exhibited antioxidant activities across all assays, with IB showing higher activity and greater phytochemical content than IBC. Both extracts reduced lipid accumulation in FFA-treated HepG2 cells at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Network analysis identified enrichment in pathways related to oxidative stress, inflammation, and lipid metabolism, and TF enrichment analysis identified NFKB1 and ATF3 as major upstream regulators. Both IB and IBC exhibited antioxidant activities across multiple in vitro assays, with IB showing higher activity attributable to its more complex phytochemical content. The lipid accumulation-inhibitory effects observed in FFA-treated HepG2 cells suggest a potential association between antioxidant capacity and lipid regulation, although the underlying mechanisms remain to be experimentally validated. Seed-derived callus may serve as a useful in vitro model for studying plant-derived bioactive compounds, pending further optimization. Full article

Fear of Missing Out (FoMO) has become a salient emotion in consumer markets shaped by social media, scarcity appeals, and social display. Yet limited research has examined FoMO as a consumption-specific emotion associated with consumer dispositions, situational cues, and post-purchase intentions. Drawing on Social Comparison Theory, Self-Determination Theory, and the Stimulus–Organism–Response (S-O-R) framework, this study examines the relationships among Materialism, Envy, Scarcity, FoMO, Impulsive Buying (IB), and Repurchase Intention (RI). Survey data from 518 Chinese consumers with prior Pop Mart purchasing experience were analyzed using PLS-SEM. The results show that Materialism, Envy, and Scarcity were positively associated with FoMO, with Scarcity showing the strongest relationship. FoMO was positively associated with IB, and IB was positively associated with RI. The results also supported three serial mediation paths, indicating that FoMO and IB served as sequential mediators between Materialism, Envy, Scarcity, and RI. This study extends FoMO research to cultural and creative product consumption and provides insight into how consumption-related emotions are associated with sustained purchase tendencies. Full article

CsPbI₃ exhibits multiple crystal phases, and the kinetic barriers for phase transitions are relatively low, facilitating the formation of abundant interphase boundaries (IBs) during phase transitions. These IB structures significantly influence the optoelectronic performance of the material. In this work, based on three types of CsPbI₃ IB structures, we systematically investigate the effects of pressure on the formation feasibility and optoelectronic properties of these IBs by calculating their formation energies, band alignments, optical absorption characteristics, and carrier effective masses. The results show that moderate pressure can increase the formation feasibility of certain IB structures and effectively modulate the band alignment at the CsPbI₃ IBs, thereby enabling the switching of different optoelectronic functions within the same material. Meanwhile, the application of pressure can also improve optical absorption and the spectroscopic-limited maximum efficiency, and reduce carrier effective masses in some IB systems, which is beneficial for enhancing carrier transport capabilities. This study demonstrates that pressure serves as an effective means to regulate the IB structures and optoelectronic properties of CsPbI₃, providing theoretical support for the design of multifunctional optoelectronic materials based on IB engineering and for expanding photovoltaic applications. Full article

Mirabilis himalaica is an endemic Tibetan medicinal plant distributed from the Western Himalaya to the Hengduan Mountains, highly regarded for its abundant flavonoids. Traditional knowledge holds that its medicinal properties vary considerably with geographic origin, yet the genetic and metabolic basis of this differentiation remains poorly understood. Here, we integrated plastome resequencing of 134 individuals from 23 populations with metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses of three representative sites to investigate population genetic variation and flavonoid metabolic differentiation. Pan-plastome revealed a typical quadripartite structure (154,232–154,422 bp) containing 113 unique genes across M. himalaica. A total of 620 SNVs, 171 indels, and four small inversions were identified from the pan-plastome, and further analyses based on these variants supported the delineation of four genetic lineages across all individuals. Overall genetic diversity was high (H_T = 0.985, H_S = 0.580), with majority variation occurring among groups (71.038%). Both IBD and IBE analyses found a significantly positive correlation between genetic distance and geographic and environmental distance (IBD: r = 0.348, p = 0.001; IBE: r = 0.219, p = 0.016). Flavonoids represented the most abundant metabolites (19.5%) and showed significantly higher accumulation in high-altitude populations, where key biosynthetic genes (e.g., CHS) were upregulated. Notably, these altitude-associated metabolic patterns were observed independently of the plastome-based genetic lineages. Together, we propose defining four evolutionary lineages as conservation units and prioritizing populations with unique haplotypes. This study provides critical genomic resources for provenance tracing, quality evaluation, and conservation management of this endangered Tibetan medicinal plant, and offers preliminary insights into the parallel patterns of pan-plastome variation and altitude-related metabolic differentiation, though without evidencing a direct causal link between them. Full article

The Ib-M1 peptide exhibits bactericidal activity against Escherichia coli O157:H7 and low toxicity in mammalian cells. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of Ib-M1 on E. coli O157:H7 membrane permeabilization. For this purpose, the minimum inhibitory concentrations of Ib-M1 for E. coli O157:H7 and ML35 were measured. The permeability of the E. coli outer and inner membranes was determined by measuring N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine and O-nitrophenyl-β-galactosidase hydrolysis, respectively after bacterial exposure to antimicrobial peptides and control antibiotics. Morphological changes in antimicrobial-exposed E. coli O157:H7 were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy following treatment with antimicrobial peptides. Ib-M1 expressed activity against E. coli O157:H7 and ML35 at minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of 2.9 ± 1.7 and 6.3 ± 0 μM, respectively. The peptide induced permeabilization of the outer membrane of E. coli O157:H7 at all concentrations evaluated and permeabilization of the inner membrane after 50 min at concentrations between 1× MIC and 8× MIC. The morphological changes induced by Ib-M1 led to significant alterations in bacterial shape including collapsed cells and pronounced surface roughness and invaginations. In conclusion, physiological and morphological evidence indicates that the Ib-M1 antimicrobial effect against E. coli O157:H7 is mediated by its permeabilizing action on the outer and inner bacterial membranes. Full article

Background: Colistin- and carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) represent a critical threat in intensive care unit (ICU) settings. This study aimed to provide a comprehensive molecular epidemiological characterization of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) A. baumannii clinical isolates from a tertiary-care hospital in Kırşehir, Central Anatolia, a region previously absent from the national surveillance literature. Methods: A total of 43 non-duplicate XDR A. baumannii isolates recovered from ICU patients between November 2021 and December 2023 were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by automated systems and broth microdilution for colistin. Resistance genes, including OXA-type carbapenemases, extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs), metallo-β-lactamases, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance (mcr-1 to mcr-5), plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes (qnr, qepA, oqxAB, aac(6′)-Ib-cr), and class 1 and 2 integrons, were screened by PCR. Integron gene cassettes were characterized by sequencing. Clonal relatedness was assessed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) using ApaI digestion. Results: All 43 isolates exhibited the XDR phenotype with universal resistance to carbapenems, colistin, fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides (except amikacin), piperacillin, cephalosporins, and tobramycin. Amikacin susceptibility was retained in 58.1% of isolates. blaOXA-51 was detected in all isolates (100%), and blaOXA-23 was the predominant acquired carbapenemase (90.7%). Notably, blaOXA-48, a carbapenemase typically associated with Enterobacteriaceae, was identified in 3 isolates (7.0%), each belonging to a distinct pulsotype. No blaOXA-24/40, blaOXA-58, or class B metallo-β-lactamase genes were detected. ESBL genes were found in a subset of isolates, with blaCTX-M group 1 being the most prevalent (20.9%). The aac(6′)-Ib-cr gene was detected in 81.4% of isolates, and oqxA/oqxB in 60.5% and 39.5%, respectively. No mcr or classical qnr genes were identified. Class 1 and 2 integrons were detected in 4.7% and 7.0% of isolates, respectively, carrying dfrA12-DUF1010-aadA2 (class 1) and dfrA1-sat-1 (class 2) gene cassettes. PFGE identified 12 pulsotypes among the typeable isolates; PT4 (n = 20, 47.6%) and PT11 (n = 8, 19.0%) were the dominant clonal clusters, together accounting for 65.1% of typeable isolates. Conclusions: This study presents one of the first comprehensive molecular epidemiological analyses of XDR A. baumannii from Central Anatolia. The dominance of OXA-23-carrying clonal lineages, the detection of blaOXA-48 in A. baumannii distributed across three distinct pulsotypes, the high prevalence of aac(6′)-Ib-cr, and the concurrent distribution of resistance determinants across genetically diverse clonal backgrounds indicate that both clonal expansion and possible horizontal gene transfer contribute to resistance dissemination in this setting. These findings underscore the need for systematic molecular surveillance and reinforced infection control strategies in ICU settings, at both the regional and national levels. Full article

Background: Sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) is increasingly recognized as a disorder involving not only hair-cell damage but also selective degeneration of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs). Recent single-cell, molecular, and functional studies have refined the classical type I/type II classification of SGNs by identifying distinct Ia, Ib, and Ic subtypes within type I neurons. This review aims to synthesize current evidence on how SGN vulnerability is shaped by the interaction between subtype identity, life stage, and injury context. Methods: We conducted a critical narrative review of recent studies on SGN heterogeneity and subtype-specific vulnerability across development, maturity, and aging, with particular attention to molecular profiling, functional studies, and emerging therapeutic strategies. Results: SGN degeneration in SNHL is not uniform. During development, the available evidence mainly supports the vulnerability of subtype specification, synaptogenesis, and activity-dependent maturation, rather than direct selective degeneration of mature Ia/Ib/Ic identities. In the mature cochlea, subtype-specific differences in synaptic architecture, ion-channel composition, and metabolic demand appear to shape responses to noise, ototoxic drugs, and ischemic stress, with Ic-related populations often showing greater vulnerability. During aging, cumulative mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, and declining neurotrophic support may progressively unmask differences in subtype resilience and contribute to age-related auditory decline. Conclusions: A lifespan-oriented and subtype-informed framework may improve the current understanding of selective SGN degeneration and support the development of more precise neuroprotective and reparative strategies for SNHL. Full article