Search Results (275)

Gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) hydrogels are promising carriers for bioactive agents like curcumin (Cur) and adenosine diphosphate (ADP) in wound healing. However, existing GelMA-based systems fail to achieve both rapid hemostasis and sustained anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we developed a Cur/ADP GelMA hydrogel, and evaluated its anti-inflammatory, regenerative, hemostatic, and biocompatible properties. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H-NMR) analysis showed that a 65% degree of substitution of GelMA is optimal for wound dressings. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a uniform pore size, aiding inflammatory exudate removal. The Cur/ADP GelMA hydrogel exhibited strong adhesion, stability, and antibacterial activity, reducing E. coli and S. aureus proliferation by 85% and 72%, respectively. Hemostatic effects were observed, with blood loss reduced to 238 ± 23 mg compared to 559 ± 18 mg in the untreated group. The ELISA results showed reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and increased IL-10. In vivo studies demonstrated 98% wound closure by day 14, enhanced granulation tissue formation, and a 70% thicker epidermis compared to controls. Mechanistically, ADP accelerates platelet activation and clot formation, while Cur modulates the inflammatory microenvironment, enabling synergistic hemostasis and immune regulation, thus promoting accelerated wound healing. Full article

Background: Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease characterized by dysbiotic biofilm formation, progressive destruction of periodontal tissues, and alveolar bone resorption. Conventional periodontal therapy primarily focuses on mechanical biofilm removal; however, adjunctive therapeutic approaches targeting host inflammatory responses and microbial activity have gained increasing attention. Cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive phytocannabinoid derived from Cannabis sativa, has demonstrated anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory properties that may be relevant in periodontal disease management. Objective: This systematic review aimed to evaluate the available evidence regarding the potential role of CBD in modulating periodontal inflammation, microbial biofilms, and bone resorption processes. Methods: A systematic literature search was conducted in Web of Science, Cochrane, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar. The review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies investigating the effects of CBD on periodontal inflammation, oral biofilms, or bone remodeling were included. Both preclinical (in vitro and animal) and clinical studies were considered. Results: Evidence from experimental studies consistently demonstrated that CBD modulates inflammatory signaling pathways, including inhibition of the TLR4/NF-κB pathway and a reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, but some results are contradictory. Animal studies reported reduced alveolar bone loss and decreased osteoclast activity following CBD administration. Several studies also demonstrated antimicrobial and antibiofilm effects of CBD against oral microorganisms. Conclusions: While preclinical evidence is promising, the current body of clinical data remains limited. Further well-designed randomized clinical trials are required to determine the efficacy, type of formulation, optimal dosing, and long-term safety of CBD as an adjunctive therapy in periodontal treatment. Full article

Oocyte maturation is a pivotal event in teleost reproduction that directly determines egg quality, fertilization success, and the developmental competence of early embryos. However, the transcriptional and post-transcriptional regulatory mechanisms operating within oocytes during maturation in marine teleosts remain poorly understood. In the present study, the orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides), an economically important marine aquaculture species, was used as a model. Oocytes at four distinct maturation stages were obtained by microscopically removing the surrounding follicular layers, followed by integrated mRNA-seq and miRNA-seq analyses to characterize the molecular regulatory landscape underlying oocyte maturation and hydration. The results showed that, as maturation progressed, oocyte diameter and wet weight increased significantly, accompanied by a marked decrease in Na⁺ content, a significant increase in K⁺ content, and the continuous accumulation of most free amino acids, indicating the gradual establishment of an osmotic basis favorable for oocyte hydration. Transcriptomic analysis further revealed extensive transcriptional remodeling during both the early and late phases of maturation. Differentially expressed genes were significantly enriched in pathways related to oocyte meiosis, cytokine signaling, lipid metabolism, DNA replication, cell cycle regulation, ribosome biogenesis, spliceosome function, oxidative phosphorylation, and mitochondrial activity, suggesting that oocyte maturation is a dynamic process characterized by a shift from basal growth maintenance to metabolic reprogramming, maternal transcript remodeling, and terminal maturation responses. miRNA profiling identified a large number of stage-specific differentially expressed miRNAs, including let-7d-5p, miR-22a-3p, and novel-miR-20/27/118, whose predicted target genes were mainly enriched in ribosome-related pathways, oxidative phosphorylation, DNA replication, transcriptional regulation, and signal transduction. Moreover, the miRNA–TF–mRNA regulatory network demonstrated that miRNAs may not only directly repress target genes, but also mediate hierarchical regulatory cascades through transcription factors, thereby coordinately participating in cell cycle progression, cytoskeletal remodeling, vesicular transport, and immune- and cell communication-related responses. Collectively, this study provides the first systematic temporal atlas of mRNA and miRNA regulation during oocyte maturation and hydration at the oocyte level in a marine teleost, thereby deepening our understanding of the molecular basis of meiotic resumption and egg quality formation, and offering valuable theoretical support for the optimization of artificial breeding and the identification of key molecular targets in grouper reproduction. Full article

Achieving hemostasis is crucial in neurosurgery, yet conventional methods are not always feasible, making topical hemostatic agents necessary. Current resorbable hemostatic agents allow effective hemostasis but must remain in situ to prevent rebleeding. This can provoke foreign body reactions leading to prolonged microglia-mediated neuroinflammation, which may exacerbate damage and delay recovery. It highlights the need for new hemostatic materials that can be removed after controlling bleeding while being safe for neurons and microglia. One candidate is Hemo-Ionic, a non-resorbable hemostatic compress composed of calcium alginate and zinc (Zn²⁺). Hemo-Ionic previously demonstrated effective in vitro and in vivo hemostasis, comparable to Surgicel and TachoSil, and pro-repair properties. In this study, Hemo-Ionic’s effect on neuronal and microglial cells was investigated in vitro. Results showed that Hemo-Ionic preserved cell viability and had an antioxidant capacity through protection from lipid peroxidation. Hemo-Ionic also reduced nitric oxide and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α) expression and release by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglial cells. Finally, neuronal viability was restored when exposed to supernatants of Hemo-Ionic-treated microglia. These findings indicate that Hemo-Ionic’s safety and capacity to reduce neuroinflammation, combined with its hemostatic efficacy and non-resorbable nature, make it a promising alternative to resorbable hemostatic agents used in neurosurgery. Full article

Light-based therapies are becoming increasingly = more mainstream, not only within the medical science space, but also within the fields of cosmetic dermatology and personal grooming. Intense Pulsed Light (IPL) harnesses the ability of the natural chromophore–melanin to absorb light energy, which is translated into heat energy and consequently results in targeted thermolysis of cells rich in melanin. This mechanistic pathway lends itself to a wide range of applications, including long-term hair removal, skin rejuvenation, the treatment of unwanted pigmentation, and the treatment of ophthalmic conditions. The development of home use devices (HUDs) for the delivery of IPL-mediated hair removal has facilitated the self-administration of photothermal treatments and reduced reliance on clinical settings. In this study, we demonstrate a pioneering approach to model aspects of IPL-induced thermal induction and selective thermolysis in a complex human skin tissue equivalent. Our approach utilised a deactivated HUD with disabled safety features that allowed for the exposure of tissue constructs to high-fluence IPL. We demonstrate an increase in biomarkers consistent with increased cellular temperature, induction of apoptosis, and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release following extreme treatment regimens, all of which correlate with an increased fluence and/or increased number of IPL pulses delivered. This method allowed for the identification of cellular events evoked by increasing fluence and extreme-exposure regimes. Full article

Ononis spinosa L. (Fabaceae), commonly known as spiny restharrow, is a widely distributed medicinal plant traditionally used in European and Middle Eastern phytotherapy, particularly for the management of urological and inflammatory conditions. Despite its long-standing ethnomedicinal relevance, comprehensive syntheses of its phytochemical profile and biological activities remain limited. This review aimed to summarize current evidence regarding the chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of O. spinosa. Four electronic databases (PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SpringerLink) were searched for studies published between 1997 and 2024. The search yielded 308 records; after duplicate removal and eligibility screening, 34 studies met the inclusion criteria. The phytochemical profile of O. spinosa is characterized predominantly by isoflavonoids (e.g., ononin and other formononetin derivatives), triterpenes, phenolic acids, and additional polyphenolic compounds. Although the phytochemical profile of O. spinosa includes multiple classes of secondary metabolites, this review places particular emphasis on phenolic compounds, given their prevalence and well-documented biological activities. Experimental evidence indicates a broad spectrum of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory effects (associated with cPLA2α inhibition and cytokine modulation), antibacterial and antifungal activity, antioxidant capacity, wound-healing and dermatological benefits, as well as diuretic and anti-adhesive effects in urinary models. Additional reported properties include antiproliferative, anti-adipogenic, analgesic, and neurotrophic activities. Proposed mechanisms of action involve enzyme inhibition (e.g., Hyal-1 and COX-2), modulation of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels, redox regulation, and interference with microbial adhesion and inflammatory signaling pathways. Overall, O. spinosa contains bioactive compounds exhibiting a wide range of pharmacological activities supported by in vitro and in vivo studies. Among the investigated effects, anti-inflammatory, urological, and wound-healing activities appear to be the most promising targets for future research. These findings highlight its therapeutic potential while emphasizing the need for well-designed clinical studies to further validate its medicinal applications. Full article

Background and Objectives: Microcirculatory dysfunction is a key feature of septic shock and contributes to organ failure despite the apparent normalization of systemic hemodynamic parameters. Extracorporeal blood purification (EBP) therapies aim to modulate the dysregulated inflammatory response through removal of endotoxins and cytokines. However, their impact on tissue-level perfusion remains unclear. Direct bedside assessment of microcirculation may provide mechanistic insight into the effects of EBP beyond macrohemodynamic stabilization. To date, no structured review has specifically synthesized evidence on direct microcirculatory assessment during EBP therapy in sepsis. Materials and Methods: This structured narrative review summarizes current evidence on direct microcirculatory assessment during EBP therapy in sepsis. A literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus was performed using combinations of the terms “microcirculation” and “blood purification” or “hemoadsorption.” Studies published between 2015 and 2026 evaluating direct sublingual microcirculation using sidestream dark field (SDF) or incident dark field (IDF) videomicroscopy during EBP were included. Both experimental and clinical studies were considered. Results: Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Selective endotoxin adsorption with polymyxin B hemoperfusion (PMX-HP) demonstrated improvements in perfused vessel density and small vessel density in both animal and clinical settings. Non-selective cytokine adsorption devices (CytoSorb and HA380) were associated with increases in microvascular flow index (MFI), perfused vessel density (PVD), and proportion of perfused vessels (PPV), although most data derive from small observational studies. Across studies, improvements in microcirculatory parameters were observed during or following hemoadsorption therapy. However, heterogeneity in design, timing, and concomitant treatments limits definitive interpretation. Conclusions: The included studies report improvements in microcirculatory parameters in septic patients during hemoadsorption therapy. However, despite signals suggesting improved perfusion, interpretation is limited by methodological constraints and the use of hemoadsorption within multimodal sepsis treatment. In the absence of adequately powered randomized controlled trials, these changes cannot be directly attributed to mediator removal and should be considered within the broader context of overall therapy. Full article

Aim: This study aimed to compare two-piece zirconia and two-piece titanium implants inserted into the anterior mandible for removable overdentures in a 3-year randomized split-mouth clinical trial. Methods: Twenty fully edentulous mandibular patients received two zirconia and two titanium implants allocated by computer-generated randomization. The primary endpoint was bleeding-on-probing (BOP) at 12 months. Secondary outcomes included implant survival and success (Albrektsson criteria), marginal bone level changes, peri-implant cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNFα), prosthetic complications, and patient-reported outcomes (PROMs). Results: After 3 years, overall survival was 98.61% and overall success was 84.72%. Titanium implants showed higher success compared with zirconia implants (91.70% vs. 77.78%), while survival was 100% and 97.22%, respectively. Marginal bone loss was significantly greater around zirconia implants at 36 months (p < 0.01). No significant differences were observed in IL-1β, IL-6, or TNFα levels up to 12 months. PROMs revealed a trade-off, with zirconia favored for esthetics and cleaning perception, while titanium was rated superior for stability. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this split-mouth RCT, zirconia implants demonstrated reduced success and inferior marginal bone stability compared with titanium implants in overdenture therapy. Careful case selection and close follow-up appear essential when zirconia implants are used in this indication. Full article

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy is an effective treatment for hematologic malignancies. However, it is limited by high costs, risk of severe toxicities such as cytokine release syndrome and neurotoxicity, and heterogeneous patient responses. The current therapy monitoring depends largely on subjective symptom assessment, routine laboratory tests, and basic vital signs, without real-time, quantitative evaluation of CAR T-cell expansion or activation in clinical practice. This lack of timely immune monitoring hampers individualized care and contributes to increased treatment costs. To address this need, we present a proof-of-concept, label-free rapid optical imaging (ROI) biosensor with automated machine learning analysis for direct quantification of CAR T-cells from whole blood. This microfluidic platform integrates red blood cell (RBC) removal, CAR T-cell capture, and imaging-based quantification on a single chip, eliminating the need for centrifugation, staining, and operator-dependent interpretation. For validation, 50 μL whole blood samples spiked with Jurkat cells expressing CD19 CARs underwent RBC depletion by agglutination and microfiltration. The remaining blood components were then incubated on a sensor chip functionalized with recombinant CD19 protein. Captured CAR T-cells were imaged by brightfield microscopy and automatically enumerated using a machine learning algorithm trained on fluorescence-validated cells. The CD-19 cells’ capture performance was validated by flow cytometry and fluorescence imaging. The trained machine learning model validated at 88% sensitivity and 96% specificity. Buffer and whole blood calibration curves were established across clinically relevant concentrations (1–1000 cells/µL) with triple replicates. The results showed high correlation (0.975 and 0.990 R²) between the spiked concentration and the detected CAR T-cells, with a 95% certainty limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of 0.6 and 1.1 cells/µL for spiked buffer, and 14 and 67 cells/µL for spiked whole-blood, respectively. Full article

Inspired by their biocompatibility and thermoreversible gelation—transitioning from room temperature liquids to body temperature gels—Pluronic hydrogels were employed in this study to optimize intracanal penetration and ensure medicament stability. We developed a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-loaded Pluronic gel (AgNPs-P-gel) as a biocompatible, easily removable intracanal medicament. Following PRILE 2021 guidelines, AgNPs-P-gels (F127/F68) were evaluated for gelation, AgNP release, and antibacterial activity against Enterococcus faecalis and Streptococcus mutans via minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC), and growth curves. Biofilms in bovine teeth were quantified using CFUs and scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging. Biocompatibility was tested in L-929 fibroblasts using MTT assays and RT-qPCR for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-1β). Removal efficacy from bovine canals was microscopically scored. The optimized formulation (20% F127, 7.5% F68) gelled at 34 °C with sustained release over 168 h. AgNPs-P-gel showed strong antibacterial activity (MIC: 25–50 µg/mL). In ex vivo models, 100 µg/mL AgNPs-P-gel (AgNPs-100-P-gel) reduced bacterial counts comparably to calcium hydroxide and chlorhexidine, but with lower cytotoxicity. Although inducing cytokine expression similar to conventional medicaments, AgNPs-P-gel demonstrated significantly superior removability. Thermoreversible AgNPs-P-gel offers sustained antimicrobial action, favorable biocompatibility, and superior removability, potentially improving endodontic disinfection predictability as a calcium hydroxide alternative. Full article

Background and Objectives: Endometrial polyps are common in women presenting with subfertility, yet uncertainty persists regarding which lesions warrant removal and how best to integrate hysteroscopic management with contemporary fertility treatment pathways. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on pathophysiological mechanisms, diagnostic approaches, fertility outcomes, and practical clinical management for women under 40 years of age. Materials and Methods: PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched for English-language human studies published between January 2005 and December 2025. From 2352 records identified, 83 studies were included after screening of 1517 unique records (7 randomized controlled trials, 12 systematic reviews/meta-analyses, 14 prospective cohort studies, 31 retrospective cohort studies, 5 case–control and other study designs, 11 narrative reviews and supporting evidence studies, 1 clinical guideline, and 2 targeted 2025 additions). This structured narrative review employed a systematic search strategy to ensure comprehensive coverage, with evidence synthesized thematically in accordance with the SANRA guidelines. No formal risk-of-bias assessment or pre-registered protocol was used. Results: Across treatment modalities, hysteroscopic polypectomy was consistently associated with improved fertility outcomes. The landmark Pérez-Medina randomized trial reported a relative risk of 2.1 (95% CI 1.5–2.9) for pregnancy after polypectomy before intrauterine insemination. For IVF/ICSI, reported clinical pregnancy rates after polypectomy range from 53–72% and live birth rates from 43–66%. Proposed mechanisms include mechanical interference, chronic inflammation with cytokine dysregulation, altered endometrial receptivity (including dysregulation of HOXA10/HOXA11), and impaired decidualization. Conclusions: Current evidence supports hysteroscopic polypectomy as an effective intervention to improve fertility outcomes in subfertile women with endometrial polyps, particularly prior to intrauterine insemination. For IVF/ICSI, polypectomy of documented polyps appears beneficial, though evidence quality is moderate and heterogeneity exists across studies. It is critical to distinguish routine screening hysteroscopy before IVF from targeted polypectomy when a polyp has been documented. Contemporary guidance (including the 2024 SOGC guideline) favors polypectomy for symptomatic polyps and those that meet specific clinical criteria; for small asymptomatic polyps (<10 mm), individualized decision-making is appropriate, given limited direct evidence and the potential for spontaneous regression. Future research should clarify molecular predictors of polyp-associated infertility, optimal timing relative to fertility treatment, and long-term reproductive outcomes. Full article

Background: The impact of CytoSorb hemoadsorption on hemodynamic stability, mortality, and intensive care unit length of stay in critically ill adult patients requiring vasopressor support is unclear. Methods: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials and observational studies, enrolling adult intensive care unit patients requiring vasopressor support. We compared CytoSorb hemoadsorption versus standard care or control interventions. Results: Twelve studies enrolling 568 patients met the inclusion criteria. Primary outcomes included noradrenaline dosage, mortality at longest follow-up, and intensive care unit length of stay. CytoSorb treatment significantly reduced noradrenaline requirements (mean difference −0.08 μg/kg/min [95% CI: −0.15 to −0.02], p = 0.02, I² = 8%). Mortality at the longest follow-up was lower with CytoSorb (risk ratio 0.66 [95% CI: 0.55–0.80], p < 0.001, I² = 0%), though this finding was driven primarily by observational studies; randomized controlled trials alone showed non-significant mortality reduction (risk ratio 0.23 [95% CI: 0.05–1.06], p = 0.06). No difference in intensive care unit length of stay was observed (mean difference 0.24 days [95% CI: −1.23 to 1.70], p = 0.75). Trial sequential analysis indicated insufficient information size for definitive conclusions. Overall evidence quality was low to very low. Conclusions: CytoSorb hemoadsorption may reduce vasopressor requirements in critically ill patients. Observed mortality benefits were driven primarily by observational studies, with RCTs showing non-significant trends. Overall evidence quality is low, and findings should be considered hypothesis-generating; adequately powered RCTs are needed before clinical recommendations can be made. Full article

Background/Objectives: Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) frequently results in permanent motor and sensory deficits. Tumor necrosis factor-α is rapidly upregulated after SCI and contributes to secondary injury cascades, including microglial activation, cytokine amplification, and blood–spinal cord barrier disruption. Etanercept, a TNF-α inhibitor, has been investigated in modulating post-SCI neuroinflammation. This systematic review synthesizes preclinical evidence evaluating the therapeutic role of etanercept in SCI. Methods: A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA 2020 guidelines. The review was not prospectively registered. PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched through 9 December 2025. Eligible studies included original investigations of etanercept administered for in vivo mammalian models of SCI. Non-English articles, preprints, conference abstracts, case reports, and reviews were excluded. Risk of bias was assessed independently by at least two reviewers using the SYRCLE tool. Due to heterogeneity in models and dosing strategies, meta-analysis was not performed. Results: Of 119 records identified, 36 duplicates were removed. After screening 83 titles and abstracts, 67 were excluded. One additional study was excluded after full-text retrieval. Thus, 15 articles were included. Primary outcomes varied between studies, including inflammation, histopathology, and functional recovery. Conclusions: Preclinical evidence suggests that etanercept may attenuate early neuroinflammation after SCI; however, methodological heterogeneity and limited data warrant further investigation. This work was supported by the College of Medicine at Central Michigan University, the John G. Kulhavi Professorship in Neuroscience, and the E. Malcolm Field and Gary Leo Dunbar Endowed Chair in Neuroscience at Central Michigan University. Full article

Radish (Raphanus sativus L.) is an important vegetable resource in the food industry, generating substantial amounts of by-products during cultivation and distribution. Despite their richness in functional components, these by-products are largely underutilized. Accordingly, there is increasing interest in their valorization as functional food ingredients. This study evaluated the functional potential of radish by-products removed prior to distribution by applying cellulase pretreatment and Lactiplantibacillus plantarum fermentation individually or in combination. Radish samples were separated into leaf blade, stem, and taproot tissues and processed as untreated control, enzyme-treated, fermented, and enzyme-treated and fermented (EF) groups. The EF treatment significantly increased reducing sugar content, total polyphenols, and total flavonoids across all tissues, with the most pronounced enhancement observed in leaf by-products. In antioxidant assays, EF samples showed decreased IC₅₀ values in DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging assays and increased FRAP values, indicating superior antioxidant capacity. In lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, EF-treated leaf extracts effectively suppressed nitric oxide and intracellular ROS production without cytotoxicity and exhibited the highest GSH/GSSG ratio, suggesting improved cellular redox balance. In contrast, interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion varied depending on tissue type and processing condition, indicating that antioxidant enhancement does not necessarily correspond to uniform cytokine regulation. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that enzymatic pretreatment combined with lactic acid fermentation serves as an effective strategy to enhance the antioxidant and cell-protective properties of radish by-products, supporting their potential use as value-added functional food ingredients. Full article

Background/Objectives: The strategy of targeting endotoxins and circulating histones to alleviate excessive inflammation and tissue damage has been proposed as an important immunoregulatory strategy against sepsis. However, the development of a multifunctional hemoperfusion adsorber that simultaneously removes endotoxins and histones remains an unmet clinical need in sepsis management. Methods: We synthesized chitosan-cellulose composite (CSCE) microspheres utilizing phase inversion technology, while heparin-grafted chitosan-cellulose composite (CSCEHEP) microspheres were developed by grafting heparin onto CSCE microspheres through the carbodiimide coupling method. In our experimental design, we allocated healthy New Zealand rabbits to four distinct groups: a healthy control group, a lipopolysaccharides (LPS) group, a CSCE group, and a CSCEHEP group. Following the administration of LPS for 12 h, septic rabbits underwent extracorporeal hemoperfusion with either CSCE or CSCEHEP microspheres for a duration of 6 h, notably without the inclusion of heparin in the blood circuits. Post-hemoperfusion, we conducted an analysis of thrombus formation and total protein adsorption on the column. Concurrently, blood samples were collected from the venous side to evaluate inflammatory cytokine concentrations, liver and kidney function levels, LPS levels, the histone presence, and to perform histopathological assessments of liver and kidney injury. Results: Our in vivo experiments demonstrated that CSCEHEP microspheres for extracorporeal circulation could achieve a 6 h hemoperfusion session in septic rabbits without the need for continuous anticoagulation with heparin. A CSCEHEP column turns into a very light-red color (almost the original white) and light contamination or clotting was observed after the 6 h hemoperfusion. Moreover, CSCEHEP microspheres effectively reduced the concentration levels of leukocyte, serum IL-6 and TNF-α, mitigated pathological damage to the liver and kidneys, and removed over 56.7% of LPS and nearly 58.6% of histone H3 from the blood of septic rabbits during hemoperfusion. Conclusions: Hemoperfusion utilizing CSCEHEP microspheres exhibits excellent self-anticoagulation capabilities, remarkable anti-inflammatory performance, efficient endotoxin adsorption and histone antagonism properties, rendering it both effective and safe for use in septic rabbits. Full article