Search Results (406)

Background: Atherogenic dyslipidemia is defined by the coexistence of high triglyceride concentrations, low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and an excess of small, dense particles of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). This lipid profile is strongly associated with an increased burden of cardiovascular disease and represents a leading cause of global morbidity and mortality. To better capture this risk, composite lipid ratios—including total cholesterol to HDL-C (TC/HDL-C), LDL-C to HDL-C (LDL-C/HDL-C), triglycerides to HDL-C (TG/HDL-C), and the atherogenic dyslipidemia index (AD)—have emerged as robust markers of cardiometabolic health, frequently demonstrating superior predictive capacity compared with isolated lipid measures. Despite extensive evidence linking these ratios to cardiovascular disease, few large-scale studies have examined their association with sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle behaviors, and social isolation in working populations. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of a large occupational cohort of Spanish workers evaluated between January 2021 and December 2024. Anthropometric, biochemical, and sociodemographic data were collected through standardized clinical protocols. Indices of atherogenic risk—namely the ratios TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, TG/HDL-C, and the atherogenic dyslipidemia index (AD)—were derived from fasting lipid measurements. The assessment of lifestyle factors included tobacco use, physical activity evaluated through the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ), adherence to the Mediterranean dietary pattern using the MEDAS questionnaire, and perceived social isolation measured by the Lubben Social Network Scale. Socioeconomic classification was established following the criteria proposed by the Spanish Society of Epidemiology. Logistic regression models were fitted to identify factors independently associated with moderate-to-high risk for each lipid indicator, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: A total of 117,298 workers (71,384 men and 45,914 women) were included. Men showed significantly higher odds of elevated TG/HDL-C (OR 4.22, 95% CI 3.70–4.75) and AD (OR 2.95, 95% CI 2.70–3.21) compared with women, whereas LDL-C/HDL-C ratios were lower (OR 0.86, 95% CI 0.83–0.89). Advancing age was positively associated with all lipid ratios, with the highest risk observed in participants aged 60–69 years. Lower social class, smoking, physical inactivity, poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and low social isolation scores were consistently linked to higher atherogenic risk. Physical inactivity showed the strongest associations across all indicators, with ORs ranging from 3.54 for TC/HDL-C to 7.12 for AD. Conclusions: Atherogenic dyslipidemia and elevated lipid ratios are strongly associated with male sex, older age, lower socioeconomic status, unhealthy lifestyle behaviors, and reduced social integration among Spanish workers. These findings highlight the importance of workplace-based cardiovascular risk screening and targeted prevention strategies, particularly in high-risk subgroups. Interventions to promote physical activity, healthy dietary patterns, and social connectedness may contribute to lowering atherogenic risk in occupational settings. Full article

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a global health concern driven by aging, lifestyle, and socio-economic disparities. Early detection is key, with tools like FINDRISC, QDScore, and CANRISK providing non-invasive screening. Yet, the combined effects of sociodemographic factors, healthy habits, and perceived quality of life on diabetes risk remain insufficiently studied in working populations. Objectives: To evaluate the association between sociodemographic variables, lifestyle habits (smoking, physical activity, adherence to the Mediterranean diet), and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) with the risk of developing type 2 diabetes, using three validated screening tools in a large cohort of Spanish workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 100,014 Spanish workers aged 18 to 69 years who underwent standardized medical evaluations between January 2021 and December 2023. Diabetes risk was assessed using the FINDRISC, QDScore, and CANRISK tools. Lifestyle variables and HRQoL (measured via the SF-12 questionnaire) were evaluated through validated instruments. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to examine the association of independent variables with moderate-to-high diabetes risk according to each score. Results: Among the strongest predictors, poor adherence to a Mediterranean diet (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.32–1.58) and low physical activity (OR = 1.39, 95% CI: 1.27–1.52) were independently associated with higher diabetes risk. Poor HRQoL was also significant (OR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.22–1.47). Conclusions: Sociodemographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, and perceived health status are independently associated with increased type 2 diabetes risk in Spanish workers. The integration of HRQoL assessments into occupational health surveillance may enhance early identification of at-risk individuals and guide tailored prevention strategies. Full article

Background: Atherosclerosis is a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although lipid-derived atherogenic indices are widely used for cardiovascular risk assessment, their relationship with sociodemographic factors, lifestyle behaviors, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in occupational populations remains insufficiently explored. This study aimed to evaluate the association between atherogenic risk, measured by total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TC/HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c/HDL-c), triglyceride/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-c), and atherogenic dyslipidemia (AD) and sociodemographic, lifestyle, and HRQoL variables in a large cohort of Spanish workers. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 100,014 Spanish workers aged 18–69 years, of whom 39.9% were women, with a mean age of 38.2 years (SD 10.2 or IQR) and 38.9 years (SD 10.3 or IQR) for men, during the health examinations carried out between 2021 and 2024. Sociodemographic variables included sex, age group, and occupational social class. Lifestyle factors comprised smoking status, adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MEDAS score), and physical activity (IPAQ categories). HRQoL was assessed using the 12-item Short Form Survey (SF-12), stratified into good vs. poor categories. Logistic regression models were applied to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for moderate-to-high atherogenic risk across indices, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Men exhibited a lower likelihood of moderate-to-high TC/HDL-c and LDL-c/HDL-c but a markedly higher probability of elevated TG/HDL-c and AD compared to women (OR range: 0.42–3.67, p < 0.001). A clear age-related gradient was observed across all indices, with participants aged 60–69 showing the highest risk (OR range: 2.28–7.84, p < 0.001). Lower social class, smoking, physical inactivity, poor diet, and poor SF-12 scores were significantly associated with increased atherogenic risk, with physical inactivity (OR up to 8.61) and poor diet (OR up to 4.98) emerging as the strongest predictors. Conclusions: Atherogenic risk in this large working cohort is strongly influenced by both traditional cardiovascular risk factors and HRQoL. Integrating lifestyle modification and quality-of-life improvement strategies into workplace health programs could substantially reduce the atherogenic burden. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm these associations and guide targeted interventions. Full article

This cross-sectional study examines adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) lifestyle and its association with knowledge, attitudes, habits, and cooking self-efficacy related to healthy and sustainable diets among Spanish adults. Additionally, it explores how sociodemographic and behavioral variables influence adherence to the MD. An online survey was conducted with 380 participants, predominantly women, urban dwellers, and highly educated individuals. The results reveal limited knowledge about food sustainability, with only 58.1% recognizing the MD as a sustainable model. Multivariable logistic regression analyses showed that higher adherence to the MD lifestyle was significantly associated with older age. Younger individuals who cooked regularly reported higher cooking self-efficacy, which in turn was associated with living with children and with healthier and more sustainable dietary habits. These dietary habits were also linked to being female, highlighting the interconnected roles of gender, age, and domestic context in shaping attitudes toward healthy and sustainable eating. The findings highlight a strong interrelation among attitudes, habits, and cooking self-efficacy, which together influence MD adherence. These results underscore the importance of designing targeted public health interventions that enhance cooking self-efficacy as a key lever to promote healthier and more sustainable eating habits, particularly among men and individuals who cook infrequently. Full article

Background: Vascular aging, characterized by a progressive increase in arterial stiffness, is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. The Mediterranean diet (MD) has been shown to have protective effects on cardiovascular health, but its relationship with vascular aging, as assessed by the Cardio-Ankle Vascular Index (CAVI), is not yet well established. Objective: To analyze the association between adherence to the MD and vascular aging estimated with CAVI in a sample of Spanish women with no history of previous cardiovascular disease. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in 1468 women (aged 30–80 years), classified into three categories according to CAVI: healthy vascular aging (HVA), normal (NVA), and early (EVA). Adherence to the MD was assessed using the MEDAS questionnaire validated in Spain. ANOVA and chi-square tests were used to compare baseline characteristics, and multinomial logistic regression was used to analyze the association between MD adherence and vascular aging status, adjusting for age, sex, and drug treatment. Results: The CAVI increased progressively with age (p < 0.001) and was associated with higher blood pressure, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia, and diabetes mellitus. Adherence to the MD was significantly higher in groups with lower arterial stiffness (p < 0.001). In the multivariate analysis, greater adherence to MD was associated with a higher probability of healthy vascular aging compared to NVA (OR: 1.872; 95% CI: 1.366–2.566; p < 0.001) and EVA (OR: 1.738; 95% CI: 1.363–2.218; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Greater adherence to the MD is associated with a healthier vascular aging profile. Promoting this dietary pattern may be an effective strategy for preventing arterial stiffness and reducing the cardiovascular risk associated with aging. Full article

Background/Objectives: A higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) has been associated with a lower risk of death in different populations, but this association has been insufficiently investigated in the elderly Spanish population. In this study, we assess the association between adherence to three MedDiet indexes and all-cause, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and cancer mortality in a population aged 65 years and older in Spain. Methods: The population included 903 participants from two population-based surveys. Diet was assessed at baseline by using validated food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ). We calculated scores of adherence to the MedDiet for three indexes: alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED), relative Mediterranean Diet Score (rMED) and 17-item energy-restricted Mediterranean Diet Adherence Screener (erMEDAS). Deaths were ascertained through the National Death Index of Spain and the Mortality Registry in the Valencian Region during a 12 year follow-up period. Cox regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI), adjusting for relevant confounders. Results: During the 12 years of follow-up, 403 deaths occurred: 160 due to CVD and 90 to cancer. Compared to participants in the lowest tertile of adherence to aMED, those in the highest tertile showed a 30% lower risk of all-cause mortality, HR = 0.70 (95% CI 0.51–0.96). In addition, per two-point increase in aMED, we observed a 17% lower risk of all-cause mortality, HR = 0.83 (95% CI 0.73–0.95), and a 21% lower risk of CVD mortality, HR = 0.79 (95% CI 0.64–0.99). A 9% lower risk of all-cause mortality was also observed per two-point increase in the rMED score, HR = 0.91 (95% CI 0.84–0.99). Compared to participants in the lowest tertile of adherence to rMED, those in the highest tertile showed evidence of a marginally significant, lower risk of cancer mortality, HR = 0.55 (95% CI 0.29–1.04). No association was observed between the erMEDAS index and mortality for any cause. Conclusions: High adherence to the MedDiet, as measured by aMED and rMED indexes, was associated with lower all-cause, CVD, and cancer mortality in an older Mediterranean population after 12 years of follow-up. Full article

Objective: The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) is characterized by its emphasis on plant-based foods, olive oil, and fish products, and has been associated with providing relevant fatty acids (FAs) for adolescent physiology. This study aims to investigate the relationship between adherence to the MedDiet and the FA composition of red blood cell (RBC) membranes in an adolescent population. Methods: The current research examines the relationship between MedDiet adherence, assessed using the KIDMED questionnaire, and the composition of RBC membranes, specifically measuring 22 FAs in a cross-sectional analysis of adolescents from two cohorts (mean age = 14.55). Baseline data from 552 participants with complete dietary adherence and FA information were analyzed using multivariable regression models and principal component analysis (PCA) as confirmatory analysis. All regression models were adjusted by age, sex, body mass index, physical activity, maternal education and cohort enrollment. Results: Main results shown that “Good adherence” to the MedDiet was positively associated with omega-3 FAs, including eicosapentaenoic acid (β = 0.34; 95% CI: 0.17, 0.52; p-value < 0.001) and docosahexaenoic acid (β = 0.29; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.46; p-value = 0.001), and inversely associated with specific omega-6 FAs, such as arachidonic acid (β = −0.28; 95% CI: −0.46, −0.11; p-value = 0.002) and adrenic acid (β = −0.19; 95% CI: −0.30, −0.08; p-value < 0.001). PCA identified distinct FA patterns, with “Good adherence” to the MedDiet being associated with an increase in the omega-3 FAs pattern (β = 0.32; 95% CI: 0.14, 0.49; p-value < 0.001). These findings remained robust after multiple test comparisons. Conclusions: This study underscores the potential of the MedDiet to promote optimal RBC FA composition in healthy adolescents, characterized by high levels of omega-3 FAs and reduced levels of arachidonic acid and adrenic acid in RBC membranes. Full article

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a central feature in the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes and a major determinant of cardiovascular morbidity. While sociodemographic and lifestyle factors are established contributors, the role of social isolation as a potential determinant of IR remains underexplored in working populations. Objectives: To assess the association between sociodemographic variables, lifestyle habits, and social isolation with three validated insulin resistance indexes—Triglyceride–Glucose (TyG), Metabolic Score for Insulin Resistance (METS-IR), and Single Point Insulin Sensitivity Estimator (SPISE-IR)—in a large cohort of Spanish workers. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted involving 117,298 workers from occupational health centers across Spain. Sociodemographic data, lifestyle factors (Mediterranean diet adherence, physical activity, and smoking), and social support levels (ENRICHD Social Support Instrument) were recorded. Biochemical and anthropometric parameters were obtained through standardized protocols. Logistic regression models estimated the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for high IR risk across the three indexes, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Male sex, older age, lower social class, smoking, low Mediterranean diet adherence, physical inactivity, and low social support were independently associated with higher odds of IR in all three indexes. The strongest associations were observed for physical inactivity (OR range 6.21–9.95) and low social support (OR range 1.98–3.76). Although effect sizes varied by index, patterns of association were consistent. Conclusions: Sociodemographic, lifestyle, and psychosocial factors, including social isolation, are strongly associated with insulin resistance in working populations. Integrating social support assessment into occupational health strategies may enhance early detection and prevention of IR and related cardiometabolic diseases. Full article

Background: Obesity is multifactorial, shaped by biological, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Traditional sociodemographic and lifestyle influences are well studied, but psychological well-being, particularly life purpose, remains less explored. This study investigates associations between demographics, health behaviors, and life purpose and obesity prevalence, assessed through four validated adiposity indices in Spanish workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 93,077 workers (mean age: 43.8 ± 9.6 years; 54.1% men). Obesity was defined according to four measures: body mass index (BMI), waist-to-height ratio (WtHR), Clínica Universidad de Navarra Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), and Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF). Sociodemographic, lifestyle (Mediterranean diet, physical activity, smoking), and psychological (Purpose in Life Test, PIL-10) variables were assessed. Logistic regression was used to evaluate associations with obesity risk. Results: Low life purpose was significantly associated with increased odds of obesity across all indices, particularly for CUN-BAE (OR = 4.58; 95% CI: 3.99–6.28) and BMI (OR = 5.45; 95% CI: 4.71–6.30). Traditional risk factors such as physical inactivity, poor adherence to the Mediterranean diet, older age, a lower social class, and smoking also demonstrated strong associations with higher adiposity levels. METS-VF showed the greatest sensitivity to male sex and unhealthy behaviors. Conclusions: This study identifies life purpose as an independent psychosocial determinant of obesity. Using multiple adiposity measures strengthens the findings, emphasizing psychological well-being in prevention. Longitudinal research is needed to confirm causality and develop interventions enhancing life purpose to improve cardiometabolic health. Given the cross-sectional design, causal inferences cannot be drawn and the directionality of associations remains uncertain. Full article

Background: Diabesity, the coexistence of obesity and type 2 diabetes, is a major public health concern. Shift work and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors may exacerbate its prevalence, particularly in working populations. Objective: This study aims to evaluate the association between sociodemographic characteristics, health behaviors, and shift work and the prevalence of diabesity, using both BMI and the CUN-BAE estimator, in a large cohort of Spanish workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 53,053 workers (59.8% men) aged 18–69 years who underwent occupational health examinations. Diabesity was defined as obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m² or high CUN-BAE) plus fasting glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL or prior diagnosis of diabetes. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet was assessed by the MEDAS questionnaire, physical activity by the IPAQ, alcohol intake by standard drink units (UBEs), and socioeconomic class by the CNAE-11 classification. Shift work was defined according to ILO criteria. Logistic regression was used to assess associations, adjusting for potential confounders. Results: Shift work was independently associated with increased odds of diabesity both in men and women. Diabesity prevalence was higher when assessed by CUN-BAE compared with BMI. Age, male sex, lower socioeconomic class, physical inactivity, smoking, poor diet adherence, and alcohol intake were all significantly associated with higher risk. The CUN-BAE index showed superior sensitivity in identifying individuals at risk. Conclusions: Shift work and unhealthy behaviors are key determinants of diabesity among Spanish workers. The use of adiposity estimators beyond BMI, such as CUN-BAE, should be encouraged in occupational health surveillance. Workplace-targeted interventions are urgently needed to address this growing metabolic burden. Full article

This study presents a four-year evaluation (2020–2024) of an integrated climate mitigation project on a pig farm in Ávila, Spain, at an elevation of over 1100 m above sea level with continental climate conditions. The project aimed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) and nitrogen pollution by implementing solid–liquid filtration followed by biological treatment in a 625 m³ Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) operating under a nitrification–denitrification (N-DN) regime. The SBR carried out four daily cycles, alternating aerobic and anoxic phases, with 5 and 8 m³ inlets. Aeration intensity and redox potential were continuously monitored to optimize bacterial activity. Analytical parameters (pH, electrical conductivity, solids content, nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) were measured using ISO methods and tracked frequently. Annual emission reductions were 75% for N₂O, up to 97% for NH₃, and 80% for N₂. In the summer months, we observed higher efficiency reduction for N₂, NH₃, and NO₂. Additionally, there was a 75% average reduction for COD and up to 92% for total GHG emissions. This real-world case study highlights the effectiveness of SBR-based N-DN systems for nutrient removal and emission reduction in high-altitude, climate-sensitive regions, contributing to EU nitrate directive compliance and circular economy practices. Full article

Background: Insulin resistance (IR) is a key pathogenic mechanism underlying numerous cardiometabolic disorders. While sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of IR are well-established, their association with health-related quality of life (HRQoL) remains understudied. This study explores the relationship between IR risk, as measured by TyG, METS-IR, and SPISE-IR indices, and HRQoL in a large cohort of Spanish workers. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 100,014 Spanish workers aged 18–69 years evaluated between January 2021 and December 2023. Exclusion criteria included incomplete clinical, laboratory, or questionnaire data. IR was assessed using TyG, METS-IR, and SPISE-IR indices. HRQoL was measured using the SF-12 questionnaire. Sociodemographic factors, physical activity (IPAQ), dietary habits (MEDAS-14), and social class (based on CNAE-11 and Spanish Society of Epidemiology criteria) were also evaluated. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS v29.0. Results: Higher IR risk was consistently associated with older age, male sex, lower social class, current smoking, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and physical inactivity. Lower HRQoL scores (both physical and mental components) were significantly associated with higher IR indices, particularly with METS-IR and SPISE-IR. These associations persisted after adjusting for sociodemographic and behavioral covariates. Conclusions: This study demonstrates a robust association between insulin resistance risk and diminished health-related quality of life. The integration of validated IR indices and subjective health perception tools such as the SF-12 may enhance early identification of at-risk individuals in occupational health settings. Full article

Background and Objectives: A provegetarian (PVG) food pattern, also known as a plant-based food pattern, which prioritizes the consumption of plant-based foods without completely excluding animal-based foods has been associated with health benefits. However, not all plant-based foods are healthy. We prospectively evaluated the association between different PVG food patterns and the risk of total mortality in the “Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra” (SUN) cohort. Methods: The SUN Project is a Mediterranean cohort study involving Spanish university graduates. A validated 136-item semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire was used. A PVG food pattern, as previously proposed, was calculated assigning positive scores to plant-based foods and inverse scores to animal-based foods. Participants were categorized into quintiles based on their adherence to this pattern. Additionally, healthy and unhealthy PVG food patterns were derived. Results: Data from 17,989 participants with a mean baseline age (standard deviation) 38 (±12) years were analyzed. Over a mean follow-up period of 12 years, 460 deaths (2.6%) were recorded. Participants with higher adherence to the PVG food pattern (Q5) exhibited a 32% lower risk of total mortality [hazard ratio (HR): 0.68 (95% CI: (0.50–0.93); p for trend = 0.020] as compared to those with lower adherence (Q1), after adjusting for multiple confounders. This inverse association persisted for the healthy PVG food pattern [HR: 0.65 (95% CI: 0.47–0.90); p for trend = 0.016]. In contrast, the unhealthy PVG food pattern did not show any significant association with mortality [HR: 1.31 (95% CI: 0.94–1.83)]. Conclusions: Higher adherence to a PVG food pattern, which emphasizes the consumption of plant-based foods, reduces the risk of total mortality in the SUN cohort. Full article

Objective: The objective of this study was to analyze the prevalence and key sociodemographic and lifestyle determinants of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype in a large occupational cohort. Background: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and the hypertriglyceridemic waist (HTGW) phenotype, defined as the simultaneous presence of elevated waist circumference and high triglyceride levels, are major predictors of cardiometabolic morbidity and mortality. Despite their clinical relevance, data on their distribution and determinants in large occupational populations remain limited. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on 139,634 employed adults (56,352 women and 83,282 men) across Spain, based on standardized clinical evaluations and validated questionnaires assessing physical activity, diet, smoking, alcohol consumption, education, and occupational class. Logistic regression models were used to estimate associations with MetS and HTGW. A longitudinal subsample of 40,431 individuals was followed over a 10-year period (2009–2019) to assess trends in metabolic risk phenotypes. Results: Male sex, older age, lower educational attainment, and unhealthy lifestyle behaviors were associated with a higher prevalence of both MetS and the HTGW phenotype. Physical inactivity, low adherence to the Mediterranean diet, and alcohol consumption were significantly associated with increased risk. The HTGW phenotype proved useful in identifying high-risk individuals, with a steadily increasing prevalence over time. Conclusions: Sociodemographic disparities and modifiable lifestyle factors significantly influence the prevalence and progression of MetS and HTGW in the Spanish workforce. Preventive strategies should emphasize early workplace screening, promotion of healthy behaviors, and reduction in educational and socioeconomic inequalities to mitigate cardiometabolic risk. Full article

Background: Sleep is a fundamental component of health, and deprivation has been linked to numerous adverse outcomes, including reduced academic and occupational performance, greater risk of accidents, and increased susceptibility to chronic diseases and premature mortality. Dietary and lifestyle behaviors are increasingly recognized as key determinants of sleep quality. Women are particularly susceptible to sleep disturbances due to hormonal fluctuations and psychosocial factors. However, women remain underrepresented in sleep research. This study aims to examine the associations between sleep quality, nutrition, and lifestyle in a large cohort of Spanish women. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 785 women aged 18–64. Participants completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) and the NutSo-HH questionnaire on dietary and lifestyle behaviors. Descriptive analyses, correlation matrices, Gaussian Graphical Models, and Principal Component Analyses were used to assess relationships between variables. Results: More than half of the participants rated their sleep quality as good or very good, although over 30% experienced frequent nighttime awakenings. Poor sleep quality was significantly associated with higher alcohol consumption, lower vegetable and white fish intake, and lower levels of physical activity. Diets rich in ultra-processed foods correlated moderately with subjective poor sleep and daytime dysfunction. However, no strong associations were found between stimulant consumption, late meals, or dietary patterns (e.g., Mediterranean diet) and sleep. Self-perceived health emerged as a protective factor, while nocturnal lifestyles were linked to longer sleep latency and fragmented sleep. Conclusions: In adult women, better sleep quality is linked to healthy dietary choices, regular physical activity, and a positive perception of general health. In contrast, alcohol use and irregular lifestyles are associated with poor sleep. Individual variability and cultural adaptation may moderate the impact of some traditionally harmful behaviors. Personalized, multidimensional interventions are recommended for promoting sleep health in women. Full article