Search Results (2,906)

Background/Objectives: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of cancer-related mortality in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE), where late-stage diagnosis, structural healthcare limitations, and regional epidemiological confounders complicate early detection. This review aimed to synthesize the evidence from Romania, Poland, Hungary, and Bulgaria and to outline a context-adapted multimodal screening strategy for CEE settings. Methods: A structured review of PubMed-, Scopus-, and Web of Science-indexed literature published from 2010 through 27 December 2025 was performed, focusing on lung cancer epidemiology, screening, implementation barriers, risk stratification, and adjunctive diagnostic approaches in the four selected CEE countries. A total of 297 articles were included. Results: The evidence confirms a persistently high burden of late-stage lung cancer across CEE, driven by tobacco exposure, air pollution, radon, comorbidities, diagnostic delays, fragmented registries, workforce shortages, and marked socioeconomic and geographic inequalities. In addition, tuberculosis-related granulomatous lesions and chronic inflammatory lung disease complicate nodule interpretation and reduce screening specificity in parts of the region. Screening experience from Poland and Hungary supports the feasibility of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) when paired with volumetric assessment and structured follow-up. Risk-prediction models may improve participant selection, while biological triage may help reduce unnecessary invasive procedures, although prospective validation remains limited. Conclusions: In CEE, lung cancer screening should be implemented as a multimodal, context-adapted program combining risk-based enrollment, volumetric LDCT, selective biological triage, smoking-cessation support, and centralized multidisciplinary delivery. Full article

Deep-to-ultra-deep marine carbonate reservoirs represent an important frontier for hydrocarbon exploration in the Tarim Basin, yet fluid sources and accumulation processes in the Ediacaran (Sinian) succession remain poorly constrained due to extreme burial depth and complex tectono-thermal evolution. Here, we investigate fracture–vug reservoirs of the Sinian Qigebulake Formation in Well LT3 (Tabei Uplift) using an integrated dataset including petrography and cathodoluminescence, fluid-inclusion microthermometry, fluorescence and Raman spectroscopy, in situ major/trace element analysis and C–O–Sr isotope geochemistry, and LA-ICP-MS carbonate U–Pb dating of authigenic minerals. The paragenetic sequence comprises early dolomite (Dol-I), later dolomite (Dol-II), co-precipitated calcite (Cal-I) and quartz (Qtz-I), and late solid bitumen (Bit). Dolomite veins show PAAS-normalized REE patterns and 87Sr/86Sr ratios (0.70918–0.70984; average 0.70942) comparable to the surrounding Sinian marine wall rocks, indicating precipitation from diagenetic fluids dominated by closed-system water–rock interaction. In contrast, Cal-I displays LREE enrichment, pronounced positive Eu anomalies (δEu = 4.91–7.21), radiogenic ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios (0.71161–0.71417; average 0.71256), and negative δ¹⁸O_VPDB values (down to −9.439‰), suggesting a large-scale influx of deep-seated, high-temperature, Sr-rich hydrothermal fluids likely linked to fault-assisted fluid circulation. Fluid inclusions record four hydrocarbon charging episodes, evolving from lower- to higher-maturity oils and ultimately to dry gas. Dol-II hosts pale-yellow to pale-blue oil inclusions, whereas Cal-I and Qtz-I predominantly contain deep-blue oil inclusions and methane-rich gas inclusions (Raman peak near 2917 cm⁻¹). Carbonate U–Pb ages constrain dolomite precipitation to the Middle Ordovician (~468–463 Ma) and hydrothermal-related carbonate filling to the Early Triassic (~247–244 Ma). Collectively, these results support a time-resolved evolution in which early diagenetic fluid circulation in a marine carbonate system was overprinted by a later hydrothermal pulse that modified pore structures and thermal conditions, followed by late-stage deep burial leading to cracking of retained liquids, widespread bitumen formation, and methane charging. This framework provides new information on the constraints for fluid–rock interaction and hydrocarbon evolution in deep marine carbonate successions. Full article

Background: The aim of this study was to examine the pattern of child-to-parent violence (CPV) across a broad age range, from early adolescence to late emerging adulthood. Specifically, the objectives were to analyze the linear and quadratic relationships between CPV types (psychological, physical, financial, and control/domain behaviors) and age, as well as to examine the interaction of sex within this relationship. Methods: A total of 1959 adolescents (13–17 years) and 1046 young adults (18–25 years) completed, respectively, the adolescent and young adult versions of the Child-to-Parent Violence Questionnaire (CPV-Q). Results: Age was curvilinearly associated with psychological CPV (increasing until approximately age 19 and then decreasing), positively linearly associated with financial CPV (increasing with age), and negatively linearly associated with control/domain behaviors (decreasing with age). No significant association was found between age and physical CPV. Furthermore, boys and girls showed different age-related patterns in some CPV types. Conclusions: These findings suggest that CPV does not disappear after adolescence, and that the pattern is not uniform throughout development nor the same for boys and girls. The results (1) underscore the importance of studying CPV considering developmental stage, sex, and the specific CPV types, and (2) may contribute to facilitate the early detection of CPV, anticipating changes in violence patterns, and guiding prevention strategies tailored to each developmental stage. Full article

The model is based on the periodic translational symmetry of regular saw-toothed joint surfaces and reveals the time-dependent breaking of this symmetry under hydro-mechanical coupling through the introduction of damage evolution. Traditional creep models typically rely on static constants, which fail to capture the nonlinear, time-dependent degradation of rock under complex conditions. To address this, this paper proposes a novel nonlinear shear creep model for regular saw-toothed joint surfaces under hydro-mechanical coupling. First, a calculation method for effective shear stress is established, accounting for normal stress, asperity height, and water pressure. Next, traditional static parameters are transformed into dynamic variables to accurately model the primary and steady-state creep stages. Finally, a plastic damage element is introduced to simulate the accelerated creep stage, revealing that damage accumulates with time and is exacerbated by higher seepage pressure. By integrating early-stage viscoelastic and late-stage viscoplastic characteristics, this model captures the complete nonlinear shear creep process, providing a robust theoretical basis for long-term stability evaluations. Full article

The Chutuan and Jiashan fluorite deposits are situated in the Donghai–Linshu area within the southwestern segment of the Sulu ultrahigh–pressure metamorphic belt. Both deposits share similar mineralization characteristics, with fluorite veins strictly controlled by fault structures and associated with mineral assemblages comprising fluorite, barite, quartz, and calcite. Two mineralization stages have been identified in both deposits: Stage I (quartz–fluorite–barite stage), representing the main ore–forming event, and Stage II (quartz–barite–calcite stage). This study focuses on integrated geochemical and geochronological analyses of fluorite from Stage I, providing new constraints on the genesis and metallogenic processes of these deposits. Direct Sm–Nd isotopic dating of fluorite yields an isochron age of 104 ± 16 Ma, indicating that mineralization occurred during the late Early Cretaceous. Fluid inclusion and stable isotope studies reveal that the ore–forming fluids constitute a complex hydrothermal system characterized by a wide temperature range (112–324 °C) and variable salinities (0.18–21.87 wt% NaCl eq.). The H–O isotopic compositions exhibit a distinct latitudinal trend, supporting a dominant meteoric water component. However, the presence of high–temperature, high–salinity fluid inclusions, along with a shift in some δD values towards the magmatic water field, suggests episodic mixing between meteoric water and deep–seated magmatic–hydrothermal fluids. Sr–Nd isotopic data (⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr = 0.711785–0.713424; εNd(t)= −27.7 to −27.5) potentially demonstrate that the ore–forming materials (Ca and REEs) were not derived from coeval magmatic rocks. Instead, they were primarily leached from the Precambrian Donghai Group metamorphic complex through extensive water–rock interaction. Based on these findings, the Chutuan and Jiashan deposits are classified as hydrothermal vein–type systems. Fluorite precipitation was governed by a combination of fluid cooling, water–rock interaction, and fluid mixing. Finally, a metallogenic model is established, offering important insights into the genesis of fluorite mineralization in the Sulu Orogenic Belt and analogous geological settings in eastern China. Full article

In plant factories with artificial lighting (PFALs), spectral regulation serves as the predominant factor governing plant growth and development. The implementation of red-enriched spectral regimens during cultivation promotes biomass accumulation, whereas blue-dominant spectra enhance the biosynthesis of phytochemicals and nutritional compounds in plants. Nevertheless, systematic investigations into the effects of staged spectral regimens on both plant development and secondary metabolite biosynthesis remain limited. This study evaluated four distinct stage-specific dynamic lighting regimens (T1–T4) under a constant total photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 200 μmol·m⁻²·s⁻¹. The treatments utilized three distinct red-to-white photon flux ratios (R:W = 3:1, 1:1, and 1:3) administered sequentially during critical developmental phases of Pak choi: the seedling stage, the early growth stage (15 days after transplanting, DAT), and the late growth stage (16–30 DAT). The effects of these treatments on biomass production, morphological development, photosynthetic pigments, nutritional metabolites, antioxidant levels and radical quenching capacity were evaluated. The results demonstrated that the T4 treatment significantly enhanced biomass production, increasing shoot fresh weight by 51.3% compared to the T1 treatment at the late growth stage. The application of a higher red-light proportion (HR, R:W = 3:1) during the seedling stage significantly increased leaf area by 70% compared to the low red-light treatment (LR, R:W = 1:3). Regarding nutritional quality, while carotenoid content showed no significant differences among treatments, higher blue-light proportions selectively stimulated the biosynthesis of chlorophyll, vitamin C, and soluble proteins. Specifically, the T3 treatment enhanced certain traits during the early growth stage, whereas the T2 treatment best maintained specific antioxidant capacities (FRAP and flavonoids) at the late growth stage prior to harvest. Notably, nitrate levels were not significantly affected by the spectral shifts. This study establishes that the temporal modulation of red-to-white spectral ratios enables the targeted optimization of either crop yield (T4) or specific harvest-stage nutritional attributes (T2) in Pak choi. Full article

Soil salinization is one of the most severe forms of land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions, posing substantial threats to agroecosystem stability and food security. In this study, saline–alkali soil collected from the Wuding River Basin in Yulin, Shaanxi Province was used to construct a three-factor amendment system comprising superabsorbent polymers (SAP), biochar, and humic acid. A systematic assessment was conducted to elucidate their combined effects on soil water–salt transport and crop growth. Results from one-dimensional constant-head infiltration experiments using indoor soil columns demonstrated that the application of amendments significantly increased cumulative infiltration and improved the uniformity of wetting-front advancement. Specifically, the treatments regulated the redistribution of salts within the soil profile; while surface salinity reduction varied, the leaching efficiency was significantly enhanced in the A2B2C2 treatment. Soil bulk density (BD) showed dynamic fluctuations during the growth cycle, peaking at 1.628 cm⁻³ during the branching stage, while high-rate biochar (A3) reduced BD by up to 13.64% compared to the control by the initial flowering stage. Fitting results based on the Philip and Kostiakov models further indicated that the combined amendment strategy—particularly the A2B2C2 treatment (30 kg/ha SAP, 15,000 kg/ha biochar, and 600 kg/ha humic acid)—markedly enhanced both the initial infiltration rate and the steady infiltration capacity. Field experiments corroborated the indoor findings: plant height and dry biomass of Melilotus officinalis (L.)Lam. were significantly higher under amendment treatments than in the control, driven by improved water availability, mitigated salt stress, and enhanced soil structure. Single-factor and multi-factor interaction analyses revealed that SAP exerted pronounced effects during early growth stages, whereas biochar and humic acid contributed more substantially during the middle to late stages through sustained regulatory functions. Collectively, the results demonstrate that the combined application of SAP, biochar, and humic acid improves the water–salt regime of saline–alkali soils through a coupled “water–salt–structure–plant” mechanism, ultimately enhancing crop productivity. This study provides both theoretical insights and practical guidance for the amelioration of saline–alkali soils. Full article

The increasing abundance of ticks poses a growing public health concern due to heightened human exposure to tick bites. The lone star tick (Amblyomma americanum: Ixodida: Ixodidae), a common human-biting species in the United States, has expanded its range in recent years. However, how its different life stages vary across time, habitats, and locations remains insufficiently understood. We analyzed tick abundance data collected in southeastern Virginia between 2009 and 2018, focusing on larval, nymphal, and adult life stages. A Bayesian multivariate modelling framework was used to examine seasonal patterns, habitat effects, spatial variation, and biological links between life stages. Two commonly used count models were compared to determine which best described the observed tick abundance patterns. Tick abundance showed strong and distinct seasonal patterns across life stages. Adult ticks were most abundant in late spring to early summer (May–June), nymphs peaked in early to mid-summer (June–July), and larvae peaked later in summer (August). Wooded habitats consistently supported higher tick abundance than grassy areas. Although both models captured these trends, the negative binomial model provided a more stable and biologically meaningful representation of tick dynamics. Several counties, including Chesapeake, York, Portsmouth, and Northampton, were identified as areas of elevated tick abundance, indicating increased tick bite exposure risk. This study highlights clear seasonal and habitat-specific windows of increased tick activity that are relevant for surveillance and control planning. By clarifying when and where different tick life stages are more abundant, the findings support targeted public health interventions aimed at reducing human exposure to tick bites in Virginia. The modelling approach is also applicable to other regions, including settings where ticks affect livestock health and food security. Full article

Schistosomiasis (bilharzia) is a parasitic infection caused by trematodes of the Schistosoma genus and remains a significant health burden in endemic regions. Granulomatous host responses to deposited Schistosoma eggs in small veins and tissues result in progressive changes and characteristic imaging findings. This diagnostic radiological review synthesizes the published literature and highlights key and robust imaging findings that facilitate the diagnosis of Schistosoma mansoni and Schistosoma haematobium, with emphasis on modality-specific patterns and disease staging. Schistosoma mansoni primarily affects the liver, causing periportal fibrosis visible as “pipe-stem” echogenic thickening upon ultrasonography, which may progress to portal hypertension and chronic liver disease. Liver cirrhosis is the end-stage disease manifested as an irregular liver contour with surface nodularity and lobar redistribution as right lobe atrophy with left and/or caudate lobe hypertrophy. Schistosoma haematobium predominantly affects the genitourinary system, causing urinary bladder wall thickening and calcification. Early disease, within three months of infection, may present with fine calcification, firstly in the bladder base and then extending to the whole bladder and even to the ureters. Calcification appears as a line or two parallel lines on radiography and as a circle in axial CT images, which is pathognomonic for early-stage Schistosomiasis. In contrast studies, including conventional urography and CT urography, Schistosoma eggs appear as bubble-like filling defects in the ureter, kidney, and bladder, manifested as ureteritis, pyelitis, and cystitis cystica. Late stages appear as coarse calcification, fibrosis, strictures, and reduced bladder capacity and are associated with an increased risk of bladder squamous cell carcinoma. Moreover, Schistosomiasis calcification can present in genital organs, especially in the seminal vesicles; in the prostate in males; and in the vulva, cervix, and perineum in females. Ultimately, Schistosoma mansoni and haematobium eggs can reach the spinal cord, leading to acute myelopathy with paraparesis, urinary retention, or paraplegia. Recognition of characteristic imaging patterns of Schistosomiasis is essential for early diagnosis, accurate staging, and prevention of long-term complications. Full article

The Danba–Dadu River gold belt on the western Yangtze Craton margin is a major gold province in China. The Dulanggou gold deposit is a large quartz-vein-type deposit recently discovered in this belt. Ore bodies are fault-controlled veins hosted in high-grade metamorphic rocks of the Devonian Weiguan Formation. Mineralization includes three stages: early (quartz–minor sulfide), main (quartz–abundant sulfide–native gold–Te–Bi minerals), and late (quartz–minor sulfide–calcite). Fluid inclusion studies show the following. Early-stage inclusions are mainly CO₂–H₂O-type (homogenization temperature 307–388 °C, salinity 0.4–7.1 wt.% NaCl eqv) with minor NaCl–H₂O-type. Main-stage inclusions are dominated by CO₂–H₂O and NaCl–H₂O types, with minor pure CO₂ inclusions (homogenization temperature 207–307 °C, salinity 0.2–11.2 wt.% NaCl eqv). Late-stage inclusions are mainly NaCl–H₂O-type (168–223 °C, 4.6–10.1 wt.% NaCl eqv). Laser Raman analysis detects CH₄ in the fluid. The ore-forming fluid is a reducing, medium–low temperature, low-salinity H₂O–CO₂–NaCl–CH₄ system. Thermodynamic calculations of CO₂–H₂O inclusions yield total densities of 0.94–1.03 g/cm³ and total homogenization pressures of 170–276 MPa for the early stage, and slightly lower densities (0.94–1.01 g/cm³) with pressures of 170–246 MPa for the main stage, indicating a progressive pressure decrease during fluid evolution. Hydrogen and oxygen isotopes (early stage: δD –96.4‰ to –78.9‰, δ¹⁸OH₂O 6.1‰ to 6.5‰; main stage: δD –104.3‰ to –75.1‰, δ¹⁸OH₂O 5.3‰ to 7.1‰) indicate that the ore-forming fluid was mainly derived from primary magmatic water. Immiscible CO₂–H₂O and NaCl–H₂O inclusion assemblages in the main stage suggest that fluid immiscibility was the key mechanism for gold precipitation. The Dulanggou deposit resembles classic orogenic gold deposits in host rocks, ore-controlling structures, mineral assemblages, and low-salinity CO₂-rich fluids. However, its H–O isotopes and thermodynamic data point to a magmatic water source, distinct from the metamorphic water source of typical orogenic gold deposits. This highlights the diversity of fluid sources in orogenic gold systems along the western Yangtze Craton margin. Full article

Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) is a crucial water-saving irrigation strategy in rice production, yet its regulatory mechanisms during drought–rewatering cycles remain unclear, particularly across recovery stages. Using a polyethylene glycol (PEG-6000) hydroponic system, we analyzed physiological, metabolomic, and transcriptomic responses of Oryza sativa L. ssp. japonica under control, continuous drought, and rewatering treatments. The net photosynthetic rate (P_n) recovered within one day after rewatering, and subsequently exceeded control levels, indicating a photosynthetic compensatory effect. In contrast, instantaneous water-use efficiency (WUE) showed only a transient increase before declining thereafter and remaining lower than under continuous drought, revealing an asynchronous recovery in which carbon assimilation precedes the recovery of transpiration. Metabolomic analysis indicated a shift from drought-induced accumulation to recovery-driven metabolic reprogramming, with coordinated up-regulation of central carbon metabolism and chlorophyll biosynthesis. Decreases in citrate, malate, and glutamate suggested their sustained utilization to support nitrogen assimilation and chlorophyll synthesis. Transcriptomic data further revealed large-scale reprogramming during late recovery, including up-regulation of nitrogen assimilation genes (e.g., NIA, NiR), linking carbon–nitrogen coordination with photosynthetic compensation. Overall, these results demonstrate that stage-specific integration of physiological recovery, metabolic restructuring, and transcriptional regulation underlies AWD-induced efficiency and identify early rewatering as a critical window for optimizing WUE. Full article

Background: In some children with immunodeficiency, Bacille Calmette–Guérin (BCG) vaccination can lead to dissemination and severe infection, including severe intracranial infection, called disseminated BCG disease (BCGosis), which is characterized by high rates of disability and mortality. However, the specific routes by which BCG crosses CNS barriers and the patterns of temporal remodeling of the CNS immune microenvironment during infection have yet to be fully elucidated. Methods: Mice were infected with BCG through tail vein injection to construct an intracerebral mycobacterial infection mouse model, wherein the brain was collected and analyzed using single-cell RNA sequencing. We profiled temporal transcriptomic changes in cell populations, pathways, and cell–cell communication associated with anti-mycobacterial activity and inflammation-induced disturbance of physiological brain activities. Results: After BCG was injected via tail vein, histopathological images and cultured colonies of brain tissue confirmed successful brain infection. Then, whole-brain tissue was dissected for 10× Genomics single-cell sequencing, and we acquired 15 cell types. Dysfunction and inflammatory responses were observed in endothelial and ependymal cells. Infection induced dynamic state transitions in microglia, enabling their differentiation into disease-related and interferon-responsive states. Along with peripheral immune cells, microglia formed temporally structured communication networks that mediated early events such as chemokine recruitment and inflammatory storms, and facilitated late-stage immune checkpoint upregulation. Conclusions: This study proposes BCSFB as a possible pathway of mycobacteria invasion and reveals the temporality of immune response processes in the pathogenesis of intracerebral mycobacterial infection. Full article

Root knot nematodes (RKNs) induce galls, containing multinucleated giant cells (GCs) to nourish them. The differentiation of precursor cells to galls/GCs involves extensive cellular reprogramming with multiple layers of regulation. Epigenetic regulation during the early stages of infection indicates that RNA-directed DNA methylation (RdDM) and microRNA-dependent gene silencing contribute to transcriptional and post-transcriptional reprogramming during gall organogenesis. Although later stages of galls/GC development are crucial for nematode life-cycle maintenance, epigenetic reprogramming events remain largely unexplored. An integrative analysis of sRNAs, DNA methylation, and transcriptomic dynamics in galls induced by Meloidogyne javanica revealed that enrichment of 24 nt sRNAs represents a gall hallmark across early and late developmental stages. Fewer gall-distinctive sRNAs were detected at mid-to-late stages than at early stages, alongside a pronounced spatial reorganization of rasiRNA accumulation. At early stages, gall-distinctive rasiRNAs preferentially accumulated in pericentromeric retrotransposon-rich regions, whereas, at mid-to-late stages, they predominantly localized to chromosome arms, matching DNA transposons, promoters, and gene bodies. A decline in the regulatory influence of miRNAs was observed as infection progressed, possibly reflecting a transition toward specialized regulatory states associated with gall maintenance. Moreover, three regulatory modules, miR2111-5p/HOLT, miR172/AP2, and miR156/SPL10, were tightly but oppositely regulated at 3 and 14 days post-infection. Furthermore, miR156/SPL10 showed crucial functions during gall formation and/or maintenance, possibly influenced by hormonal cues involving ARF8 among other ARFs. Our results highlight stage-specific patterns involving sRNA dynamics, DNA methylation, and transcriptomic changes underlying nematode feeding site development and maintenance. Full article

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) leaves are rich in nutrients and bioactive constituents, with great potential for fermented tea development. It has been demonstrated that Fuzhuan brick tea processing can improve sea buckthorn leaf tea flavor, but the underlying microbial succession remains unexplored. Therefore, we characterized the dynamic succession and interrelationships of bacterial and fungal communities via Illumina NovaSeq 6000 sequencing. β-diversity analysis revealed successive shifts in microbial community structure, with fungal communities changing mainly in the early stage and bacterial communities varying more in the late stage of fermentation. The relative abundance of Pseudomonas, a genus frequently associated with flavor formation and tea quality, increased steadily. Fungal taxonomic analysis revealed that the genus Aspergillus, particularly the species Aspergillus chevalieri, remained dominant throughout the fermentation process. Linear discriminant analysis effect size indicated an enrichment of microbial taxa typical of fermentation, accompanied by a relative reduction in putative opportunistic microbes. Additionally, Aspergillus exhibited significant negative correlations with five key differentially abundant bacterial genera. Interestingly, microbial co-occurrence networks suggested an overall tendency toward coexistence rather than mutual exclusion between the bacterial and fungal communities. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the development of novel fermented sea buckthorn leaf tea products. Full article

Background: Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) represents one of the most aggressive malignancies of the hepatobiliary system, evolving along a continuum from chronic inflammation to preneoplastic lesions and invasive cancer. This progression is frequently associated with gallstones and chronic cholecystitis and shares common pathogenic mechanisms with systemic inflammatory and metabolic disorders. Despite its relatively low incidence, GBC is characterized by poor prognosis, largely due to late-stage diagnosis and limited understanding of its molecular underpinnings. Methods: We conducted an observational study including 60 adult patients with radiologically suspected gallbladder cancer (GBC). Patients with disseminated disease, ongoing oncologic treatment, or synchronous malignancies were excluded. Fasting venous blood samples were collected to evaluate tumor markers and biochemical parameters, including carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen CA 19-9. Surgical specimens were analyzed histopathologically and staged according to the European Society for Medical Oncology TNM classification system. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS software (version 26.0), with appropriate parametric or non-parametric tests applied based on data distribution, and a p-value < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: Based on histological findings, patients were stratified into benign gallbladder disease (GBD) and GBC groups. CA 19-9 demonstrated higher mean serum levels with lower variability compared to CEA, suggesting superior sensitivity and diagnostic stability for gallbladder adenocarcinoma. In contrast, CEA levels exhibited greater fluctuation, limiting its reliability as a standalone biomarker. Importantly, the combined use of CA 19-9 and CEA improved diagnostic accuracy, supporting a multimarker approach for better clinical stratification. Our findings highlight the diagnostic value of CA 19-9 as a robust biomarker in GBC and support the integration of combined biomarker panels. Beyond tumor markers, the study identified a strong interplay between systemic inflammation and metabolic comorbidities, with obesity and hypertension significantly associated with chronic gallbladder pathology, and diabetes mellitus contributing to increased risk of acute inflammatory episodes. Elevated inflammatory markers, leukocytosis, and cholestatic enzyme alterations further supported the presence of a systemic inflammatory milieu. Multivariate analysis revealed that C-reactive protein (CRP), as a marker of systemic inflammation, was significantly influenced by a combination of clinical and biochemical variables, including age, hemoglobin, hypertension, amylase, CA 19-9, and CEA, explaining over 50% of its variability and up to 85% in advanced fibrotic changes. Additionally, platelet counts were significantly reduced in adenocarcinoma and correlated specifically with CA 19-9 levels, suggesting a potential link between tumor burden, inflammation, and platelet dynamics. Conclusions: Therefore, the observed associations between chronic inflammation, metabolic dysregulation, and tumor marker expression suggest a potential link between gallbladder carcinogenesis and systemic cardiometabolic pathways, opening new perspectives for early detection and targeted therapeutic strategies. Full article