Search Results (6)

This study employs a bibliometric analysis of emerging trends in money laundering for terrorism financing (ML/TF) to provide direction for future research. The authors used VOSviewer and analyzed 2577 published documents retrieved from the SCOPUS database using the PRISMA methodology. The findings reveal a growing research interest in understanding the complex interplay between money laundering and terrorism financing. This research emphasizes the significance of ML/TF for economic stability, as understanding terrorism financing mechanisms allows authorities to trace and block funds going to terrorist groups, which is crucial for national security. Critical insights for policymakers underscore the need for robust legislative frameworks, effective Financial Intelligence Units (FIUs), and international collaboration to combat these global threats. This analysis offers a foundation for future research, mapping the evolving knowledge landscape in ML/TF. Full article

This study considers the impact of the FATF’s greylisting process from a market perspective. The results are intended to inform the development of public policy and improvement of market signalling. The study develops a theoretical market impact model and identifies the indicators which may impact banking operations and institutional decisions. It is explicitly market-oriented in that the model seeks to reflect how stakeholders in financial and non-financial markets typically respond to signals sent out by the FATF. The authors find that the FATF’s greylisting signalling has changed over time and distinguish four broad periods reflecting different messaging. The study uses financial, trade, and other variables derived from the World Bank’s ‘World Development Indicators’ databank to explore evidence of impact in each of the different phases of the FATF’s approach to greylisting. The study uses a pooled cross-section and time series approach with fixed effects, based on a sample of 177 countries and 3540 country-years of data from 2000 to 2020. The study examines impacts on net official development assistance, the banking environment (non-performing loans, risk premiums), net foreign assets, indebtedness, and market capitalisation. It finds significant correlations between many financial variables and FATF listing events, including an apparent reduction in development assistance during greylisting periods which endured after the country was delisted. This is of significant concern, as such reductions may impact disproportionately on developing economies. Full article

A model Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (APUNCAC) would implement international requirements to report the beneficial ownership of funds involved in certain financial transactions. The purpose is to discourage the laundering of illicit funds by attaching legal consequences to each failure to obtain and submit a required report of beneficial ownership, and each failure by a front man who poses as a beneficial owner to supply true information regarding the identity of the actual beneficial owner. This article is the fifth in a series of articles describing APUNCAC’s anti-money-laundering (AML) provisions and focus on beneficial owner transparency. The companion articles focus on issues regarding international jurisdiction and enforcement of APUNCAC regarding distant offshore personnel, illustrate the application of APUNCAC to specific money laundering channels, answer frequently asked questions (FAQ), and translate APUNCAC’s key provisions into proposed Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations. This article explains how APUNCAC’s key provisions may be translated into Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) recommendations, why the OSCE may be especially inclined to adopt the recommendations, and why support of this initiative might be the most promising path that could be adopted by the international community to combat corruption, money laundering, and the violations of human rights that are associated with these crimes. Full article

A model Anticorruption Protocol to the United Nations Convention against Corruption (APUNCAC) would implement international requirements to report the beneficial ownership of funds involved in certain financial transactions. The purpose is to discourage laundering of illicit funds by attaching legal consequences to each failure to obtain and submit a required report of beneficial ownership, and each failure by a front man who poses as a beneficial owner to supply true information regarding the identity of the actual beneficial owner. This article is the fourth in a series of articles describing APUNCAC’s anti-money laundering (AML) provisions and focus on beneficial owner transparency. The companion articles focused on issues regarding international jurisdiction and enforcement of APUNCAC regarding distant offshore personnel and illustrated the application of APUNCAC to specific money laundering channels. This article translates APUNCAC’s key provisions into proposed Financial Action Task Force (FATF) recommendations, provides guidance regarding the necessary domestic conforming legislation, responds to frequently asked questions, and discusses the rationale for expansion of existing FATF recommendations. Full article

Recently, cross-border transfers using blockchain-based virtual assets (cryptocurrency) have been increasing. However, due to the anonymity of blockchain, there is a problem related to money laundering because the virtual asset service providers cannot identify the originators and the beneficiaries. In addition, the international anti-money-laundering organization (the Financial Action Task Force, FATF) has placed anti-money-laundering obligations on virtual asset service providers through anti-money-laundering guidance for virtual assets issued in June 2019. This paper proposes a customer identification service model based on distributed ledger technology (DLT) that enables virtual asset service providers to verify the identity of the originators and beneficiaries. Full article

The development of start-ups is a driving force of the local and regional economy. Therefore, it should be in the interest of municipal authorities to take actions for their organizational and resource support. In the conditions of limited public resources, however, it is a difficult and multifaceted task. Therefore, in this article, the authors attempt to determine the influence of local conditions on the establishment of start-ups. As a natural environment for the development of this type of entrepreneurship, cities were considered in which accessibility to infrastructure and human resources is high, and thus, by definition, conducive to creativity and innovation. Such a formulations of the objective and scope of the research allowed the existing theoretical and research gaps to be filled, relating to the identification and establishment of a hierarchy of local determinants of creating start-ups in the urban environment. The research in question was carried out on a representative sample of 287 Polish cities using questionnaire techniques and structural modelling. The results confirm the dominant influence of human and financial capital on the establishment of start-ups. The research also shows a slightly less significant influence of business incubators and technology parks on the creation of start-ups, which implies the need to improve the performance of these entities. The results also point to the positive role of direct city involvement in the development of this form of entrepreneurship. Full article