Search Results (3,943)

Microecological preparations (MPs), encompassing probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics, are microbial feed supplements that enhance host health through gut microbiota modulation. Unlike the narrow definition of probiotics (viable microorganisms), MPs constitute a broader category including non-viable microbial derivatives and selectively fermented substrates. Their application in aquaculture significantly reduces antibiotic dependence. Given the industry’s intensification challenges, while meeting global protein demands, high-density aquaculture elevates disease risks, driving prophylactic antibiotic overuse. This practice accelerates antimicrobial resistance (AMR) development, compromising treatment efficacy and causing residual antibiotics in aquatic products. Such residues violate international food safety standards, triggering trade disputes. As sustainable alternatives, MPs operate through multiple mechanisms: the competitive exclusion of pathogens, immune stimulation, and nutrient absorption enhancement. This review examines the patterns of antibiotic abuse and the emergence of AMR in carp aquaculture, evaluates MP-based mitigation strategies from the perspective of antibiotic alternatives, and analyzes the advantages, disadvantages, and application progress of MPs. Based on existing evidence, we propose targeted research priorities for MP optimization, advocating for scientifically guided implementation in commercial cyprinid aquaculture. Full article

In response to the global imperative to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and fossil fuel dependency, electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged as a sustainable transportation alternative, primarily utilizing lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to their high energy density and efficiency. However, LIBs are highly sensitive to temperature fluctuations, significantly affecting their performance, lifespan, and safety. One of the most critical threats to the safe operation of LIBs is thermal runaway (TR), an uncontrollable exothermic process that can lead to catastrophic failure under abusive conditions. Moreover, thermal runaway propagation (TRP) can rapidly spread failures across battery cells, intensifying safety threats. To address these challenges, developing advanced battery thermal management systems (BTMS) is essential to ensure optimal temperature control and suppress TR and TRP within LIB modules. This review systematically evaluates advanced cooling strategies, including indirect liquid cooling, water mist cooling, immersion cooling, phase change material (PCM) cooling, and hybrid cooling based on the latest studies published between 2020 and 2025. The review highlights their mechanisms, effectiveness, and practical considerations for preventing TR initiation and suppressing TRP in battery modules. Finally, key findings and future directions for designing next-generation BTMS are proposed, contributing valuable insights for enhancing the safety and reliability of LIB applications. Full article

Background: Gender-based violence has serious health impacts on survivors and is perpetuated by cultural norms, patriarchy, and traditional values. This study explored women’s (survivors) views, attitudes and the impact of gender-based violence on their health in a selected rural village within the Collins Chabane Municipality, Vhembe District, Limpopo Province. Methods: A qualitative descriptive design was used, involving 20 women aged 18 to 59. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted, and data were analysed thematically using ATLAS.ti 8, based on Braun and Clarke’s six-step framework. Ethical considerations were prioritised due to the sensitive nature of the research. Results: The results revealed that women in the Collins Chabane Municipality experience multiple forms of GBV, including physical, sexual, emotional, and financial abuse, which severely impacts their mental and physical health. Additionally, socioeconomic factors like unemployment and financial dependence exacerbate their vulnerability, making it difficult to escape abusive relationships. Conclusions: Cultural norms, patriarchal beliefs, and limited community support intersect to shape women’s experiences and responses to abuse. Full article

(1) Background: The experience of sexuality by individuals with Intellectual Development Disorder represents a significant challenge for themselves, as well as for parents, educators, and researchers. (2) Methods: Eighteen studies exploring sexual education programs aimed at individuals with ID and their caregivers were analyzed in the context of a scoping review. (3) Results: The prevention of sexual abuse, the development of healthy relationships, and the promotion of sexual autonomy are the main themes of the reviewed programs. The interventions include multimodal approaches, such as visual materials, practical activities, and role-playing, resulting in significant gains in participants’ sexual knowledge. Some limitations in conceptualization, participant recruitment, program variability, and the lack of follow-up were found. (4) Conclusions: Our study emphasizes the importance of expanding the research into sexual education for individuals with IDD and of designing programs with clearer theoretical frameworks, structure, and goals. Full article

Over the last three decades, the once-distinct terms ‘asylum’ and ‘immigration’ have become conceptually intertwined. This process is almost complete in Europe, where politicians, media, the public, and even academia often speak of these concepts interchangeably. Blurring these concepts has implications for migratory people: it removes legal rights borne by the state and diminishes the claims of humanitarian protection seekers within these movements. We have simultaneously witnessed the recategorization and reinterpretation of the statuses of vulnerable populations on the move, using geolegality to exclude them from otherwise legally entitled protections. We speak to the problems with narrowing the eligibility for protection through geolegality while simultaneously contributing to conceptual indistinction between people that discredits their identities as rights bearers. This short essay reflects on the ethical dilemmas of language use by researchers in shaping and contributing to this situation. Full article

Even though South Africa is a signatory to international declarations that aim to eliminate violence against women, intimate partner violence (IPV) remains a significant problem. While many women eventually leave IPV relationships after enduring violence for a long period, the matter of why women leave IPV relationships is not adequately researched in South Africa. This study explored the turning points that trigger the decision to leave IPV relationships and examined the process of leaving in a sample of women who left their abusive partners. In-depth interviews with 11 women living in shelters of safety for women in Gauteng Province, South Africa, were analyzed using Giorgi’s phenomenological analysis method. Leaving IPV relationships was a complex process that involved multiple decisions and actions over time; thus, most women endured many years of abuse. Leaving was triggered by various turning points, resulting in the leaving process being either planned or unplanned. For some of the women, the turning point was a specific violent event, while, for others, it was a culmination of violent events. Severe or escalating violence and the desire to protect their children from the impact of violence were key turning points for most of the women, such that they feared for their lives and that of their children. Overall, turning points played a crucial role in the decisions to leave abusive partners, and the leaving process for women was characterized to a great extent by fear. Understanding the complexities of the process of leaving and the relevance of turning points is essential to informing the development of appropriate interventions to respond more appropriately to women experiencing IPV. Full article

Background: The GABA_A receptor (GABAAR) potentiator, KRM-II-81, is being developed as a novel antiseizure medication with reduced potential for sedation, tolerance development, and abuse liability. Although KRM-II-81 has been shown to provide antiseizure protection against a broad array of seizure induction paradigms, seizures induced by viral vectors have not been previously studied. GABAARs with specific α subunit compositions have been studied in relation to the reduced side-effect liability of KRM-II-81; however, the role of β subunit composition has yet to be determined. Methods: In the present study, KRM-II-81 was studied against handling-induced seizures in Theiler’s murine encephalomyelitis virus (TMEV)-infected mice. Results: An intracerebral infusion of TMEV on day 0 increased the cumulative seizure burden in mice when assessed for handling-induced seizures on days 3–7. KRM-II-81 (15 mg/kg, p.o., bid) nearly completely suppressed seizures in TMEV-infected mice over the course of daily treatments. The number of the most severe seizures (stage 5, tonic/clonic seizures) in the mice was suppressed to zero by KRM-II-81. Although the selectivity of KRM-II-81 for GABAAR α2/3 receptor subtypes might imbue KRM-II-81 with a reduced side-effect liability, other mechanisms are possible, and the potentiation of β1-containing GABAARs has been implicated in inducing sedation. The role of β subunit composition has yet to be determined for KRM-II-81. In electrophysiological studies with cells transfected with α_xβ₁γ₂ or α_xβ₃γ₂, KRM-II-81 preferentially potentiated GABA responses in cells containing β3 subunits in α2/3-containing GABAARs. Conclusions: The present findings confirm the robust antiseizure activity of KRM-II-81, now extended to a virus-induction model, and suggest a possible role of reduced β1-potentiation in the low side-effect profile of KRM-II-81. Full article

Background: Forensic investigation of child homicides presents unique challenges due to the vulnerability of children and the complexity of distinguishing between natural, accidental, and intentional manner of death. A multidisciplinary approach integrating traditional forensic methods with emerging technologies is crucial to ensure accurate diagnosis and effective legal outcomes. Methods: This review examines current and emerging forensic techniques used in neonate, infant, and older child homicide investigations. It highlights advancements in postmortem imaging, histological examination, microbiological analysis, toxicology, and molecular autopsy. Results: Traditional forensic autopsy remains the cornerstone of child homicide investigations, providing critical insights into external and internal injuries. Histological examination enhances diagnostic accuracy by detecting microscopic evidence of trauma and infectious diseases. Postmortem imaging techniques are complementary for better identifying fractures, soft tissue injuries, and vascular abnormalities. Forensic toxicology plays a key role in detecting poisoning, while postmortem microbiology aids in identifying infectious causes of death. Furthermore, advancements in molecular autopsy and genetic testing have significantly enhanced the identification of hereditary conditions linked to sudden unexplained deaths in children, especially in cases involving multiple child fatalities within the same family, where forensic investigations are needed to accurately differentiate between natural causes and potential criminal involvement. Conclusions: A multidisciplinary approach incorporating traditional autopsy with postmortem imaging, histological examination, toxicology, postmortem microbiology, and molecular autopsy is essential for comprehensive forensic analysis, promoting both justice and prevention of fatal child abuse/homicide. Future research should focus on standardizing forensic protocols and exploring the potential of artificial intelligence (AI) in forensic investigations. Full article

Background: Intimate partner femicide (IPF) is the most common form of femicide and a severe expression of gender-based violence, highlighting persistent gender inequality worldwide. Addressing this major public health concern requires a comprehensive synthesis of existing evidence to inform prevention strategies. This review aims to identify risk factors for IPF and explore the demographic, behavioral, and psychosocial characteristics of victims and perpetrators. Methods: A narrative review was conducted using a systematic literature search in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed, following PRISMA guidelines. Studies were selected based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Out of 1200 identified records, 51 met the criteria and were included. Data extraction and analysis were conducted independently by two reviewers. Findings are presented narratively. Results: The review identified multiple risk factors for IPF. Victims were more likely to be married, with a history of psychological and physical abuse as well as substance use. Perpetrators were typically older, with higher rates of unemployment, psychiatric disorders, and substance use. Common precipitating factors included jealousy, separation, and recurrent conflicts. Weapon use—particularly knives and firearms—and “overkill” were frequent. Perpetrators often exhibited stalking behaviors and a history of intimate partner violence. Compared to other homicide offenders, IPF perpetrators were generally older, more often employed, and less likely to have a criminal background, but more likely to engage in intimate partner violence and hold patriarchal beliefs. Conclusions: IPF is not an unpredictable act. Despite the heterogeneity among perpetrators, identifiable risk indicators can inform effective prevention and intervention efforts. Full article

Introduction: Childhood emotional maltreatment, which includes emotional abuse and neglect, has been identified as a significant risk factor for the development of disordered eating behaviors related to overeating and reduced dietary control. At the same time, the literature suggests that childhood emotional maltreatment appears to be linked to deficits in reflective functioning which, in turn, may increase vulnerability to dysregulated, impulsive, and addictive behaviors. However, to date, the role of a key factor, such as food addiction (FA), within this model has not yet been investigated. Therefore, the aim of this study was to test a mediation model in which emotional abuse and neglect predict overeating and reduced dietary control through deficits in reflective functioning and FA symptoms. Method: Using a cross-sectional design, a conventional non-clinical sample of 543 participants was recruited and completed a set of standardized questionnaires. A multiple mediation model with observed variables was specified (10,000 bootstrap resampling). Results: The multiple mediation model showed good results, confirming the initial hypotheses. Specifically, emotional abuse and neglect were associated with FA symptoms through deficits in reflective functioning. In turn, FA symptoms predicted overeating behaviors and poor dietary control. Discussion: These findings highlight the central role of FA in linking reflective functioning deficits to disordered eating patterns associated with excessive food consumption. This study advances our understanding of the psychological mechanisms underlying disordered eating behaviors and underscores the need for targeted interventions addressing reflective functioning deficits and food addiction in individuals with a history of childhood emotional maltreatment. Full article

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) represents a considerable hazard in ready-to-eat (RTE) foods, particularly for susceptible individuals. This study investigated the survival of Lm in modified atmosphere-packaged (MAP) semi-hard sliced Greek cheese, comparing full-fat and light varieties. Challenge testing was conducted, and key product characteristics, including MAP gas composition, background microbiota, sodium chloride concentration, fat content, water activity, and pH, were determined. While the tested sliced cheeses, under specific MAP and storage conditions, met EU regulatory criteria for RTE foods unable to support Lm growth, the pathogen persisted at low levels throughout the 6-month shelf life. This finding underscores a potential risk associated with temperature abuse or compromised packaging integrity, which could facilitate Lm proliferation. The observed survival highlights the importance of growth potential assessment, even in food matrices seemingly non-supportive of Lm. Given that post-pasteurization processing steps like slicing and MAP packaging can introduce contamination risks for vulnerable consumers, this study emphasizes the necessity of stringent hygienic practices to prevent Lm contamination. Food business operators (FBOs) must rigorously implement food safety protocols, including controlled storage temperatures, robust hygiene measures, and effective cross-contamination prevention strategies between raw and RTE products, to safeguard public health, protect brand integrity, and mitigate economic losses. Full article

Gender-based violence is a social problem that affects the health of women in all countries, cultures, ages and economic status; its complexity requires a transdisciplinary approach. However, this study will emphasize the care provided by nursing in emergency services. Objectives: To explore the experiences of nursing professionals in the emergency area in relation to the approach to gender-based violence considering care management skills. Methods: A qualitative study with semi-structure interviews was conducted; the saturation was reached with the participation of 20 nursing professionals from emergency rooms. The study employed qualitative content analysis and the software QCAmap for organization and extraction of analysis. Results: The category called “Specific Approaches to Risk and Vulnerability” was characterized by its comprehensiveness, evident in its association with experiences in screening, follow-up, measures to prevent re-victimization, and ensuring privacy. The most relevant subcategories, based on the redundancy, were empathy, which encompasses affective aspects; education on forms of abuse not recognized by the victim; and multidisciplinary and multisectoral action to address patients’ needs effectively. Conclusions: Nursing professionals valued both the psychological and physical aspects of patients, highlighting the importance of multidisciplinary coordination and the protection of integrity. Awareness and offering help are key interventions during the activation of protocols for addressing gender-based violence. Full article

A robust body of research examines the association between socioeconomic status (SES), particularly its economic dimension, income poverty, and child maltreatment rates. However, several key questions regarding this relationship remain underexplored. Utilizing a critical literature review, this article finds that some forms of child maltreatment (i.e., sexual abuse) do not correlate with income poverty. Moreover, evidence about the effects of other dimensions of SES, including employment and education is not monolithic. The complexity of this relationship is further influenced by the data source and unit of analysis. Studies using administrative data and analyzing SES at the family or household level frequently report a strong correlation between SES and child maltreatment. However, this relationship weakens (or in some cases disappears) when examined at the neighborhood or regional level using self-report data. Our findings also suggest that the overrepresentation of minority groups in child maltreatment statistics can be, at least in part, attributed to economic disadvantages. Furthermore, social cohesion appears to buffer the effects of income poverty and material hardship, highlighting the role of inequality in weakening social networks and exacerbating socioeconomic stressors. A developing body of literature demonstrates the link between income inequality and child maltreatment rates and indicates that policies aimed at addressing the impact of SES on child maltreatment should not only focus on alleviating poverty-related factors, such as material hardship, unemployment, and housing instability, but also target broader class disparities as the common root of many social problems. Full article

Methods. Through the lens of childhood trauma theory, a qualitative phenomenological study was conducted using purposive and snowball sampling methods to gain a deeper understanding of the experiences of former students with corporal punishment and how those experiences have shaped their academic and psychological outcomes. Interviews were conducted via Zoom with 19 men and women of different ages and races who attended schools in Mississippi. Results/Conclusions. The study revealed that parents and school personnel collaborated to punish the student corporally both on campus and at home. Related, beaten students did not share their punishment with their parents/caregivers, and if their families did find out, they received another beating at home. There was a general lack of consistency in how and who administered corporal punishment. In addition to the well-documented ways that corporal punishment is administered in school, we also found that students were made to hold painful positions or perform painful tasks. There were also peer effects of trauma, with students experiencing fear or anger following a friend or classmate being beaten in front of them. Race was an influence if the abused students felt that their punishment was racist, with Black American participants feeling there were racial undertones regardless of the perpetrator’s race. The study’s findings align with those of previously conducted research, but also extend them and can be used to create policy to allow schools to address trauma and create instructional practices that eliminate the fear and racial disparities that have been proven to exist in schools with corporal punishment. Full article