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1,115 Results Found

  • Article
  • Open Access
30 Citations
9,627 Views
13 Pages

Using XRF and ICP-OES in Biosorption Studies

  • Katarzyna Chojnacka,
  • Mateusz Samoraj,
  • Łukasz Tuhy,
  • Izabela Michalak,
  • Małgorzata Mironiuk and
  • Marcin Mikulewicz

19 August 2018

In this work, a method of recalculation of results of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) technique to Inductively Coupled Plasma-Optical Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-OES) method was elaborated for biosorption studies. Equations that calibrate XRF to ICP-OES were...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
4,661 Views
10 Pages

Hydrofluoric Acid-Free Digestion of Organosilicon Nanoparticles for Bioanalysis by ICP-OES

  • Nooshin Yousefpour,
  • Olof Björnberg,
  • Ingrid Yao Mattisson and
  • Oskar Axelsson

2 March 2023

A novel ICP-OES method has been developed for the determination of Si concentration, originating from polyorganophosphosilanes, in biological specimens that also contain metal ions. The method is free of hazardous hydrofluoric acid (HF) and involves...

  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
3,378 Views
14 Pages

This work describes the implementation of the ICP-OES silicon determination method for zinc and lead-bearing materials and waste at the Mining and Metallurgical Works ZGH “Bolesław”. The proposed method was validated. On the basis of...

  • Abstract
  • Open Access
1,304 Views
2 Pages

Characterization of Musts, Wines and Sparkling Wines Based on Their Elemental Composition Determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS

  • Biel Granell,
  • Anaïs Izquierdo-Llopart,
  • Àngels Sahuquillo,
  • Javier Saurina and
  • Jose Fermín López-Sánchez

The control of the composition of food products with protected designation of origin, such as wines and sparkling wines, is essential to prevent fraudulent practices and adulterations. A wide range of compounds can be used as tentative biomarkers for...

  • Article
  • Open Access
17 Citations
4,707 Views
10 Pages

Comparison between Acid Digestion (ICP-OES) and X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) Spectrometry for Zinc Concentration Determination in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

  • Sharmin Sultana,
  • Husne Ara Khatun,
  • Muhiuddin Faruquee,
  • Md Mizan Ul Islam,
  • Hosna Jannat Tonny and
  • Md Rafiqul Islam

1 March 2023

The determination of mineral concentrations in rice grain samples is crucial for analyzing their nutritional content. Most mineral content analysis techniques depend on inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry and are often complicated, expensiv...

  • Article
  • Open Access
15 Citations
3,853 Views
18 Pages

The Elemental Fingerprints of Different Types of Whisky as Determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS Techniques in Relation to Their Type, Age, and Origin

  • Magdalena Gajek,
  • Aleksandra Pawlaczyk,
  • Krzysztof Jóźwik and
  • Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik

30 May 2022

A total of 170 samples of whisky from 11 countries were analysed in terms of their elemental profiles. The levels of 31 elements were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS): Ag, Al, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
23 Citations
4,990 Views
12 Pages

Determination of Minerals in Soft and Hard Cheese Varieties by ICP-OES: A Comparison of Digestion Methods

  • Gaurav K. Deshwal,
  • Laura G. Gómez-Mascaraque,
  • Mark Fenelon and
  • Thom Huppertz

For sample preparation prior to mineral analysis, microwave digestion (~2 h) is quicker and requires lower acid volume as compared to dry (6–8 h) and wet digestion (4–5 h). However, microwave digestion had not yet been compared systematic...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,691 Views
10 Pages

Determination of Trace Thorium and Uranium Impurities in Scandium with High Matrix by ICP-OES

  • Zhixuan She,
  • Minglai Li,
  • Zongyu Feng,
  • Yang Xu,
  • Meng Wang,
  • Xijuan Pan and
  • Zhiqing Yang

11 April 2023

High-purity scandium oxide is the principal raw material of high-purity scandium metal and aluminum scandium alloy targets for electronic materials. The performance of electronic materials will be significantly impacted by the presence of trace amoun...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
3,753 Views
18 Pages

Analytical Concentrations of Some Elements in Seeds and Crude Extracts from Aesculus hippocastanum, by ICP-OES Technique

  • Caterina Durante,
  • Marina Cocchi,
  • Lisa Lancellotti,
  • Laura Maletti,
  • Andrea Marchetti,
  • Fabrizio Roncaglia,
  • Simona Sighinolfi and
  • Lorenzo Tassi

28 December 2020

The metal content in some samples of horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum) was monitored over time (years 2016–2019) considering the two most common and representative Mediterranean varieties: the pure species (AHP, which gives white fl...

  • Article
  • Open Access
2 Citations
3,564 Views
12 Pages

20 February 2024

The present study was conducted to quantify the heavy metals cadmium, lead, copper, chromium, nickel, and zinc in the bivalve mollusk concha prieta (Anadara tuberculosa) using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES). This r...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
6,221 Views
12 Pages

Toxic Elemental Impurities in Herbal Weight Loss Supplements; A Study Using ICP-OES Microwave-Assisted Digestion

  • Ghanim Al-Thani,
  • Adel Ehab Ibrahim,
  • Mohammed Alomairi,
  • Baher I. Salman,
  • Mostafa M. Hegazy,
  • Ahmed Al-Harrasi and
  • Sami El Deeb

16 March 2023

The tendency of using weight loss herbal preparations is continuously increasing, especially for the widespread consumption of junk food that is characterized by high calories. Weight loss herbal preparations are considered a type of food supplement...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,249 Views
21 Pages

Evaluation of the Elemental Composition of Dietary Supplements Containing Iron Available on the Polish Market Using ICP-OES, FAAS and CVAAS Techniques

  • Elżbieta Maćkiewicz,
  • Martyna Klimaszewska,
  • Jadwiga Albińska and
  • Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik

22 November 2025

The Polish dietary supplement market is undergoing rapid development, driven by an increasing societal interest in preventative healthcare and the utilisation of products that have demonstrated efficacy. Poland is a leading European dietary supplemen...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,930 Views
25 Pages

Application of the ICP-OES and SEM-EDS Techniques for Elemental Analysis of Various Types of Cosmetic Products with Antiperspirant and Deodorant Properties Available on the EU Market

  • Elżbieta Maćkiewicz,
  • Aleksandra Zimon,
  • Aleksandra Pawlaczyk,
  • Jadwiga Albińska and
  • Małgorzata Iwona Szynkowska-Jóźwik

11 October 2025

Nowadays deodorants and antiperspirants play an important role in maintaining daily hygiene, exerting a substantial influence on both physical comfort and social functioning. Consequently, they can be regarded as a pivotal component of contemporary p...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,139 Views
14 Pages

The transference of metals from water irrigation and soil to plants is a possible pathway of contamination for the trophic chain. This research is focused on the distribution of 16 analytes in the water–soil–tree (Pyrus malus) interaction...

  • Article
  • Open Access
24 Citations
4,929 Views
13 Pages

14 June 2019

Asfaka, fir, flower, forest flowers and orange blossom honeys harvested in the wider area of Hellas by professional beekeepers, were subjected to mineral content analysis using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). The m...

  • Article
  • Open Access
16 Citations
6,243 Views
12 Pages

Characterization of Musts, Wines, and Sparkling Wines Based on Their Elemental Composition Determined by ICP-OES and ICP-MS

  • Biel Granell,
  • Anaïs Izquierdo-Llopart,
  • Àngels Sahuquillo,
  • José F. López-Sánchez and
  • Javier Saurina

Samples from the different processing stages in the elaboration of sparkling wine (cava)—including must, base wine, and sparkling wine—of Pinot Noir and Xarel·lo grape varieties from different vineyard qualities (A, B, C, D) have b...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
6,290 Views
14 Pages

Silica-gel Particles Loaded with an Ionic Liquid for Separation of Zr(IV) Prior to Its Determination by ICP-OES

  • Hadi M. Marwani,
  • Amjad E. Alsafrani,
  • Abdullah M. Asiri and
  • Mohammed M. Rahman

29 June 2016

A new ionic liquid loaded silica gel amine (SG-APTMS-N,N-EPANTf2) was developed, as an adsorptive material, for selective adsorption and determination of zirconium, Zr(IV), without the need for a chelating intermediate. Based on a selectivity study,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
2,749 Views
18 Pages

24 October 2024

This paper introduces a new methodology for a routine metal analysis of plastic waste (PW) and PW blended with petroleum feedstock such as vacuum gas oil and VGO (PW/VGO). For such purposes, recycled polyethylene and polypropylene plastic were select...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,911 Views
13 Pages

Separation of Inorganic Forms of Tellurium Using On-Site SPE Followed by ICP-MS or ICP-OES—The Right Solution for Water Monitoring

  • Katarzyna Kińska,
  • Barbara Żelazko,
  • Olga Gajewska,
  • Magdalena Borowska,
  • Monika Sadowska and
  • Beata Krasnodębska-Ostręga

14 January 2025

Tellurium, recognized as one of the technology-critical elements, should be considered as a xenobiotic. Its application, i.a. in the growing photovoltaic industry, raises concerns about Te(IV) and Te(VI) release to the environment. As both forms diff...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
3,525 Views
13 Pages

The aim of the study was to compare the concentrations of risk elements (As, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in alluvial soil, which were measured by a portable X-ray fluorescence analyser (pXRF) in situ (FIELD) and in the laboratory (LABORATORY). Subsequently,...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
3 Citations
2,255 Views
15 Pages

11 August 2023

An analytical method with no need for laborious sample preparation before determining the total Sn in canned tomatoes by hydride generation (HG) coupled to inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) was developed. The ultrasou...

  • Article
  • Open Access
48 Citations
6,552 Views
9 Pages

3 September 2018

Sodium (Na), potassium (K), and the ratio Na:K in human milk (HM) may be useful biomarkers to indicate secretory activation or inflammation in the breast. Previously, these elements have been measured in a laboratory setting requiring expensive equip...

  • Review
  • Open Access
35 Citations
7,148 Views
20 Pages

Interest in measuring major and trace elements in plants has increased in recent years because of growing concerns about the elements’ contribution to daily intakes or the health risks posed by ingesting vegetables contaminated by potentially t...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,143 Views
11 Pages

The optimization and application of a new hyphenated procedure for iron ionic speciation, i.e., high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with short cation–exchange column (50 mm × 4 mm) coupled to high resolution inductively coupled...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
1,374 Views
18 Pages

Mineral Composition Analysis of Red Horse-Chestnut (Aesculus × Carnea) Seeds and Hydroalcoholic Crude Extract Using ICP OES

  • Veronica D’Eusanio,
  • Andrea Marchetti,
  • Mirco Rivi,
  • Lorenzo Morelli,
  • Paolina Scarponi,
  • Luca Forti and
  • Lorenzo Tassi

10 February 2025

This study presents findings on the metal and metalloid composition of red horse-chestnut (Aesculus × carnea, AXC) seeds, determined by the ICP OES technique. Samples were collected from five AXC plants located in Modena (Italy) over four conse...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,755 Views
16 Pages

8 September 2022

Accurate determination of the size and the number of nanoparticles plays an important role in many different environmental studies of nanomaterials, such as fate, toxicity, and occurrence in general. This work presents an accurate model that estimate...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
2,684 Views
11 Pages

Multi-Elemental Composition Data Handled by Chemometrics for the Discrimination of High-Value Italian Pecorino Cheeses

  • Francesca Di Donato,
  • Martina Foschi,
  • Nadia Vlad,
  • Alessandra Biancolillo,
  • Leucio Rossi and
  • Angelo Antonio D’Archivio

15 November 2021

The multi-elemental composition of three typical Italian Pecorino cheeses, Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) Pecorino Romano (PR), PDO Pecorino Sardo (PS) and Pecorino di Farindola (PF), was determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Emissi...

  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
3,144 Views
21 Pages

31 October 2021

This research investigates the long-term environmental impact and historical temporal pollution patterns caused by a former copper mine in Iwiny (south-western Poland) using a dendrochemical approach. An additional aspect of this research was conside...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,502 Views
16 Pages

A Green Approach Based on Micro-X-ray Fluorescence for Arsenic, Micro- and Macronutrients Detection in Pteris vittata

  • Giuseppe Capobianco,
  • Giuseppe Bonifazi,
  • Silvia Serranti,
  • Rosita Marabottini,
  • Maria Luisa Antenozio,
  • Maura Cardarelli,
  • Patrizia Brunetti and
  • Silvia Rita Stazi

12 July 2022

In this study, benchtop micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (µXRF) was evaluated as a green and cost-effective multielemental analytical technique for P. vittata. Here, we compare the arsenic (As) content values obtained from the same samples...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
1 Citations
1,527 Views
23 Pages

Long-Term Variability in the Content of Some Metals and Metalloids in Aesculus Flowers: A Four-Year Study Using ICP OES and PCA Analysis

  • Veronica D’Eusanio,
  • Elia Frignani,
  • Andrea Marchetti,
  • Laura Pigani,
  • Mirco Rivi and
  • Fabrizio Roncaglia

15 February 2025

This study investigates the content of some metals and metalloids in the flowers of three Aesculus cultivars (AHP, Aesculus hippocastanum pure species, with white flowers; AHH, Aesculus hippocastanum hybrid species, with pink flowers; and AXC, Aescul...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
4,755 Views
15 Pages

Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for Determination of Al, Ca, Cd, Fe, Mg and P in Calcium-Rich Materials by ICP OES

  • Anna Szymczycha-Madeja,
  • Maja Welna,
  • Monika Zabłocka-Malicka,
  • Pawel Pohl and
  • Włodzimierz Szczepaniak

16 October 2021

Four procedures based on closed-vessel microwave-assisted wet digestion with different oxidative reagents, including HNO3 (P1), HNO3 + H2O2 (P2), aqua regia (P3) and Lefort aqua regia (P4), for preparation of calcium (Ca)-rich materials prior to dete...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,056 Views
16 Pages

Fish Scales as a Non-Invasive Method for Monitoring Trace and Macroelement Pollution

  • Haithem Aib,
  • Herta Czédli,
  • Edina Baranyai,
  • Zsófi Sajtos,
  • Boglárka Döncző,
  • Md. Sohel Parvez,
  • Csaba Berta,
  • Zsolt Varga,
  • Ramzi Benhizia and
  • Krisztián Nyeste

26 March 2025

Increasing pollution of aquatic ecosystems due to anthropogenic activities underscores the urgent need for effective water quality monitoring. This study evaluates the use of fish scales from chub (Squalius cephalus) and nase (Chondrostoma nasus) as...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
5,700 Views
15 Pages

Determination of Saffron Quality through a Multi-Analytical Approach

  • Andrea Bergomi,
  • Valeria Comite,
  • Laura Santagostini,
  • Vittoria Guglielmi and
  • Paola Fermo

15 October 2022

Currently, the specifications for the assessment of saffron quality are contained in the ISO 3632 technical standard. This norm evaluates saffron quality through a UV-Vis spectrophotometric method and grades the spice into three commercial categories...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
2,835 Views
18 Pages

20 November 2022

Functional multiwall carbon nanotubes (f-MWCNTs) are of significant interest due to their dispersion ability in the aqueous phase and potential application in environmental, nanotechnology, and biological fields. Herein, we functionalized MWCNTs by a...

  • Article
  • Open Access
5 Citations
2,494 Views
18 Pages

Sorption Preconcentration and Analytical Determination of Cu, Zr and Hf in Waste Samarium–Cobalt Magnet Samples

  • Alexandra Alexandrovna Arkhipenko,
  • Kseniya Vadimovna Petrova and
  • Vasilisa Borisovna Baranovskaya

18 August 2022

We developed a method of sorption determination via the atomic emission of Cu, Zr and Hf metals in the waste of samarium–cobalt magnets. This method was based on the preconcentration of impurities using S- and N-containing heterochain sorbents,...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
3,285 Views
20 Pages

9 August 2023

This paper considers the features of determining the total tin content in waters with different salinity. Direct ICP-spectrometric analysis of sea waters with a salinity of more than 6‰ significantly reduced the analytical signal of tin by 70%...

  • Article
  • Open Access
6 Citations
2,481 Views
14 Pages

Development- and Validation-Improved Metrological Methods for the Determination of Inorganic Impurities and Ash Content from Biofuels

  • Camelia Stratulat,
  • Raluca Elena Ginghina,
  • Adriana Elena Bratu,
  • Alper Isleyen,
  • Murat Tunc,
  • Katarina Hafner-Vuk,
  • Anne Mette Frey,
  • Henrik Kjeldsen and
  • Jochen Vogl

7 July 2023

In this study, five laboratories, namely, BRML (Romania), TUBITAK UME (Turkey), IMBIH (Bosnia and Herzegovina), BAM (Germany), and DTI (Denmark), developed and validated analytical procedures by ICP-MS, ICP-OES, MWP-AES, WD-XRF, and ID-MS for the det...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,293 Views
13 Pages

Tracking the Mandorla di Avola Almond Variety by Means of ICP Analysis

  • Federica Gulino,
  • Cassandra Siragusa,
  • Elisa Calà,
  • Francesca Gullo and
  • Maurizio Aceto

22 August 2024

The Mandorla di Avola is recognized all over the world as one of the best almond varieties. It is cultivated in a small area inside the provinces of Siracusa and Ragusa (Sicily, southern Italy). It is used in traditional Sicilian cuisine for both sal...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
4,677 Views
9 Pages

9 April 2022

The solid contact ion-selective electrode (ISE) is a promising skin-interfaced monitoring system for sweat ions. Despite a growing number of on-body usages of ISE with fancy new materials and device fabrications, there are very few reports attempting...

  • Article
  • Open Access
11 Citations
4,386 Views
16 Pages

Oral health problems may occur as a result of the ingestion of acid drinks. The objective of this in vitro study was to quantify and screen the concentration of potassium (K), phosphorus (P), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn), zinc (Zn), i...

  • Article
  • Open Access
8 Citations
3,093 Views
15 Pages

Silicas Chemically Modified with Sulfur-Containing Groups for Separation and Preconcentration of Precious Metals Followed by Spectrometric Determination

  • Vladimir Losev,
  • Evgeney Elsuf’ev,
  • Elena Borodina,
  • Olga Buyko,
  • Natalya Maznyak and
  • Anatoliy Trofimchuk

30 April 2021

Silicas chemically modified with a number of sulfur-containing groups (mercaptopropyl, mercaptophenyl, dipropyl disulfide, thiadiazole thiol, dithiocarbamate and thiourea derivatives) were proposed for the separation and preconcentration of precious...

  • Article
  • Open Access
4 Citations
2,985 Views
14 Pages

Semi-Quantitative Analysis of Major Elements and Minerals: Clues from a Late Pleistocene Core from Campos Basin

  • Guilherme A. Pedrão,
  • Karen B. Costa,
  • Felipe A. L. Toledo,
  • Mariana O. Tomazella and
  • Luigi Jovane

5 July 2021

Element and mineral associations are fundamental parameters for palaeoceanographical reconstructions but laboratory methodologies are expensive, time-consuming and need a lot of material. Here, we investigate the quality and reliability of XRF measur...

  • Article
  • Open Access
28 Citations
4,461 Views
13 Pages

14 November 2020

Palladium (Pd) and platinum (Pt) are extensively used as catalysts in the petrochemical and automotive industries, and due to high demand for them on the market, their recycling from spent supported catalysts is clearly needed. To assess the content...

  • Article
  • Open Access
14 Citations
7,257 Views
12 Pages

Microwave Digestion and ICP-MS Determination of Major and Trace Elements in Waste Sm-Co Magnets

  • Natalia A. Korotkova,
  • Vasilisa B. Baranovskaya and
  • Kseniya V. Petrova

4 August 2022

In this article, inductively coupled plasma mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) and inductively coupled plasma optical-emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) were used for the development of an analytical procedure for analysis of the waste of Sm-Co magnets. Experim...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
72 Citations
6,381 Views
11 Pages

Determination of Metals Content in Wine Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry

  • Justyna Płotka-Wasylka,
  • Marcin Frankowski,
  • Vasil Simeonov,
  • Żaneta Polkowska and
  • Jacek Namieśnik

5 November 2018

Knowledge about the metal content of wine is very important, for many reasons. Depending on the element, its quantity varies in wine from ng/L to mg/L. Despite the fact that metals are not directly connected to the taste and aroma of the wine, their...

  • Article
  • Open Access
7 Citations
2,340 Views
16 Pages

On the Traceability of Honey by Means of Lanthanide Distribution

  • Federica Gulino,
  • Elisa Calà,
  • Christian Cozzani,
  • Lorenzo Vaccari,
  • Matteo Oddone and
  • Maurizio Aceto

26 April 2023

Honey is a natural food appreciated all over the world since antiquity due to its well-recognised beneficial properties. However, it is also considered among the most counterfeited foods. Therefore, analytical methods are currently being developed to...

  • Article
  • Open Access
1,718 Views
13 Pages

Changes in the Intracellular Composition of Macro and Microminerals After Cryopreservation of the Rabbit Stem/Progenitor Cells

  • Jaromír Vašíček,
  • Andrej Baláži,
  • Mária Tirpáková,
  • Marián Tomka and
  • Peter Chrenek

21 February 2025

Cryopreservation is a widely used method for the long-term preservation of reproductive or somatic cells. It is known that this storage method may negatively affect cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, etc. However, there is a lack of info...

  • Feature Paper
  • Article
  • Open Access
9 Citations
5,821 Views
24 Pages

2 October 2024

Rare earth elements (REEs) hold significant industrial, scientific, and modern technological worth. This study focused on detecting and quantifying REEs in various geological ore samples. These samples were collected from different REE-bearing locati...

  • Article
  • Open Access
43 Citations
7,745 Views
18 Pages

Multielemental Analysis of Bee Pollen, Propolis, and Royal Jelly Collected in West-Central Poland

  • Eliza Matuszewska,
  • Agnieszka Klupczynska,
  • Krzysztof Maciołek,
  • Zenon J. Kokot and
  • Jan Matysiak

21 April 2021

Beehive products possess nutritional value and health-promoting properties and are recommended as so-called “superfoods”. However, because of their natural origin, they may contain relevant elemental contaminants. Therefore, to assess the quality of...

  • Article
  • Open Access
368 Views
13 Pages

Metallomic Profile of Placental Tissue and Its Association with Maternal and Neonatal Parameters: A Cross-Sectional ICP-OES Study in Lower Silesia

  • Aleksandra Kuzan,
  • Emilia Królewicz,
  • Marta Kardach,
  • Justyna Rewak-Soroczyńska,
  • Małgorzata Kowalska,
  • Aldona Molęda and
  • Rafal J. Wiglusz

12 December 2025

The placenta, a temporary organ that connects mother and child for nutrient and metabolite exchange, becomes medical waste after birth but can provide valuable metabolic insights. Thirty-three placenta samples were analyzed using ICP-OES to determine...

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