Search Results (152)

Deep decarbonization strategies at the local level have been extensively documented for cities in the Global North, yet little is known about how cities in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) pursue climate mitigation amid infrastructure constraints, limited fiscal autonomy, and pressing developmental needs. Local governments worldwide are recognized as critical actors in addressing urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. However, SSA cities’ decarbonization efforts remain underexplored in academic and policy discourse, despite the region’s acute climate vulnerability and rapid urbanization. However, SSA cities’ decarbonization efforts remain underexplored in academic and policy discourse, despite the region’s acute climate vulnerability and rapid urbanization. This study examines how deep decarbonization pathways in four leading SSA cities (Accra, Addis Ababa, Lagos, and Nairobi) compare with those in the Global North. Using qualitative methods including document analysis and semi-structured interviews, we examine the technical pathways, institutional strategies, governance mechanisms, and actors involved in these cities’ climate mitigation efforts. Our findings reveal that while SSA cities pursue similar technical priorities to Global North cities (renewable energy, building efficiency, sustainable transport), their approaches diverge significantly in implementation. SSA cities innovate through decentralized waste-to-energy systems adapted to informal contexts, rely heavily on donor funding rather than municipal bonds, and uniquely leverage traditional institutions for community engagement. Governance structures are predominantly top-down and centralized, contrasting with the polycentric, multi-level governance observed in the Global North. These findings demonstrate that deep decarbonization in SSA must be reconceptualized not only as a form of climate mitigation but as an integrated strategy that addresses infrastructure gaps and building institutional capacity. This research contributes new knowledge on urban climate governance in developing regions and offers transferable lessons for cities facing similar constraints. Full article

Soil salinity remains a major constraint to rice productivity, particularly during early developmental stages when plants are highly sensitive to osmotic and ionic stress. In this study, we evaluated 201 genetically diverse rice genotypes from the 3K Rice Diversity Panel to investigate stage-specific mechanisms of salinity tolerance and develop machine learning-based predictive models for rapid phenotypic screening. Morphological and physiological traits were measured under control and saline conditions at germination and early seedling stages to derive Stress Tolerance Indices (STIs). The average membership function value (AMFV), calculated from multi-trait STI profiles, effectively captured variation in salinity responses and enabled classification of genotypes into five tolerance categories. Genome-wide association analysis using high-density SNP markers identified 36 significant marker–trait associations, including potentially novel SNPs on chromosomes 1 and 12. Several loci co-localized with candidate genes (LTR1, LGF1, OsCPS4, OsNCX7, and OsNHX4), while functional SNPs within genes (OsDRP2C, RLCK168, and OsMed37_2) and non-synonymous variants (qSVII11.1 and qSNaK3.1) further supported their candidacy in salinity tolerance. Mining favourable SNPs of causal genes identified superior multilocus combinations consistent with STI-based phenotypic patterns, with genotype 91-382 emerging as the strongest performer, exhibiting enhanced Na⁺ exclusion, K⁺ retention, and biomass resilience across developmental stages. To address multicollinearity among STI traits, we applied cross-validated LASSO (germination) and Elastic Net (early seedling) models, achieving high predictive accuracy and revealing a developmental shift from biomass-driven tolerance at germination to ion-regulatory processes at the seedling stage. Independent validation showed strong agreement between predicted and observed AMFVs. By integrating physiological indices, GWAS-derived SNP signals, and regularized machine learning approaches, this study provides a robust framework for identifying elite donors and accelerating breeding for salt-tolerant rice. Full article

Background: In multicultural healthcare systems such as the Italian one, migrant children may experience dental care as particularly stressful because linguistic and cultural barriers can limit communication, emotional expression, and understanding of the clinical setting. Aim: Understanding the emotional experience of migrant children during dental visits is essential for improving clinical management in pediatric dentistry and orthodontics within multicultural contexts. Because linguistic barriers often limit verbal communication, this study aimed to explore children’s mental representations, emotional states, and perceptions of the dental environment through drawing and to evaluate the clinical implications for communication and therapeutic collaboration. Methods: This qualitative study was conducted in Italy between 2016 and 2025 and analyzed 50 drawings produced by 50 foreign-born migrant children aged 6–13 years, recruited through an educational cooperative in Piacenza. Most participants originated from developing countries and had limited proficiency in Italian, frequently showing a marked “experience gap” in drawing ability that interfered with normative developmental stages described by Lowenfeld. The analysis focused on spatial organization, line quality, color use, posture, interpersonal distance, and representation of the clinical environment, integrating graphic competence assessment with emotional interpretation. Results: Younger children commonly depicted rigid lines, essential settings, and oversized dental unit lamps, whereas older children increasingly represented threatening or disproportionate instruments, aggressive dentists, and omission of the patient figure. Around age 10, drawings became more detailed and colorful, although symbols of closure, such as locked doors, persisted. In adolescents, representations polarized between rich, coherent scenes and extremely essential drawings dominated by fear, rigidity, minimal environments, and symbols of constraint. The findings suggest that drawing may represent a valuable non-verbal clinical and communicative resource for exploring migrant children’s emotional experience of dental care and for identifying signs of anxiety and vulnerability that may not emerge through verbal interaction alone. Conclusions: These findings support the value of a culturally sensitive dental approach integrating drawing, visual aids, multilingual educational materials, and play-based strategies to reduce communication barriers and improve cooperation in migrant children receiving pediatric dental and orthodontic care. Full article

The development of China’s marine food production system is receiving increasing attention, as its developmental level and obstacle factors will profoundly impact the nation’s future food security and nutritional supply. This study establishes a theoretical framework for evaluating the development level of marine food production systems based on three dimensions—resources, benefits, and governance—structured around the logical framework of “exogenous safeguard, endogenous drive, goal oriented”. First, a three-tier coding method based on grounded theory was employed to construct a Chinese marine food production system evaluation framework encompassing 28 specific indicators. Subsequently, a comprehensive weighting of these indicators was achieved by integrating fuzzy comprehensive evaluation with the entropy weighting method. Finally, based on the evaluation results and obstacle degree modeling, a comprehensive assessment study was conducted on 11 coastal provinces and cities, focusing on developmental level investigation and obstacle factor analysis. The results indicate that China’s marine food production system development level exhibits a trend of slow, fluctuating growth overall, maintaining an average annual growth rate of 3.23%. However, significant differentiation characteristics are emerging, with high regional heterogeneity and substantial variation in obstacle factors. Currently, the main constraints hindering the development of the marine food production system are insufficient human resource supply, uneven production resource distribution (higher in the north, lower in the south), and intensified fluctuations in comprehensive output. Finally, this study proposes three strategic recommendations: ecological restoration coupled with strict controls, comprehensive restructuring of the human resource support system, and establishing a multi-scale comprehensive evaluation mechanism. These strategies aim to disrupt the transmission mechanisms of different obstacle factors and accelerate the rapid development of the marine food production system. Full article

Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting provides new options for airway reconstruction by enabling the fabrication of customizable, biodegradable scaffolds designed to support in situ tissue regeneration. Building on our established large-animal platform, in which two cm bioprinted tracheal grafts combined with refined surgical techniques and adjunctive laser intervention have achieved long-term survival exceeding three months, the present study aims to explore long-segment (≥four cm) tracheal transplantation. We evaluated the fabrication feasibility and regeneration patterns of extrusion-based 3D bioprinted polycaprolactone (PCL) tracheal grafts in a porcine model. The grafts were implanted via end-to-end anastomosis with adjunctive mechanical stabilization and followed by serial bronchoscopic surveillance, gross examination, and histological analysis. The two cm PCL tracheal grafts achieved reproducible survival exceeding three months when combined with refined surgical techniques, structured postoperative airway management, and optimized wound coverage. Histological analysis revealed multi-lineage tissue formation—including cartilage, muscle, glands, and epithelium—was observed. Cartilage regeneration followed a staged maturation process, compared to epithelial regeneration, although continuous by 12 weeks, remained developmentally immature. A single long-segment transplantation was explored in a single preliminary case, providing an initial technical observation of feasibility; however, definitive conclusions regarding long-term survival or regeneration cannot be drawn. These findings further characterize regenerative responses in a large-animal model and highlight critical translational barriers—fabrication constraints, airway biomechanics, and delayed epithelial maturation—that require systematic investigation before long-segment tracheal reconstruction can advance toward clinical application. Full article

Premature leaf senescence is a major constraint on rice (Oryza sativa L.) productivity and yield stability, particularly under increasingly frequent environmental stresses. Unlike developmentally programmed senescence, premature senescence is characterized by early and uncontrolled activation of senescence pathways, leading to accelerated chlorophyll degradation, oxidative damage, impaired photosynthesis, and reduced grain filling. Recent studies have revealed that premature senescence in rice is governed by a complex regulatory network integrating reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, phytohormone signaling, transcriptional regulation, and environmental cues. Central signaling hubs involving abscisic acid, ethylene, jasmonic acid, cytokinins, and gibberellins interact extensively with ROS metabolism to fine-tune senescence onset and progression. These upstream signals converge on key transcription factor families, particularly NAC and WRKY proteins, which directly regulate senescence-associated genes responsible for chloroplast dismantling, nutrient remobilization, and programmed cell death. Moreover, abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, temperature extremes, and nitrogen deficiency commonly trigger premature senescence through a shared ABA–ROS signaling module. This review systematically summarizes recent advances in the physiological characteristics, molecular mechanisms, and environmental regulation of premature leaf senescence in rice, and discusses emerging genetic and agronomic strategies to delay senescence. A deeper understanding of senescence regulatory networks will facilitate the development of rice cultivars with prolonged photosynthetic duration, improved stress resilience, and enhanced yield stability under changing climatic conditions. Full article

Despite the centrality of scalar implicature (SI) in pragmatic development, the neurocognitive trajectory of SI processing in Mandarin-speaking children remains underexplored, with existing frameworks inadequately accounting for developmental constraints and cross-linguistic variation. This ERP study maps the neurocognitive trajectory of scalar implicature (SI) processing in Mandarin preschoolers (N = 49). Behavioral accuracy improved with age (p < 0.001) but was not modulated by contextual felicity. Neural dynamics revealed developmental shifts: 4-year-olds exhibited heightened P200 amplitudes in infelicitous contexts, indicating attentional overloading. Differences in P200 amplitude between younger and older children indexed developmental shifts in attentional allocation. The N400 showed contextual sensitivity, whereas the Late Positive Component (LPC) showed only marginal context effects, suggesting protracted inferential adjustments. We propose the Cognitive-Dynamic Relevance Model (CDRM), challenging existing frameworks by integrating gradual recalibration mechanisms with resource constraints. Mandarin children demonstrate delayed SI maturation, attributable to reduced SI frequency in child-directed speech and quantifier ambiguity. Findings underscore cross-linguistic variation in pragmatic development, with neurocognitive markers preceding behavioral mastery. Full article

Drought stress is one of the most severe abiotic constraints limiting wheat productivity worldwide, particularly during early developmental stages that determine crop establishment and yield potential. Sustainable, biologically based strategies that enhance drought tolerance without environmental cost are therefore urgently needed. In this study, we evaluated the individual and combined effects of chitosan (Cs), microalgae (Ma) (Nostoc linckia, MACC-612), and a chitosan–microalgae nanoparticle formulation (Cs-Ma) on germination performance, early seedling growth, and molecular stress responses in two wheat (Mehregan and MV Nádor) cultivars with contrasting drought sensitivity under polyethylene glycol (PEG)-induced osmotic stress (−2 and −4 MPa). Drought stress significantly reduced germination percentage, germination rate, and radicle and coleoptile development in both cultivars, especially at −4 MPa. Application of Cs and microalgae individually partially alleviated these negative effects; however, the combined Cs-Ma treatment consistently produced the strongest improvements in seedling vigor and biomass accumulation under both moderate and severe drought stress. Evaluation of drought tolerance using tolerance index (TOL), stress tolerance index (STI), and stress intensity (SI) demonstrated that Cs-Ma markedly increased STI and reduced SI across most germination traits, indicating enhanced drought tolerance and lower stress sensitivity, particularly in MV Nádor. These physiological responses were supported by transcriptional reprogramming in radicle tissues, including upregulation of genes involved in polyamine biosynthesis (TaSPDS, TaSAMDC), phenylpropanoid metabolism (TaPAL), and protein protection (TaHSP70), along with moderated induction of polyamine catabolism (TaPXPAO). Overall, the results reveal a synergistic interaction between chitosan nanoparticles and microalgae biomass, highlighting Cs-Ma as an effective, eco-friendly biostimulant for improving early-stage drought tolerance in wheat. Full article

Edible mushrooms have long been valued as functional foods and traditional remedies, yet a significant developmental gap hinders their transition from nutraceuticals to standardized pharmaceutical ingredients. This narrative review provides a comprehensive and integrative analysis of edible mushroom-derived bioactive compounds as emerging candidates for pharmaceutical development. It examines major chemical classes, including polysaccharides (e.g., β-glucans), proteins (e.g., lectins, FIPs), triterpenoids (e.g., ganoderic acids), nucleosides (e.g., adenosine and cordycepin), and phenolic compounds, which underpin immunomodulatory, anticancer, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and metabolic activities. Beyond bioactivity, the review critically examines the downstream processing pipeline required for translation into pharmaceutical ingredients, encompassing controlled biomass production, pre-extraction processing, extraction technologies, isolation and purification strategies, and structural elucidation techniques. Key bottlenecks are identified, including bioavailability limitations of β-glucans (2–5%), lack of standardization, limited human clinical evidence, and regulatory constraints, explaining why robust preclinical evidence has not consistently translated into clinical success. Emerging solutions are also highlighted, including application of multi-omics tools, nano-encapsulation strategies, and synthetic biology approaches to improve scalability and reproducibility. By synthesizing research on natural product chemistry, biotechnology, and pharmacology, this study maps the journey of edible mushrooms from traditional dietary components to pharmaceutical-grade ingredients, providing a focused resource for researchers and industry stakeholders aiming to navigate mushroom-based drug development. Full article

Background: This systematic review critically examined how vertical force–velocity profiling has been used and interpreted in soccer research, with particular attention to methodological limitations and practical constraints. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, four databases were searched up to January 2025, and eleven studies met the inclusion criteria. Results: Several studies reported statistical associations between vertical F–V variables (particularly Pmax and V₀) and jump- and sprint-related outcomes; however, these associations were heterogeneous, task-dependent, and sensitive to modeling assumptions. Age- and maturity-related studies demonstrate progressive increases in F₀ and Pmax across developmental stages, explaining much of the inter-individual variability in youth populations. Positional and sex-based analyses reveal distinct neuromuscular profiles, with wide and attacking players displaying more velocity-oriented characteristics, and female players showing lower Pmax values. Indirect links with match-related demands, inferred from positional profiles and external load literature, suggest potential ecological relevance; however, direct evidence linking vertical F–V parameters to match-derived GPS metrics remains limited. Intervention studies show that individualized F–V-based training can modify selected vertical mechanical parameters, but improvements in sprint or match performance are not systematic. Conclusions: Vertical F–V profiling may provide descriptive information under tightly controlled conditions; however, evidence supporting its use for individualized or deficit-based training prescription in soccer remains limited and inconsistent. For this reason, vertical F–V profiling should not be interpreted as a mechanistic model of soccer performance, but rather as a context-dependent descriptive framework with restricted ecological validity. Full article

Bacteria play an important role in addressing challenges in rice production by promoting plant growth and enhancing stress tolerance through multiple mechanisms. Different types of soil bacteria affect rice growth by improving nutrient absorption, managing stress, and enhancing root structure. The relationship between rice plants and bacteria is intricate, as these bacteria can help reduce problems like salt stress, heavy metal toxicity, and infections. This review summarises studies published up to 2025 on how bacteria influence rice roots, including aspects like root length, density, biomass, and volume. Bibliometric analysis shows an increase of over 900% in research interest after 2020, with most studies conducted under controlled conditions and limited field validation. In addition to identifying key bacterial groups such as Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, and Azospirillum, this review identifies research gaps related to context dependency, strain specificity, and scalability. We have also emphasised the need for multi-strain inoculation strategies, field-scale experiments, and integration of microbial selection with rice breeding. The synthesis has highlighted that bacterial strains do not simply stimulate root growth but actively reprogram rice root architecture, modulating elongation, branching, density, and surface area as a response to environmental constraints. These effects are mediated by interconnected mechanisms that include phytohormone production, nutrient solubilisation, deaminase activity, stress-related gene regulation, and microbiome-driven feedback involving root exudation. Overall, viewing bacteria as regulators of root developmental dynamics rather than simple biofertilisers provides new insights for designing climate-adapted and sustainable rice production systems. Full article

Aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major constraint on crop growth and productivity in acidic soils, affecting root development, nutrient uptake, and photosynthetic performance. The use of Si is a promising strategy to overcome the adverse effects of Al toxicity on species of agronomic interest. Between 2020 and 2026, 15 studies across nine species consistently demonstrated that silicon mitigated aluminum toxicity, regardless of their classification as silicon accumulators. In plants, Si mitigates Al toxicity through a combination of physical, chemical, and biochemical mechanisms that operate simultaneously. In the rhizosphere, Si interacts directly with Al³⁺ ions, favoring the formation of hydroxyaluminosilicates (HASs), which reduces the bioavailable fraction of Al. Evidence indicates that solution pH is a critical factor governing HAS formation, with minimal attenuation of Al toxicity observed at pH values below 4.5. Within the plant, Si modulates the antioxidant defense system by enhancing the activity of enzymes such as catalase, peroxidase, and ascorbate peroxidase, thereby reducing oxidative stress typically triggered by Al toxicity. Moreover, Si influences the biosynthesis of lignin and phenolic compounds with Al-chelating capacity, contributing to detoxification at the cellular level. In soybean and rice, Si supply substantially reduced Al deposition in the root apical cell wall, with decreases of approximately 52% and 41.3%, respectively. This reduction was consistently associated with improved root elongation, maintenance of root structural integrity, mitigation of cellular deformation, and preservation of root thickness and vascular organization. Although these mechanisms have been described, a comprehensive synthesis of studies published from 2020 to 2026 has been lacking, particularly regarding the integration of in-plant processes and species-specific responses. This review fills this gap by critically examining recent findings, highlighting the multifaceted role of Si in alleviating Al stress, and discussing implications for agronomic applications in acidic soils. Collectively, the evidence underscores Si as an effective tool to enhance plant tolerance to Al; however, most available evidence is derived from early plant developmental stages and hydroponic or highly controlled systems, which limits the direct extrapolation of these findings to soil and field conditions. Future advances will require studies under soil environments, accounting for species-specific responses, soil properties, management systems, and plant developmental stages. Full article

Background/Objectives: Children and young people with intellectual disability/developmental disorder (ID/DD) face inequities in hospital care, including poor communication, limited reasonable adjustments, and fragmented coordination. This study examined the presence of care coordination elements within staff and caregiver experiences and explored how these practices were influenced by a locally delivered staff training program implemented in a tertiary paediatric emergency department (ED) in New South Wales, Australia (Motivated for Change). Methods: A qualitative pre–post design was used, incorporating staff and caregiver interviews and ED observations to evaluate the program. This study included 22 observations (10 baseline, 12 post-intervention) and 15 interviews (six baseline, nine post-intervention) with staff and caregivers. The intervention included three one-hour training sessions and practical tools such as the digital Top 5 Tile This study represents a secondary use of existing data, applying a previously established care coordination framework and its associated definitions. Data were analysed using the framework method by five members of the research team. Results: Post-intervention, staff more consistently engaged parents and caregivers, made tailored adjustments, and used the Top 5 Tile to support information continuity. Child life therapists played a pivotal role in advocating for families and modelling inclusive practices. The findings mapped strongly to the framework domains of communication, proactive care planning, and aligning resources to needs, though systemic constraints remained. Conclusions: Targeted training and structured tools can strengthen care coordination for children and young people with ID/DD in EDs, improving safety and quality of care. Broader implementation across other departments and evaluation of sustainability are warranted. Full article

As a high-value edible mushroom, Morchella sextelata faces several cultivation challenges, including unstable yields, continuous cropping constraints, and soil-borne diseases. The rhizosphere soil microbial community plays a crucial role in morel growth, yet its dynamic changes across different developmental stages remain poorly understood. In this study, M. sextelata cultivated in the Huangshan City was selected as the study system. Rhizosphere soil physicochemical properties and bacterial community structure were analyzed across six stages: the primordium stage, needle tip stage, mulberry stage, young mushroom stage, fruiting stage, and blank soil before planting. High-throughput sequencing, combined with soil physicochemical analyses, was used to characterize the dynamic rhizosphere bacterial community changes and their associations with soil factors. The results showed that rhizosphere soil remained weakly acidic throughout the growth period. The soil C/N ratio decreased significantly, indicating dynamic changes in carbon and nitrogen use efficiency. Bacterial diversity gradually declined during development, while a relatively stable community structure was established. The dominant phyla were Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Firmicutes, with relative abundances varying among growth stages. At the genus level, Candidatus Koribacter, Massilia, Mucilaginibacter, Janthinobacterium, and Sphingomonas predominated. Notably, Mucilaginibacter was progressively enriched during growth and showed a positive correlation with total carbon, whereas Massilia was significantly negatively correlated with the C/N ratio. This study clarifies the stage-dependent dynamics of the rhizosphere bacterial community in M. sextelata and provides a theoretical basis for improving cultivation stability through soil microbiome regulation. Full article

Inclusive AI-mediated mathematics education for students with learning difficulties refers to a human-centered approach to mathematics teaching and learning that uses artificial intelligence (AI), adaptive technologies, and data-rich environments to support learners who experience persistent challenges in mathematics. These challenges may take the form of a formally identified developmental learning disorder with impairment in mathematics, broader learning difficulties, low and unstable achievement, irregular engagement, or heightened mathematics anxiety that places students at risk of disengagement and poor long-term outcomes. This approach integrates early screening, personalized instruction, and affect-aware support to address both cognitive difficulties and the emotional burden associated with mathematics anxiety. Situated within digitally augmented schools, homes, and community spaces typical of smart cities, it seeks to reduce stress and anxiety, prevent the reproduction of educational inequalities, and promote equitable participation in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) pathways. It emphasizes Universal Design for Learning (UDL), ethical and transparent use of learner data, and sustained collaboration among teachers, families, technologists, urban planners, and policy-makers across micro (individual), meso (school and community), and macro (urban and policy) levels. Crucially, AI functions as decision support rather than replacement of pedagogical judgment, with teachers maintaining human-in-the-loop oversight and responsibility for inclusive instructional decisions. Where learner data include fine-grained logs or affect-related indicators, data minimization, clear purpose limitation, and child- and family-friendly transparency are essential. Implementation should also consider feasibility and sustainability, including staff capacity and resource constraints, so that inclusive benefits do not depend on high-cost infrastructures. Full article