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Open AccessArticle

ESBR Nanocomposites Filled with Monodisperse Silica Modified with Si747: The Effects of Amount and pH on Performance

by Lijian Xia, Anmin Tao, Jinyun Cui, Abin Sun, Ze Kan and Shaofeng Liu

Polymers 2023, 15(4), 981; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym15040981 - 16 Feb 2023

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3260

To prepare silica/rubber composites for low roll resistance tires, a novel strategy was proposed in this study, in which autonomous monodisperse silica (AS) was prepared and modified using 3-mercaptopropyloxy-methoxyl-bis(nonane-pentaethoxy) siloxane (Si747), after which silica/emulsion styrene butadiene rubber (ESBR) master batches were produced using the latex compounding technique. Meanwhile, the commercial precipitated silica (PS) was introduced as a control. In this study, the effects of amount of Si747 and pH value on the properties of the silica/ESBR composites were systematically analyzed. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) results indicated that Si747 reduced the silanol group by chemical grafting and physical shielding, and the optimum amounts of Si747 for AS and PS modification were confirmed to be 15% and 20%, respectively. Under a pH of 9, ESBR/modified AS (MAS) composites with 15% Si747 presented better silica dispersion and a weaker Payne effect, compared with ESBR/modified PS (MPS) composites with 20% Si747. Meanwhile, in terms of dynamic properties, the ESBR/MAS composites exhibited a better balance of lower rolling resistance and higher wet skid resistance than the ESBR/MPS composites. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Novel Nanoparticles and Their Enhanced Polymer Composites)

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17 pages, 5718 KB

Open AccessArticle

Morphology and Physico-Mechanical Threshold of α-Cellulose as Filler in an E-SBR Composite

by Soumya Ghosh Chowdhury, Jagannath Chanda, Sreedip Ghosh, Abhijit Pal, Prasenjit Ghosh, Sanjay Kumar Bhattacharyya, Rabindra Mukhopadhyay, Shib Shankar Banerjee and Amit Das

Molecules 2021, 26(3), 694; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules26030694 - 28 Jan 2021

Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3983

Abstract

In the current context of green mobility and sustainability, the use of new generation natural fillers, namely, α-cellulose, has gained significant recognition. The presence of hydroxyl groups on α-cellulose has generated immense eagerness to map its potency as filler in an elastomeric composite. In the present work, α-cellulose-emulsion-grade styrene butadiene rubber (E-SBR) composite is prepared by conventional rubber processing method by using variable proportions of α-cellulose (1 to 40 phr) to assess its reinforce ability. Rheological, physical, visco-elastic and dynamic-mechanical behavior have clearly established that 10 phr loading of α-cellulose can be considered as an optimized dosage in terms of performance parameters. Morphological characterization with the aid of scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) also substantiated that composite with 10 phr loading of α-cellulose has achieved the morphological threshold. With this background, synthetic filler (silica) is substituted by green filler (α-cellulose) in an E-SBR-based composite. Characterization of the compound has clearly established the reinforcement ability of α-cellulose. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Lignocellulosic Materials)

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19 pages, 4971 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Transfer Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (RAFT ESBR) on the Properties of Carbon Black-Filled Compounds

by Kiwon Hwang, Hyunsung Mun and Wonho Kim

Polymers 2020, 12(4), 933; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym12040933 - 17 Apr 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 7547

Abstract

Tread is an important component that directly affects the performance of passenger car radial (PCR) tires. Styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) is mainly used for tire tread and it includes solution styrene-butadiene rubber (SSBR) and emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR). Although SSBR is mainly used, the manufacturing process for SSBR is more challenging than ESBR, which is environmentally friendly, but has the disadvantage of a broad molecular weight distribution. To overcome this, a reversible addition-fragmentation radical transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique is used in ESBR polymerization. An environmentally friendly RAFT ESBR with a narrow dispersity can be polymerized. Here, carbon black-filled compounds were manufactured while using RAFT ESBR, and their properties were compared to ESBR. The analysis showed a low crosslink density of RAFT ESBR, due to the high polysulfide crosslink structure. We manufactured a carbon black-filled compound with the same crosslink density and structure as the ESBR carbon black-filled compound, and the effect of the dispersity of the base polymer was investigated. RAFT ESBR showed 9% better abrasion resistance and 29% better fuel efficiency than ESBR, according to the analysis of the data. The narrow dispersity can reduce energy loss and positively influence the abrasion resistance and fuel efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Polymer Applications)

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19 pages, 5479 KB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Performance of Silica/ESBR Nanocomposites Modified by Bio-Based Dibutyl Itaconate

by Haijun Ji, Hui Yang, Liwei Li, Xinxin Zhou, Lan Yin, Liqun Zhang and Runguo Wang

Polymers 2019, 11(11), 1820; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11111820 - 6 Nov 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4572

Abstract

Ester-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber (dibutyl itaconate-styrene-butadiene rubber) (D-ESBR) was synthesized by low-temperature emulsion polymerization using dibutyl itaconate (DBI) as a modified monomer containing ester groups. Nonpetroleum-based silica with hydroxy groups was used as a filler to enhance the D-ESBR, which can provide excellent mechanical properties, low rolling resistance, and high wet skid resistance. During the preparation of the silica/D-ESBR nanocomposites, a hydrogen-bonding interface was formed between the hydroxy groups on the surface of silica and the ester groups in the D-ESBR macromolecules. As the content of ester groups in the D-ESBR increases, the dispersion of silica in the nanocomposites is gradually improved, which was verified by rubber process analyzer (RPA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall mechanical properties of the silica/D-ESBR modified with 5 wt % DBI were improved and became superior to that of the non-modified nanocomposite. Compared with the non-modified silica/D-ESBR, the DBI modified silica/D-ESBR exhibited a lower tan δ value at 60 °C and comparable tan δ value at 0 °C, indicating that the DBI modified silica/D-ESBR had lower rolling resistance without sacrificing wet skid resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Silicon-Containing Polymeric Materials)

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12 pages, 1612 KB

Open AccessArticle

Glycidyl Methacrylate-Emulsion Styrene Butadiene Rubber (GMA-ESBR)/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound

by Hyunsung Mun, Kiwon Hwang, Eunho Yu, Woong Kim and Wonho Kim

Polymers 2019, 11(6), 1000; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym11061000 - 5 Jun 2019

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 5838

Abstract

In the tire industry, solution styrene butadiene rubber (SSBR), which can introduce a functional group with good reactivity to silica at chain ends, is used to increase rolling resistance performance by considering fuel economy. However, this is not environmentally friendly because SSBR uses an organic solvent for polymerization, and it is difficult to increase its molecular weight. Functionalized emulsion SBR (ESBR) can solve the problems of SSBR. The molecular weight of ESBR molecules can be easily increased in an eco-friendly solvent, i.e., water. A functionalized ESBR introduces a functional group with good reactivity to silica by introducing a third monomer during polymerization. In this field, glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) has been reported to show the best properties as a third monomer. However, for GMA-ESBR, the viscosity is high and processability is disadvantageous. Therefore, we polymerized GMA-ESBR and manufactured silica compounds to clarify the causes of these problems. In addition, wet masterbatch (WMB) technology, which is a new compound manufacturing method, was applied to manufacture the silica compound, and the physical properties are compared with those of a dry masterbatch. The results clarified the problem of GMA-ESBR, which could be solved by using WMB technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Rubber Composites)

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16 pages, 3633 KB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Calcium Chloride as a Coagulant on the Properties of ESBR/Silica Wet Masterbatch Compound

by Woong Kim, Byungkyu Ahn, Hyunsung Mun, Eunho Yu, Kiwon Hwang, Donghyuk Kim, Gyeongchan Ryu and Wonho Kim

Polymers 2018, 10(10), 1116; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym10101116 - 9 Oct 2018

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7930

Abstract

When designing rubber compounds for high-performance tires, increasing the silica content can improve the wet traction performance but decreases the fuel efficiency. This trade-off relation makes it difficult to improve the two factors simultaneously. One approach is the development of silica wet masterbatch (WMB) technology for producing compounds containing a high silica content with good dispersion. The technology involves a step to mix surface-modified silica and rubber latex. The technique requires a coagulant to break up the micelles of the rubber latex and cause the surface-modified silica and the rubber molecules to co-coagulate due to van der Waals forces. In this study, the effect of coagulant type on the characteristics of silica surface, and the mechanical properties of the emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR)/silica WMB compounds was investigated, as well as the abrasion properties and the viscoelastic properties of the vulcanizates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials and Methods for New Technologies in Polymer Processing)

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