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Guava (Psidium guajava L.), a perennial species native to tropical regions of the Americas, holds significant economic value and plays an important role in the global fruit industry. Although several reference genomes have been published, population-level genomic studies remain limited, hindering genetic improvement efforts. In this study, we conducted whole genome re-sequencing of 62 guava accessions, primarily from Southern China and Brazil. A total of 4,887,006 high-quality SNPs and 731,469 InDels were identified for population genomic analyses. Phylogenetic and population structure analyses revealed subgroupings that largely corresponded to geographic origins. The data indicated that extensive hybridization between accessions from Brazil and or within China has contributed to the development of many dominant commercial varieties. Genetic diversity analyses showed that Brazilian accessions exhibited higher nucleotide diversity and more rapid linkage disequilibrium decay than those from China. Environmental factors and artificial selection likely imposed selective pressures that shaped guava’s adaptability and agronomic traits. A preliminary genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified PgMYB4 as a candidate gene potentially associated with fruit flesh color. These findings provide novel insights into the genetic diversity, population history, and domestication of guava, and lay a valuable foundation for future breeding and improvement strategies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Genetics, Genomics, Breeding, and Biotechnology (G2B2))

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19 pages, 5861 KB

Open AccessArticle

Topological Signal Processing from Stereo Visual SLAM

by Eleonora Di Salvo, Tommaso Latino, Maria Sanzone, Alessia Trozzo and Stefania Colonnese

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6103; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196103 (registering DOI) - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Topological signal processing is emerging alongside Graph Signal Processing (GSP) in various applications, incorporating higher-order connectivity structures—such as faces—in addition to nodes and edges, for enriched connectivity modeling. Rich point clouds acquired by multi-camera systems in Visual Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (V-SLAM) are typically processed using graph-based methods. In this work, we introduce a topological signal processing (TSP) framework that integrates texture information extracted from V-SLAM; we refer to this framework as TSP-SLAM. We show how TSP-SLAM enables the extension of graph-based point cloud processing to more advanced topological signal processing techniques. We demonstrate, on real stereo data, that TSP-SLAM enables a richer point cloud representation by associating signals not only with vertices but also with edges and faces of the mesh computed from the point cloud. Numerical results show that TSP-SLAM supports the design of topological filtering algorithms by exploiting the mapping between the 3D mesh faces, edges and vertices and their 2D image projections. These findings confirm the potential of TSP-SLAM for topological signal processing of point cloud data acquired in challenging V-SLAM environments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stereo Vision Sensing and Image Processing)

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14 pages, 4197 KB

Open AccessReview

Staging Strategies During Complex Endovascular Aortic Procedures to Minimize Spinal Cord Ischemia Rates: A Narrative Review

by Alessandro Grandi, Andrea Melloni, Pietro Dioni, Stefano Bonardelli and Luca Bertoglio

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6998; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196998 (registering DOI) - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Endovascular repair of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAAs) requires multidisciplinary expertise to minimize mortality and disabling complications. Despite satisfactory outcomes with this approach being common knowledge, extensive aortic coverage occurring in fenestrated/branched endovascular aortic repair (F/B-EVAR) carries a non-negligible risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI). Recently, many authors have proposed different endovascular strategies to mitigate the risk of SCI; however, the real effectiveness of these maneuvers is not universally recognized due to a lack of standardized protocols among individual centers. Several adjuncts have been proposed to obtain staged occlusion of segmental aortic branches to promote spinal cord preconditioning. These strategies include proximal thoracic aortic repair (PTAR), temporary aneurysm sac perfusion (TASP), and minimally invasive staged segmental artery coil embolization (MIS²ACE). The present paper aims to provide an overview of the most advanced staging strategies used in high-volume aortic centers, pointing out that it takes meticulous preoperative planning to face every clinical scenario. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Clinical Advances and Challenges in Vascular and Endovascular Medicine)

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20 pages, 12114 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative Identification of LsWRKY Transcription Factors and Transcriptional Response to Abiotic and Biotic Stresses in Lagenaria siceraria

by Han Jin, Shuoshuo Wang, Wenli Li, Shujing Tan and Yan Zhao

Horticulturae 2025, 11(10), 1192; https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae11101192 (registering DOI) - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Lagenaria siceraria is an essential horticultural and medicinal crop that is used for its edible fruits and ornamental purposes. WRKY transcription factors have been extensively studied in plant responses to environmental stress; however, there is limited information on their specific functions in L. siceraria. In this study, 51 LsWRKY genes were identified in the L. siceraria genome. The 51 LsWRKYs were divided into classes I, II, and III based on evolutionary analysis. Members of each class have similar conserved motifs and exon-intron structures, and promoter analysis helped identify many cis-regulatory elements associated with growth, hormones, and stress responses. GO terms and KEGG analyses indicated the potential roles of LsWRKY in the regulation of bottle gourd development and acclimation to various environmental stressors. Significant differences in LsWRKY expression were observed between different tissues. The results of RNA-seq and qRT-PCR showed that LsWRKYs were expressed in a tissue- and development-specific manner under normal growth conditions. LsWRKY abundance showed a clear pattern of change related to stress when L. siceraria was exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions. This study provides new insights into the role of LsWRKYs in the growth and stress responses of cucurbits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Genetics and Breeding of Cucurbitaceae Crops)

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12 pages, 251 KB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Gaseous Ozone Treatments on Mechanical and Chemical Properties of Japanese Quince Fruits During Storage

by Oskar Basara, Miłosz Zardzewiały, Piotr Kuźniar, Stanisław Pluta, Justyna Belcar and Józef Gorzelany

Foods 2025, 14(19), 3412; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14193412 (registering DOI) - 3 Oct 2025

Abstract

Chaenomeles japonica (Chaenomeles japonica Thunb. Lindl. ex Spach.) is gaining increasing attention due to its high nutritional value and potential for industrial use. The development of new breeding clones (potential new cultivars) with improved morphological and chemical properties is essential for enhancing its commercial cultivation. In this study, the impact of ozone in its gaseous form and cold storage on the morphological and chemical properties of newly selected Polish clones of Chaenomeles japonica was determined. Breeding clone ‘3b/1’ produced the largest fruits, with a significantly higher average weight of 99.8 g compared to other clones. Fruits of clones ‘3b/1’ and ‘7d/8’ had the greatest tolerance to mechanical damage, requiring the highest force and energy for puncture and showing the most extensive deformation. The highest ascorbic acid content was recorded in clone ‘4c/1’ (117.3 mg·100 g⁻¹), while clone ‘3b/1’ had the highest total phenolic content, reaching 373.92 mg GAE·100 g⁻¹. A 15 min ozone treatment led to an average increase of 5.3% in both ascorbic acid and total phenolic content. In contrast, cold storage for 60 days caused a reduction of approximately 29.66% of ascorbic acid. Clone ‘3b/1’ appears to be the potential new Polish cultivar and an introduction for cultivation due to its large fruit size, their high mechanical tolerance and relatively favorable chemical composition. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Quality Analysis and Control of Post-Harvest Fruits and Vegetables)

16 pages, 544 KB

Open AccessReview

Companion Crops as Catalysts for Sustainable Cover Cropping in Vineyards—A Critical Review and Research Agenda

by Mehdi Sharifi and Zahra Zolfaghari

Plants 2025, 14(19), 3056; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193056 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Vineyard cover crops deliver well-documented ecosystem services, yet consistent establishment, especially of perennial grasses and legumes, remains a primary barrier to adoption. This review reframes “companion (nurse) cropping” not as a new crop class but as a acilitative establishment strategy within the broader cover-/service-crop literature. We (i) position our contribution relative to recent syntheses, (ii) synthesize evidence on companion crops practices that reduce cover cropping early failure risk, and (iii) propose a testable research agenda. A focused scoping review of peer-reviewed and extension literature indexed in Web of Science and Google Scholar was conducted using search terms encompassing cover/service crops and nurse/companion/facilitation in viticulture systems. Across climates, fast-establishing cereals (Avena sativa, Hordeum vulgare, Secale cereale, × Triticosecale Wittmack) and short-cycle legumes (Vicia sativa, Pisum sativum, Trifolium incarnatum) can reliably “nurse” slower perennials and legumes by providing early groundcover, weeds control, and microclimate buffering when sown at reduced rates (≈25–50% of monoculture) and terminated on time to limit vine competition. Evidence gaps persist for in-row applications, water-use penalties under drought, and long-term effects on yield and grape composition. Companion cropping is argued to be a design principle in vineyard cover-crop programs rather than a separate category. A decision framework and research agenda are presented to quantify establishment reliability, resource trade-offs, and wine-relevant outcomes, and it is recommended that future decision tools make the companion-phase logic explicit to de-risk adoption and align with regional guidelines. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Crop Physiology and Crop Production)

35 pages, 4926 KB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid MOCPO–AGE-MOEA for Efficient Bi-Objective Constrained Minimum Spanning Trees

by Dana Faiq Abd, Haval Mohammed Sidqi and Omed Hasan Ahmed

Computers 2025, 14(10), 422; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100422 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

The constrained bi-objective Minimum Spanning Tree (MST) problem is a fundamental challenge in network design, as it simultaneously requires minimizing both total edge weight and maximum hop distance under strict feasibility limits; however, most existing algorithms tend to emphasize one objective over the other, resulting in imbalanced solutions, limited Pareto fronts, or poor scalability on larger instances. To overcome these shortcomings, this study introduces a Hybrid MOCPO–AGE-MOEA algorithm that strategically combines the exploratory strength of Multi-Objective Crested Porcupines Optimization (MOCPO) with the exploitative refinement of the Adaptive Geometry-based Evolutionary Algorithm (AGE-MOEA), while a Kruskal-based repair operator is integrated to strictly enforce feasibility and preserve solution diversity. Moreover, through extensive experiments conducted on Euclidean graphs with 11–100 nodes, the hybrid consistently demonstrates superior performance compared with five state-of-the-art baselines, as it generates Pareto fronts up to four times larger, achieves nearly 20% reductions in hop counts, and delivers order-of-magnitude runtime improvements with near-linear scalability. Importantly, results reveal that allocating 85% of offspring to MOCPO exploration and 15% to AGE-MOEA exploitation yields the best balance between diversity, efficiency, and feasibility. Therefore, the Hybrid MOCPO–AGE-MOEA not only addresses critical gaps in constrained MST optimization but also establishes itself as a practical and scalable solution with strong applicability to domains such as software-defined networking, wireless mesh systems, and adaptive routing, where both computational efficiency and solution diversity are paramount Full article

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12 pages, 652 KB

Open AccessArticle

Physical Education-Based Stretching During Warm-Up, Cool-Down, or Both on Back-Saver Sit-and-Reach Scores in Schoolchildren

by Rafael Merino-Marban, Iván López-Fernandez and Daniel Mayorga-Vega

J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(4), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10040383 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare the effects of eight-week hamstring stretching programs, implemented at different times during physical education classes (i.e., warm-up, cool-down, and both periods), on primary schoolchildren’s back-saver sit-and-reach scores. Methods: A total of 275 schoolchildren (141 females and 134 males; age 8.82 ± 1.63 years) were divided into four groups: the WUG performed stretching during warm-up, the CDG during cool-down, and the MXG during both. The NSG followed the standard classes of physical education without any stretching. During physical education classes WUG, CDG, and MXG performed a 4 min stretching program twice a week. Hamstring extensibility was assessed before and after the program using the back-saver sit-and-reach test. Results: The CDG is the one that achieved statistically significant improvements compared with the WUG, MXG, and NSG (p ≤ 0.01; d = 0.50–0.71). Moreover, the CDG statistically increased the percentage of schoolchildren achieving healthy hamstring extensibility from pre-intervention (49%) to post-intervention (66%). Conclusions: This knowledge could guide teachers to design programs that guarantee feasible and effective development of hamstring extensibility in the physical education setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Athletic Training and Human Performance)

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15 pages, 1603 KB

Open AccessArticle

Comparative In Vitro Osteogenic Capacities of Bone Marrow- and Periosteal-Derived Progenitor Cells

by Kalyn Herzog, Julie Nguyen-Edquilang and Matthew Stewart

Biology 2025, 14(10), 1354; https://doi.org/10.3390/biology14101354 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Fracture repair complications occur in 5–10% of cases, despite bone’s regenerative capacity. Bone marrow-derived (BM) stem cells have been extensively investigated for orthopedic applications but, given the critical role that periosteum plays in fracture repair, periosteal-derived (PO) cells offer a promising alternative cell source. This study compared the in vitro osteogenic capacities of equine BM and PO cells. Passage 3 cells from each source were maintained in osteogenic medium for up to 10 days. Osteogenesis was assessed by Runx2, Osterix, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) mRNA up-regulation, induction of ALP activity, and matrix mineralization. Comparisons were made by paired t tests, repeated measures one-way or two-way ANOVAs, as indicated. BM cells proved superior to PO cells in osteogenesis assays. BM cells significantly up-regulated Runx2, Osterix, and ALP mRNAs, ALP activity, and secreted a mineralized matrix by day 10. PO cells did not. BMP-2 expression increased significantly in BM cells in osteogenic medium, whereas BMP-2 expression in PO cells was unchanged. Exogenous BMP-2 did not restore osteogenesis in periosteal cells, indicating that ex vivo expansion affects periosteal osteogenic capacity beyond BMP-2 downregulation. Clinical applications of PO cells will require the identification and exogenous provision of requisite stimulatory factors and substrates. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osteoblast Differentiation in Health and Disease)

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39 pages, 2624 KB

Open AccessReview

A Review of Neural Network-Based Image Noise Processing Methods

by Anton A. Volkov, Alexander V. Kozlov, Pavel A. Cheremkhin, Dmitry A. Rymov, Anna V. Shifrina, Rostislav S. Starikov, Vsevolod A. Nebavskiy, Elizaveta K. Petrova, Evgenii Yu. Zlokazov and Vladislav G. Rodin

Sensors 2025, 25(19), 6088; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25196088 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

This review explores the current landscape of neural network-based methods for digital image noise processing. Digital cameras have become ubiquitous in fields like forensics and medical diagnostics, and image noise remains a critical factor for ensuring image quality. Traditional noise suppression techniques are often limited by extensive parameter selection and inefficient handling of complex data. In contrast, neural networks, particularly convolutional neural networks, autoencoders, and generative adversarial networks, have shown significant promise for noise estimation, suppression, and analysis. These networks can handle complex noise patterns, leverage context-specific data, and adapt to evolving conditions with minimal manual intervention. This paper describes the basics of camera and image noise components and existing techniques for their evaluation. Main neural network-based methods for noise estimation are briefly presented. This paper discusses neural network application for noise suppression, classification, image source identification, and the extraction of unique camera fingerprints through photo response non-uniformity. Additionally, it highlights the challenges of generating reliable training datasets and separating image noise from photosensor noise, which remains a fundamental issue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Sensing and Imaging)

21 pages, 2229 KB

Open AccessArticle

Carbon Storage and Land Use Dynamics in Ghanaian University Campuses: A Scenario-Based Assessment Using the InVEST Model

by Daniel Mawuko Ocloo and Takeshi Mizunoya

Land 2025, 14(10), 1987; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14101987 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

University campuses in rapidly urbanizing regions face increasing pressure to balance infrastructure development with environmental sustainability, yet their carbon storage potential remains largely unexplored in sub-Saharan Africa. This study assessed land use changes, carbon storage dynamics, and economic valuation across three Ghanaian universities, University of Ghana (UG), Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), and University of Cape Coast (UCC), from 2017 to 2023, and evaluated five future scenarios using the InVEST carbon model. Land use analysis employed ESRI 10 m annual land cover data, while carbon storage was estimated using regionally appropriate carbon pool values, and economic valuation applied Ghana’s social cost of carbon ($0.970/tCO₂). Historical analysis revealed substantial carbon losses: UG declined by 17.1% (19,695 Mg C), KNUST by 29.5% (20,063 Mg C), and UCC by 7.9% (3292 Mg C), due to tree cover conversion to built areas. Scenario modeling demonstrated that infrastructure-focused development would cause additional losses of 4211–6891 Mg C, while extensive tree expansion could increase storage by 1686–5227 Mg C. Economic analysis showed tree expansion generating positive net present values ($1612–$5070), while infrastructure development imposed costs (−$4028 to −$6684). These findings provide quantitative evidence for sustainable campus planning prioritizing carbon conservation in tropical institutional landscapes. Full article

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24 pages, 814 KB

Open AccessArticle

Sustaining Foreign Direct Investment in Saudi Arabia: An Analysis of Investment Protection Frameworks and Their Impact on Economic Growth Within Vision 2030

by Basel Sultan and Mona AlTunisi

Sustainability 2025, 17(19), 8845; https://doi.org/10.3390/su17198845 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Saudi Arabia’s Vision 2030, unveiled by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman on 25 April 2016, aims to diversify the economy beyond oil dependency and engender robust foreign direct investment (FDI). This research investigates the primary economic challenges impeding foreign investors from entering the Saudi market and devises effective strategies to sustain FDI inflows. The study employs a comprehensive methodology, including an extensive literature review spanning from 2016 to 2023, supported by quantitative statistical analysis using a Multiple Linear Regression Model and qualitative insights derived from Delphi interviews with industry experts. The study’s outcomes reveal a significant disparity between the targeted FDI growth from 3.8% to 5.7% of GDP and the existing trajectory, highlighting pressing economic challenges that require immediate attention. Key findings indicate that factors such as population growth, government spending, and trade openness significantly influence FDI dynamics, with a particular emphasis on the positive impact of investment protection agreements. The integration of qualitative methodologies further elucidates the importance of robust legal frameworks and regulatory reforms in fostering an investor-friendly environment. Overall, this research provides strategic recommendations for improving the investment landscape in Saudi Arabia, aligning with the broader goals of Vision 2030, and enhancing the country’s attractiveness as a global investment destination. The commitment to fostering a conducive investment ecosystem serves as a pivotal mechanism for driving economic growth and achieving sustainable development goals within the Kingdom. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Economic and Business Aspects of Sustainability)

17 pages, 1172 KB

Open AccessArticle

Data-Driven Baseline Analysis of Climate Variability at an Antarctic AWS (2020–2024)

by Arpitha Javali Ashok, Shan Faiz, Raja Hashim Ali and Talha Ali Khan

Digital 2025, 5(4), 50; https://doi.org/10.3390/digital5040050 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Climate change in Antarctica has profound global implications, influencing sea level rise, atmospheric circulation, and the Earth’s energy balance. This study presents a data-driven baseline analysis of meteorological observations from a British Antarctic Survey automatic weather station (2020–2024). Temporal and seasonal analyses reveal strong insolation-driven variability in temperature, snow depth, and solar radiation, reflecting the extreme polar day–night cycle. Correlation analysis highlights solar radiation, upwelling longwave flux, and snow depth as the most reliable predictors of near-surface temperature, while humidity, pressure, and wind speed contribute minimally. A linear regression baseline and a Random Forest model are evaluated for temperature prediction, with the ensemble approach demonstrating superior accuracy. Although the short data span limits long-term trend attribution, the findings underscore the potential of lightweight, reproducible pipelines for site-specific climate monitoring. All analysis codes are openly available in github, enabling transparency and future methodological extensions to advanced, non-linear models and multi-site datasets. Full article

23 pages, 1935 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessment of Early Cardiotoxicity and Cardiac Dysfunction of Radioligand Therapy in Patients with Neuroendocrine Tumors

by Katarzyna Jóźwik-Plebanek, Marek Saracyn, Maciej Kołodziej, Weronika Mądra, Adam Daniel Durma, Mirosław Dziuk, Zuzanna Balcerska, Katarzyna Janiak, Katarzyna Gniadek-Olejniczak and Grzegorz Kamiński

Cancers 2025, 17(19), 3219; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17193219 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Cardiotoxicity remains a concern across cancer therapies. To date, there is a lack of extensive studies evaluating the potential impact of radioligand therapy (RLT) on myocardial injury in patients with neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), particularly in subgroups with increased susceptibility to such injury. This study aimed to assess the potential cardiotoxic effects and myocardial dysfunction associated with RLT using both [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE and tandem therapy with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE/[⁹⁰Y]Y-DOTA-TATE in patients with NETs, including specific high-risk subgroups such as patients with pre-existing heart failure, carcinoid heart disease or those previously treated with chemotherapy, by monitoring serum concentration of troponin I, CK-MB, and NT-proBNP before and after RLT. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational analysis of 60 consecutive NET patients who underwent 228 RLT courses. A comprehensive cardiac assessment, including a detailed medical history, was performed. Additionally, serum troponin I, CKMB and NT-proBNP concentrations were measured prior to treatment and 48 h post-therapy. Fifty-two patients received [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE monotherapy, while eight patients were treated with tandem therapy. Results: No increase in cardiotoxicity markers was observed in the overall study population following RLT administration (ΔTroponin −0.2 [−1.4–0.3]ng/L, p = 0.007; ∆CKMB 0.0 [−4.0–3.0]U/L, p = 0.90; ΔNT-proBNP 4.0 [−45.6–33.6]pg/mL) as well as in the subgroup receiving tandem therapy (ΔTroponin 0.7 [−1.7–013]ng/L, p = 0.68; ΔCKMB −0.5 [−10.7–3.0]U/L, p = 0.21; ΔNT-proBNP −21.6 [−44.1–16.7]pg/mL). Furthermore, none of the predefined patient subgroups exhibited signs of cardiotoxicity or evidence of myocardial dysfunction. Conclusions: RLT is a safe anticancer treatment option for patients with NETs in terms of cardiotoxicity and cardiac dysfunction, including those at higher risk of cardiovascular complications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cancer Therapy)

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31 pages, 399 KB

Open AccessArticle

Weakly B-Symmetric Warped Product Manifolds with Applications

by Bang-Yen Chen, Sameh Shenawy, Uday Chand De, Safaa Ahmed and Hanan Alohali

Axioms 2025, 14(10), 749; https://doi.org/10.3390/axioms14100749 - 2 Oct 2025

Abstract

This work presents a comprehensive study of weakly B-symmetric warped product manifolds

{(W B S)}_{n}

, a natural extension of several classical curvature-restricted geometries including B-flat, B-parallel, and B-recurrent manifolds. We begin by formulating the fundamental [...] Read more.

This work presents a comprehensive study of weakly B-symmetric warped product manifolds

{(W B S)}_{n}

, a natural extension of several classical curvature-restricted geometries including B-flat, B-parallel, and B-recurrent manifolds. We begin by formulating the fundamental properties of the B-tensor

B (X, Y) = a S (X, Y) + b r g (X, Y)

, where S is the Ricci tensor, r the scalar curvature, and

a, b

are smooth non-vanishing functions. The warped product structure is then exploited to obtain explicit curvature identities for base and fiber manifolds under various geometric constraints. Detailed characterizations are established for Einstein conditions, Codazzi-type tensors, cyclic parallel tensors, and the behavior of geodesic vector fields. The weakly B-symmetric condition is analyzed through all possible projections of vector fields, leading to sharp criteria describing the interaction between the warping function and curvature. Several applications are discussed in the context of Lorentzian geometry, including perfect fluid and generalized Robertson–Walker spacetimes in general relativity. These results not only unify different curvature-restricted frameworks but also reveal new geometric and physical implications of warped product manifolds endowed with weak B-symmetry. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Mathematical Physics)

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