Search Results (186)

The reaction of the pyridylalcohol Ph₂C(OH)CH₂-2-py-6-Me (IH) with Me₃Al in refluxing toluene led to the isolation of the dimer [AlMe₂(μ-OC(Me)Ph₂)]₂ (1), whilst at ambient temperature the complex [(I)AlMe₂]·MeCN (2·MeCN) was isolated. Complex 1 is also readily available via the interaction of diphenylethanol and Me₃Al. Similar treatment of iPr₂C(OH)CH₂-2-py-6-Me (IIH) at ambient temperature afforded [(II)AlMe₂] (3). Treatment of IH and IIH with [VO(OiPr)₃] led to oxo-bridged complexes of the type [(VO)(μ₂-O)(I/II)]₂ (I (4·0.67MeCN), II (5)). The molecular structures of 1–5 are reported. These complexes have been employed as catalysts for the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of the cyclic esters ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) and δ-valerolactone (δ-VL). For aluminium, complex 1/BnOH produced medium- to high-molecular-weight (M_n) PCL at 20 to 110 °C in solution, though some bi-/multi-modal behaviour was observed; for melts the M_n values were toward the lower end. For complexes 2 and 3, far lower M_n values for PCL were observed at 20 °C in solution and as melts, whilst in solution at 110 °C higher M_n values were achieved, though with less control. In general, M_n values for the PCL obtained using the vanadium complexes were low (≤8560 Da for 4, ≤2920 Da for 5). In the case of PVL, 1/BnOH in solution exhibited higher M_n values at lower temperatures with good control, and when employed as a melt, the M_n was toward the higher end (30,830 Da) observed. For 2/BnOH, much lower M_n values (≤2740 Da) were recorded both in solution and as a melt, whilst for 3, high M_n values were only observed in the absence of BnOH. Low M_n values (≤2920 Da) were also observed for the vanadium complexes 4 and 5. Kinetic results (both ε-CL and δ-VL) revealed that the vanadium complexes, particularly 4, outperformed the aluminium complexes. MALDI-ToF spectra revealed the formation of linear PCL polymers with BnO/H end groups for the aluminium/BnOH complexes in solution, and cyclic polymers when employed as melts. For vanadium, cyclic PCL polymers were the major family present. In the case of PVL, linear (BnO/H end groups) and cyclic polymers were observed when employing the Al/BnOH systems, whilst cyclic polymers were observed for vanadium. Copolymerization of ε-CL and δ-VL using 4/BnOH at 110 °C over 24 h led to incomplete conversion and formation of a random-type copolymer. Full article

The rapid increase in end-of-life lithium-ion batteries demands sustainable recycling routes for lithium recovery. This work presents a novel integrated hydrometallurgical–electrodialysis process designed specifically for recovering lithium from off-specification NMC cathode materials while enabling full reagent recyclability. Selective leaching with oxalic acid was optimised by setting the water-to-oxalic acid dihydrate ratio (H₂O/OA·2H₂O) to 7.3:1 w/w, achieving 81% lithium extraction at room temperature within 2 h while limiting the co-dissolution of Ni, Co and Mn to 0.2%, 1.6% and 1.7% by weight, respectively. The resulting leachate was processed in a four-chamber electrodialysis cell equipped with two Nafion 117 cation-exchange membranes and one Neosepta AMX-fmg anion-exchange membrane operating at −1.6 V versus Ag/AgCl, enabling 96% lithium recovery and 98% oxalic acid recovery. The regenerated oxalic acid stream (41.8 g L⁻¹) was fully restored to its initial concentration and reused in successive cycles without performance loss. Subsequent precipitation of lithium with Na₂CO₃ yielded 99.3%-pure Li₂CO₃. This combined leaching–electrodialysis–precipitation presents a high selectivity, low-waste, circular recovery system, offering a scientifically original approach that integrates reagent regeneration with high-purity lithium production. Full article

The Bagenheigqier medium-sized Pb-Zn deposit is located in central-southern segment of Great Xing’an Range, northeastern China, where its vein-type orebodies are hosted within the structural contact zone between the Lower Permian Dashi Formation and granite porphyry intrusions. Five mineralization stages are divided into skarn (I), oxide (II), quartz-pyrite-arsenopyrite (III), quartz-polymetallic sulfide (IV), and quartz-calcite-pyrite (V). Three types of fluid inclusions (FIs) are identified in Bagenheigeqier Pb-Zn deposit, including daughter mineral-bearing three-phase (SL-type), vapor–liquid two-phase (VL-type), and vapor-rich two-phase (LV-type) FIs. All FI types occur in Stages I–III, with homogenization temperatures (Th) of 423–486, 389–441, 362–408 °C, and salinities of 1.1–49.2, 0.9–43.9 and 0.9–38.8 wt.% NaCl equiv, respectively. Stage IV hosts only VL- and LV-type FIs (Th: 277–319 °C; salinity: 2.1–8.7 wt.% NaCl equiv), whereas Stage V contains exclusively VL-type FIs with Th of 173–214 °C and salinity of 1.2–5.7 wt.% NaCl equiv. The H-O isotopic results of quartz in stage II–IV (δD = −103.5‰–−99.1‰, −115.7‰–−107.8‰ and −121.5‰–−117.2‰; δ¹⁸O_H2O = 4.4‰–7.1‰, 1.1‰–3.5‰ and −4.6‰–−3.5‰) indicate the ore-forming fluids are predominantly of magmatic origin with subordinate meteoric water mixing. Fluid boiling and the mixing of meteoric water may lead to the precipitation of metal. The in situ trace elements analyses indicate that sphalerites in main mineralization stage are enriched in Fe, Mn, Co and In and depleted in Ga and Ge. The calculation results suggest that the sphalerites crystallized under moderate temperature conditions (286–330 °C) and intermediate f_S2 (−10.5 to −9.2) conditions. The geological, fluid inclusion, isotopic and trace element evidences indicate that the Bagenheigeqier deposit is classified as a skarn-type deposit. Full article

The immobilization and transformation of manganese in soil environments primarily depend on its interactions with soil mineral components, organic matter, and microorganisms. To investigate the migration and transformation of manganese in the water–soil system of loess regions, we used quartz sand (SiO₂) and calcite (CaCO₃)—the main components of loess—as soil matrices, along with humic acid (HA) and a typical bacterium (Bacillus subtilis) as influencing factors. Laboratory experiments combined with instrumental characterization were employed to examine Mn transformation. The results indicate that the presence of humic acid and bacteria significantly inhibits the cation exchange reaction between Mn and Ca in calcite while enhancing the binding of Mn to organic functional groups (–OH and –COOH). In particular, biofilms formed by bacteria and their metabolites exhibited a more pronounced inhibitory effect on cation exchange and promoted Mn oxidation. The effects of pH and temperature were more evident in the composite systems (quartz sand–calcite–humic acid (QS-CL-HA) and quartz sand–calcite–humic acid–Bacillus subtilis (QS-CL-HA-B.S.)). Our thermodynamic results show that the transformation of Mn²⁺ in the composite systems best fits the pseudo-second-order kinetic model (chemical adsorption) and the Freundlich model (monolayer adsorption). The values of ΔH (15.22, 5.29 kJ·mol⁻¹) and ΔG (0.82–2.76 kJ·mol⁻¹) confirm that the transformation of Mn²⁺ in these composite systems is non-spontaneous and endothermic. This study demonstrates that, in addition to the effects of minerals, trace organic matter and microorganisms in soil significantly influence the transformation of metallic Mn. The findings also provide a theoretical basis for designing bio-enhanced soil remediation strategies. Full article

The escalating global demand for large-scale, cost-effective, and sustainable high-quality protein has positioned single-cell protein (SCP) production from one-carbon (C1) gases as a highly promising solution. In this study, eight chemolithoautotrophic hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria (HOB) were isolated from mangrove sediments. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, they belonged to genera Sulfurimonas, Sulfurovum, Thiomicrolovo, and Marinobacterium. Among these, Thiomicrolovo sp. ZZH C-3 was identified as the most promising candidate for SCP production based on the highest biomass and protein content, and was selected for further characterization. Strain ZZH C-3 is a Gram-negative, short rod-shaped bacterium with multiple flagella. It can grow chemolithoautotrophically by using molecular hydrogen as an energy source and molecular oxygen as an electron acceptor. Genomic analysis further confirmed that ZZH C-3 harbors a complete reverse tricarboxylic acid (rTCA) cycle gene set for carbon fixation, and diverse hydrogenases (Group I, II, IV) for hydrogen oxidation. Subsequently, its cultivation conditions and medium composition for SCP production were systematically optimized using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology (RSM). Results showed that the optimal growth conditions were 28 °C, pH 7.0, and with 1 g/L (NH₄)₂SO₄ as the nitrogen source, 5–10% oxygen concentration, 9.70 mg/L FeSO₄·7H₂O, 0.17 g/L CaCl₂·2H₂O, and 1.90 mg/L MnSO₄·H₂O. Under the optimized conditions, strain ZZH C-3 achieved a maximum specific growth rate of 0.46 h⁻¹. After 28 h of cultivation, the optical density at 600 nm (OD₆₀₀) reached 0.94, corresponding to a biomass concentration of 0.60 g/L, and the protein content ranked at 73.56%. The biomass yield on hydrogen (Y_H2) was approximately 3.01 g/g H₂, with an average H₂-to-CO₂ consumption molar ratio of about 3.78. Compared to the model HOB Cupriavidus necator, strain ZZH C-3 exhibited a lower H₂/CO₂ consumption ratio, superior substrate conversion efficiency, and high protein content. Overall, this study not only validated the potential of mangrove HOB for SCP production but also offers new insights for future metabolic engineering strategies designed to enhance CO₂-to-biomass conversion efficiency. Full article

The development of a metalloenzyme-like catalytic system for the efficient oxidation of olefins under a dioxygen (O₂) atmosphere at room temperature is of significant interest in the field of catalysis. Herein, we present a highly active and selective aerobic epoxidation of olefins using metalloenzyme-like catalysts based on a non-heme ligand, tris(2-pyridylmethyl)amine (TPA). Notably, manganese chloride complexed with TPA (Mn(TPA)Cl₂) demonstrated excellent activity for the epoxidation of trans-stilbene using O₂ as the oxidant in the presence of a co-reductant at 30 °C. A quantitative conversion of 99% and high yield of 98%, as determined by gas chromatography using an external standard method, were achieved under optimum reaction conditions. Furthermore, Mn(TPA)Cl₂ exhibited a good substrate tolerance to styrene derivatives with electron-withdrawing or electron-donating groups, cyclic olefins with different substituents and substitution degrees, as well as long-chain olefins. Coupled with a high turnover frequency (TOF) of up to 30,720 h⁻¹, these results underscore the potential of Mn(TPA)Cl₂ as a promising metalloenzyme-like catalytic platform for the aerobic synthesis of diverse epoxides from olefins under ambient conditions. Full article

Although excessive manganese (Mn) exposure is known to cause neuromotor function in cases of poisoning, its effect on grip strength (a neuromotor marker) in older adults at environmental levels remains unclear. To investigate this issue, we conducted an integrated investigation combining epidemiology and animal experimentation to examine the association between urinary manganese and grip strength. A cross-sectional study of 375 elderly men (60–74 years) was conducted in Guangxi, China, from 2016 to 2017. Urinary Mn concentrations were determined by ICP-MS, and their associations with grip strength were evaluated using generalized linear models and restricted cubic splines. In parallel, 32 six-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were exposed to 0, 5, 10, or 15 mg/kg MnCl₂·4H₂O via intraperitoneal injection for 6 weeks. Forelimb grip strength of the mice was measured after the final exposure, and mRNA expression of inflammatory markers and cytokines (C reactive protein (CRP), interleukin (IL)-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in triceps) in triceps tissue was quantified. The median urinary Mn concentration in the study population was 0.22 μg/g creatinine. After adjusting for confounders, urinary Mn was inversely associated with hand grip strength (highest vs. lowest tertile: β = −3.57 kg; 95% CI: −5.68 to −1.47; p-trend = 0.007). Similarly, in male C57BL/6J mice, grip strengths declined significantly with increasing Mn exposure (p-trend < 0.0001), accompanied by upregulation of the mRNA levels of CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α in muscle tissue. Together, our findings suggest that environmental manganese exposure is inversely associated with grip strength in elderly men. While the manganese doses used in the animal study exceeded typical human environmental exposure, the experimental results further indicate that such grip strength reduction may be linked to muscle inflammation. Full article

Although Ru-based catalysts have been investigated in various oxidation systems, their application in sulfate radical-based AOPs, particularly as heterogeneous activators for acidic wastewater treatment, remains limited. Herein, Ru was incorporated into α-MnO₂ via lattice doping and surface loading to construct Ru_latt/α-MnO₂ and Ru_surf/α-MnO₂, and their PMS activation performance toward carbamazepine (CBZ) degradation was evaluated. Ru_latt/α-MnO₂ exhibited superior activity, achieving near-complete CBZ removal within minutes under acidic conditions. PMS dosage, catalyst loading, and pH affected the degradation efficiency, with acidic environments significantly enhancing PMS activation. Cl⁻ slightly promoted CBZ degradation, whereas HCO₃⁻ and natural organic matter inhibited it. Mechanistic analysis revealed that Ru activated PMS through a nonradical pathway, continuously generating ¹O₂ via a reversible Ru (II)/Ru (III)/Ru (IV) cycle, while the Mn (III)/Mn (IV) redox couple acted as an electron buffer to sustain Ru cycling and improve durability. The catalyst maintained high activity in complex water matrices, demonstrating strong potential for practical remediation of CBZ-contaminated acidic wastewater. Full article

Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steel is an alternative to traditional low-alloy structural steels. It is lightweight and can be used to reduce the weight of structures without increasing their density. However, in the marine environment, traditional low-alloy structural steels can be damaged by chloride ions, which shortens their service life. We do not yet understand how aluminum, an important alloying element in lightweight steel, affects the process of corrosion. In this study, we examined Fe-Mn-Al-C lightweight steels with different amounts of aluminum. We used full-immersion simulated marine corrosion tests and multi-dimensional characterization techniques, such as microstructure observation and electrochemical measurements, to explore the relationship between aluminum content and the steel’s corrosion rate, corrosion product structure, and corrosion resistance. The results showed that, compared with CS, the weight loss and rate of corrosion of steels that contain aluminum were a lot lower. While the corrosion rate of CS is approximately 0.068 g·h⁻¹·m⁻², that of 7Al steel is reduced to 0.050 g·h⁻¹·m⁻². The stable phases α-FeOOH and FeAl₂O₄ are formed in the corrosion products when Al is added. As the Al content increases, so does the relative content of these phases. Furthermore, FeAl₂O₄ acts as a nucleation site that refines corrosion product grains, reduces pores and cracks, and significantly improves the compactness of corrosion products. It also forms a dense inner rust layer that blocks the penetration of corrosive ions such as Cl⁻. This study confirmed that aluminum improves the corrosion resistance of steel synergistically by regulating the structure of the corrosion products, optimizing the phase composition, and improving the electrochemical properties. The optimal aluminum content for lightweight steel in marine environments is 7%, within a range of 5–9%. Full article

Near-complete (>99%) dissolution of lithium and cobalt was achieved by the leaching of black mass from spent (end-of-life) lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) using 4 M H₂SO₄ or HCl at 60 °C. Raising the temperature to 90 °C did not increase the overall extraction of lithium or cobalt, but it increased the rate of extraction. At 60 °C, 2 M H₂SO₄ or 2 M HCl performed similarly to the 4 M H₂SO₄/HCl solution, although extractions were lower using 1 M H₂SO₄ or HCl (~95% and 98%, respectively). High extractions were also observed by leaching in low pulp density (15 g/L) at 60 °C with 2 M CH₂ClCOOH. Leaching was much slower with hydrogen peroxide reductant concentrations below 0.5 mol/L, with cobalt extractions of 90–95% after 3 h. Pulp densities of up to 250 g/L were tested when leaching with 4 M H₂SO₄ or HCl, with the stoichiometric limit estimated for each test based on the metal content of the black mass. Extractions were consistently high, above 95% for Li/Ni/Mn/Cu with a pulp density of 150 g/L, dropping sharply above this point because of insufficient remaining acid in the solution in the later stages of leaching. The final component of the test work used leaching parameters identified in the previous experiments as producing the largest extractions, and just sulphuric acid. A seven-stage semi-continuous sulphuric acid leach at 60 °C of black mass from LiBs that had undergone an oxidising roast (2h in a tube furnace at 500 °C under flowing air) to remove binder material resulted in high (93%) extraction of cobalt and near total (98–100%) extractions of lithium, nickel, manganese, and copper. Higher cobalt extraction (>98%) was expected, but a refractory spinel-type cobalt oxide, Co₃O₄, was generated during the oxidising roast as a result of inefficient aeration, which reduced the extraction efficiency. Full article

Electrochemical aptasensors have been successfully applied in a number of fields, including food safety, environmental monitoring, and the health sector. They offer a robust and environmentally friendly alternative to antibody-based detection, with the added benefits of flexible design, high chemical and thermal stability, and low immunogenicity. In this work, we present an electrochemical aptasensor based on a semiconducting mesoporous TiO₂:Mn working electrode (WE) for the sensitive detection of tetracycline (TET). The TiO₂:Mn electrodes were fabricated using a scalable screen-printing process, providing a cost-efficient and reproducible platform for sensor development. Specifically, a 5 μM solution of the DNA aptamer with the sequence 5′-CCC CCG GCA GGC CAC GGC TTG GGTTGG TCC CAC TGC GCG-3′ was utilized for the detection of tetracycline (TET) in spiked aqueous samples, across a concentration range of 0.3 to 25.0 ng/mL. Detection was performed via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using a Pt wire cathode. The buffer used in the experiment was Tris–HCl (20 mM, pH 7.6), 100 mM of NaCl, MgCl₂ (2 mM), KCl (5 mM), and CaCl₂ (1 mM). The limit of detection (LOD) was calculated to be approximately 1 ng/mL. Full article

This study reports on the synthesis, structural characterization and gas sorption studies of a homometallic 2D Cd²⁺ MOF and two heterometallic 3D Cd²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Cd²⁺/Sr²⁺ -MOFs based on the angular tetracarboxylic ligand 3,3′,4,4′-sulfonyltetracarboxylic acid (H₄STBA). The homometallic 2D Cd²⁺ MOF with the formula [NH₂(CH₃)₂]⁺₂[Cd(STBA)]²⁻_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O—(1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O was synthesized from the reaction of CdCl₂·H₂O and 3,3′,4,4′-diphthalic sulfonyl dianhydride (3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA) with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1.3 in DMF/H₂O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. The two heterometallic Cd²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Cd²⁺/Sr²⁺ compounds were prepared from analogous reactions to this afforded (1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O with the difference that the reaction mixture also contained AE(NO₃)₂ (AE²⁺ = Ca²⁺ or Sr²⁺) and, in particular, from the reaction of AE(NO₃)₂, CdCl₂·H₂O and 3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA with stoichiometric ratio 1:1.1:1.4 in DMF/H₂O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. Notably, compounds [CdCa(STBA)(H₂O)₂]_n·0.5nDMF—(2)_n·0.5nDMF and [CdSr(STBA)(H₂O)₂]_n·0.5nDMF—(3)_n·0.5nDMF are the first heterometallic compounds Mⁿ⁺/AE²⁺ (M = any metal ion) reported containing ligand H₄STBA. The structure of (1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O comprises a 2D network based on helical 1D chain secondary building unit (SBU) [Cd²⁺(STBA)⁴⁻)]²⁻. The 2D sheets are linked through hydrogen bonding interactions, giving rise to a pseudo-3D structure. On the other hand, compounds (2)_n·1.5nH₂O and (3)_n·1.5nH₂O display 3D microporous structures consisting of a helical 1D chain SBU [Cd²⁺AE²⁺(STBA)⁴⁻)]. All three compounds contain rhombic channels along c axes. The three MOFs exhibit an appreciable thermal stability, up to 350–400 °C. Gas sorption measurements on activated materials (2)_n and (3)_n revealed moderate BET surface areas of 370 m²/g and 343 m²/g, respectively, along with CO₂ uptake capacity of 2.58 mmol/g at 273 K. Full article

In this contribution, two silsesquioxane–cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes featuring one or two chloride ancillary ligands, [Ti(η⁵-C₅H₄SiMeO₂Ph₇Si₇O₁₀-κO)Cl₂] (1) and [Ti(η⁵-C₅H₄SiMe₂OPh₇Si₇O₁₁-κ²O₂)Cl] (2), were synthesized and evaluated in the Ziegler–Natta polymerization of styrene and the ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of L-lactide, respectively. Complex 1, activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), catalyzed the syndiotactic polymerization of styrene with turnover frequencies up to 28 h⁻¹, affording polymers with narrow dispersity, low number-average molecular weights (M_n = 5.2–8.2 kDa), and high stereoregularity, as confirmed by ¹³C NMR. Complex 2, in combination with benzyl alcohol, promoted the ring-opening polymerization of L-lactide in solution at 100 °C, achieving conversions up to 95% with good molecular weight control (M_n close to theoretical, Đ = 1.19–1.32). Under melt conditions at 175 °C, it converted up to 3000 equiv. of monomer within 1 h. Kinetic analysis revealed first-order dependence on monomer concentration. The results highlight the ability of these complexes to produce syndiotactic polystyrene with narrow molecular weight distributions and to catalyze controlled ROP of L-lactide under both solution and melt conditions. Computational studies provided insight into key structural and energetic features influencing reactivity, offering a framework for further catalyst optimization. This work broadens the application scope of silsesquioxane–cyclopentadienyl titanium complexes and supports their potential as sustainable and versatile catalysts for both commodity and biodegradable polymer synthesis. Full article

Mercury poses serious hazards to human health. Carbon nanotube (CNT) is a potential material for elemental mercury (Hg⁰) adsorption removal, however, it shows susceptibility to SO₂ and H₂O. Herein, CNT is first decorated with Fe₂O₃ then modified with MnCl₂ (MnCl₂-Fe₂O₃@CNT) to enhance SO₂ and H₂O resistance. The Hg⁰ removal performance and physical–chemical properties of samples are comprehensively studied. MnCl₂(10)FeCNT (10 wt% MnCl₂ content) has a high specific surface area (775.76 m²·g⁻¹) and abundant active chlorine (35.01% Cl* content) as well as oxygen species (84.23% O_α content), which endows it with excellent Hg⁰ adsorption capacity (25.06 mg·g⁻¹) and good SO₂ and H₂O resistance. Additionally, the superparamagnetic property can enable MnCl₂(10)FeCNT to be conveniently recycled. After fifth regeneration, MnCl₂(10)FeCNT can still achieve >90% Hg⁰ removal. The abundant active chlorine and oxygen species over MnCl₂(10)FeCNT are responsible for Hg⁰ removal with HgCl₂ as the primary product. This work demonstrates the enhancement of CNT’s resistance to SO₂ and H₂O by Fe₂O₃ and MnCl₂ modification, which has potential application in flue gas mercury removal. Full article

Filter wash water (FWW) from public swimming pools is a recoverable resource, yet full-scale evidence on safe on-site reuse with documented economics is scarce. We evaluated a full-scale integrated recovery unit (SOWA) installed at an indoor public pool. The SOWA system—sedimentation, granular filtration operated at a hydraulic loading rate (HLR) of 7.5–10 m³ m⁻² h⁻¹, ultrafiltration, and chlorine-dioxide (ClO₂) disinfection—was monitored for physicochemical and microbiological performance. Turbidity decreased from 23.1 nephelometric turbidity units (NTU) to 0.25 NTU; chemical oxygen demand, reported as the permanganate index (COD_Mn), fell from 10.4 to 1.6 mg O₂ L⁻¹; and total microbial count declined from 1.6 × 10⁴ to 30 colony-forming units per millilitre (CFU mL⁻¹). Indicator organisms (Escherichia coli, Intestinal enterococci and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) were not detected, and all quality criteria complied with national standards. At the Olender facility, monthly freshwater use dropped from 1700 to 1000 m³ after 24/7 SOWA operation, while combined chlorine was maintained at 0.12 mg Cl₂/L and no issues with chloroform were observed. The unit recovered 4.7 m³ h⁻¹ of FWW for non-potable uses. According to manufacturer catalogue data, the recovery process can reach up to 96%, enabling annual savings up to ~EUR 9000 and a payback of ~2 years under favourable tariffs and loads. Our outcomes are consistent with independent full-scale reuse trains (e.g., ultrafiltration/reverse osmosis) and with disinfection-by-product control strategies reported in the literature, and they align with international guidance for swimming-pool water reuse. This study provides a rare, end-to-end implementation at full scale, documenting continuous operation, verified microbial safety, regulatory compliance, quantified water and cost savings, and site-specific economics for a compact, multi-barrier FBW recovery system that can be directly transferred to similar facilities. Full article