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Background: Youth and young adults with early psychosis frequently use cannabis, yet the reliability of self-reported use is uncertain in clinical practice. We examined the concordance between self-reported cannabis use and urine toxicology among patients enrolled in an Early Psychosis Intervention (EPI) program in Southeast Ontario, Canada. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional chart review of 116 EPI patients (2016–2019). Demographics, self-reported cannabis use (yes/no), concurrent substance use, and urine toxicology results from the initial clinical assessment were extracted. Diagnostic indices (sensitivity, specificity, positive/negative predictive values, and accuracy) were calculated using urine toxicology as the reference. The clinical panel used a 50 ng/mL threshold for THC-COOH; the specific assay platform (immunoassay vs. confirmatory GC-/LC-MS) was not specified in records and is noted as a limitation. Results: Overall, 82.8% (96/116) self-reported cannabis use. Self-report showed high sensitivity (88.4%) but very low specificity (20.3%), with PPV 39.2%, NPV 75.0%, and accuracy 45.30%, indicating limited concordance with urine toxicology. Self-reported cannabis use was significantly associated with self-reported cocaine and MDMA use, while associations with methamphetamine, opioids, and benzodiazepines were not significant. Conclusions: In this EPI cohort, self-reports overestimated cannabis use relative to urine toxicology (high sensitivity, low specificity, and accuracy <50%). These findings support cautious clinical interpretation of self-report and the complementary value of biological verification, especially when use is infrequent or the testing window/threshold may miss exposure. Future work should incorporate use frequency, potency, and timing relative to testing, and clearly specify toxicology assay methods. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Addictive Behaviors and Mental Disorders Among Youth and Adolescents)

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21 pages, 893 KB

Open AccessReview

Edible Bird Nest Supplementation Enhances Male Reproductive Function: Current Insights and Future Horizons

by Farah Hanan Fathihah Jaffar, Nurul Atiqah Azhar, Sofwatul Mokhtarah Maluin, Khairul Osman and Siti Fatimah Ibrahim

Foods 2025, 14(21), 3759; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14213759 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Edible bird nest (EBN) has a longstanding tradition in Chinese herbal medicine as a natural supplement for enhancing health and well-being. Current scientific research indicates that EBN possesses properties conducive to improving male reproductive function. These properties include promoting cell proliferation, containing essential reproductive hormones, and exhibiting antioxidant activity. Despite these promising characteristics, the potential of EBN’s specific effects on male reproductive health, particularly in addressing infertility, remains sparsely discussed. Hereby, this review aims to present the available scientific evidence, discuss potential benefits, and underscore the importance of future research in advancing our understanding of EBN’s role in male reproductive health. This work is imperative to expand our knowledge of the biological underpinnings of EBN so that it can be developed as a food supplement and alternative treatment for male infertility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Food Nutrition)

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21 pages, 895 KB

Open AccessReview

Hybrid Biocatalysis with Photoelectrocatalysis for Renewable Furan Derivatives’ Valorization: A Review

by Shize Zheng, Xiangshi Liu, Bingqian Guo, Yanou Qi, Xifeng Lv, Bin Wang and Di Cai

Photochem 2025, 5(4), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/photochem5040035 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Biocatalysis is fundamental to biological processes and sustainable chemical productions. Over time, the biocatalysis strategy has been widely researched. Initially, biomanufacturing and catalysis of high-value chemicals were carried out through direct immobilization and application of biocatalysts, including natural enzymes and living cells. With the evolution of green chemistry and environmental concern, hybrid photoelectro-biocatalysis (HPEB) platforms are seen as a new approach to enhance biocatalysis. This strategy greatly expands the domain of natural biocatalysis, especially for bio-based components. The selective valorization of renewable furan derivatives, such as 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) and furfural, is central to advancing biomass-based chemical production. Biocatalysis offers high chemo-, regio-, and stereo-selectivity under mild conditions compared with traditional chemical catalysis, yet it is often constrained by the costly and inefficient regeneration of redox cofactors like NAD(P)H. Photoelectrocatalysis provides a sustainable means to supply reducing equivalents using solar or electrical energy. In recent years, hybrid systems that integrate biocatalysis with photoelectrocatalysis have emerged as a promising strategy to overcome this limitation. This review focuses on recent advances in such systems, where photoelectrochemical platforms enable in situ cofactor regeneration to drive enzymatic transformations of furan-based substrates. We critically analyze representative coupling strategies, materials and device configurations, and reaction engineering approaches. Finally, we outline future directions for developing efficient, robust, and industrially viable hybrid catalytic platforms for green biomass valorization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Review Papers in Photochemistry)

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22 pages, 34660 KB

Open AccessArticle

Cepharanthine Induces Oxidative Stress and Apoptosis in Cervical Cancer via the Nrf2/Keap1 Pathway

by Ya-Hui Chen, Jyun-Xue Wu, Shun-Fa Yang, Tze-Ho Chen, Yun-Chia Wu, Tzu-Chi Lin and Yi-Hsuan Hsiao

Antioxidants 2025, 14(11), 1324; https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox14111324 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cervical cancer ranks as a primary contributor to cancer-related deaths in women globally and is the fourth most prevalent malignant neoplasm. Cepharanthine, a naturally occurring biscoclaurine alkaloid extracted from Stephania cepharantha, has demonstrated anticancer and antimetastatic efficacy across multiple cancer types. However, its mechanism of action in cervical cancer remains unexplored. Our results demonstrated that cepharanthine effectively suppressed the proliferation and motility of the CaSki, HeLa, and C33A cell lines. Furthermore, cepharanthine triggered apoptosis through Bcl-2 suppression and increased cleaved-PARP-1, Bax, and cleaved-caspase-3 expression and AMPK/p53 phosphorylation, while inducing G0/G1 phase arrest in CaSki cells and sub-G1 phase arrest in HeLa and C33A cells. Additionally, cepharanthine reduced the mitochondrial membrane potential (∆ψm), compromised mitochondrial functionality, and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, promoting oxidative stress via the modulation of the Nrf2/Keap1 pathway in CaSki, HeLa, and C33A cells, which exhibit an anti-cervical cancer effect. Similarly, cepharanthine markedly reduced tumor progression in C33A BALB/c nude mice, which aligns with the in vitro observations. Collectively, these findings indicate that cepharanthine has potential therapeutic applications in the treatment of cervical cancer and warrants future clinical investigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Health Outcomes of Antioxidants and Oxidative Stress)

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13 pages, 2324 KB

Open AccessReview

The Radical Pair Mechanism and Its Quantum Role in Plant Reactive Oxygen Species Production Under Hypomagnetic Fields

by Massimo E. Maffei

Quantum Rep. 2025, 7(4), 52; https://doi.org/10.3390/quantum7040052 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

The Earth’s geomagnetic field (GMF) is a fundamental environmental signal for plants, with its perception rooted in quantum biology. Specifically, the radical pair mechanism (RPM) explains how this weak force influences electron spin states in metabolic pathways, providing a framework for its profound biological impact. Research shows that a hypomagnetic field (hMF) directly reduces the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), creating a quantum signature in plants. This is a counterintuitive finding, as it suggests the plant perceives less oxidative stress and, in response, downregulates its antioxidant defenses. This multi-level effect, from a quantum trigger to molecular and metabolic changes, ultimately affects the plant’s growth and phenotype. This review suggests a possible link between the GMF and plant health, identifying the GMF as a potential physiological modulator. Manipulating the magnetic field could therefore be a novel strategy for improving crop resilience and growth. However, the fact that some effects cannot be fully explained by the RPM suggests other quantum mechanisms are involved, paving the way for future research into these undiscovered processes and their potential inheritance across generations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Exclusive Feature Papers of Quantum Reports in 2024–2025)

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11 pages, 265 KB

Open AccessArticle

Exploring the Association Between Positive and Negative Social Support and Spiritual Well-Being: Results from the National Survey of American Life

by Shaila M. Strayhorn-Carter, Brook E. Harmon, Latrice C. Pichon and Michelle Y. Martin

Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22(11), 1660; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22111660 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Previous studies have found that support that is uplifting in nature (i.e., positive social support) can have a positive influence on the spiritual well-being of individuals with chronic diseases. However, few studies have explored positive and negative social support’s (i.e., the individual receiving the support feeling unsupported) impact. The purpose of this study is to assess the relationship between positive and negative social support and spiritual well-being among individuals of African descent with chronic illnesses. Survey items that focused on positive and negative social support as well as spiritual well-being were obtained from a secondary dataset, the National Survey of American Life. Missing imputation models were adjusted by demographic characteristics (gender, age, income, education, marital status, employment, length of stay in the U.S., insurance, and religious service attendance). Findings from the analysis revealed a positive association between positive social support and spiritual well-being (β: 0.07, SE: 0.01, p < 0.0001). No significant associations were observed between negative social support and spiritual well-being (β: 0.01, SE: 0.01, p = 0.51). Future researchers should continue to explore the impact of social support on the spiritual well-being of individuals of African descent through the implementation of a culturally tailored program designed to reduce chronic diseases within this population. Full article

19 pages, 2598 KB

Open AccessArticle

Enhancing Shuttle–Pedestrian Communication: An Exploratory Evaluation of External HMI Systems Including Participants Experienced in Interacting with Automated Shuttles

by My Weidel, Sara Nygårdhs, Mattias Forsblad and Simon Schütte

Future Transp. 2025, 5(4), 153; https://doi.org/10.3390/futuretransp5040153 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates four developed external Human–Machine Interface (eHMI) concepts for automated shuttles, focusing on improving communication with other road users, mainly pedestrians and cyclists. Without a human driver to signal intentions, eHMI systems can play a crucial role in conveying the shuttle’s movements and future path, fostering safety and trust. The four eHMI systems’ purple light projections, emotional eyes, auditory alerts, and informative text were tested in a virtual reality (VR) environment. Participant evaluations were collected using an approach inspired by Kansei engineering and Likert scales. Results show that auditory alerts and informative text-eHMI are most appreciated, with participants finding them relatively clear and easy to understand. In contrast, purple light projections were hard to see in daylight, and emotional eyes were often misinterpreted. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified three key factors for eHMI success: predictability, endangerment, and practicality. The findings underscore the need for intuitive, simple, and predictable designs, particularly in the absence of a driver. This study highlights how eHMI systems can support the integration of automated shuttles into public transport. It offers insights into design features that improve road safety and user experience, recommending further research on long-term effectiveness in real-world traffic conditions. Full article

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30 pages, 7381 KB

Open AccessArticle

Challenges and Opportunities of Bacterial Vaccines as Alternatives to Antimicrobials in Swine Health Management: Insights from U.S. Veterinarians

by Xirui Zhang, Danqin Li, Michael D. Apley, Locke Karriker, Joseph F. Connor, Corinne Bromfield, Jordan T. Gebhardt, Brian Lubbers, Hatem Kittana, Dustin Pendell, Rachel Madera, Nina Muro, Aidan Craig, Brooke Shenkenberg, Yuzhen Li, Lihua Wang and Jishu Shi

Pathogens 2025, 14(11), 1113; https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens14111113 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a significant global health concern, and the use of antibiotics in livestock, including swine production, is a major contributor. Vaccines offer a promising alternative for controlling bacterial infections in pigs, but their widespread use is often hindered by biological, economic, and practical challenges. This study surveyed U.S. swine veterinarians to identify which bacterial diseases require better vaccines and to understand the barriers to their adoption. Nineteen veterinarians with an average of 24.7 years of experience were surveyed across 21 states. The results identified Streptococcus suis, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, and Glaesserella parasuis as the most critical pathogens needing improved vaccines. Veterinarians anticipated significant improvements in vaccine efficacy for S. suis and E. coli during the nursery stage and expressed a willingness to pay 1.8 and 1.9 times their current prices, respectively. While expectations for M. hyo vaccine improvements were not significant, veterinarians expressed the highest willingness to pay (4.2 times the current price), citing the potential for disease eradication. This research highlights that developing effective vaccines for S. suis and E. coli should be the most urgent priority due to their significant economic impact and rising AMR concerns. However, M. hyo vaccine development holds the most economic potential due to the possibility of eradication. Our research provides a roadmap for future efforts to combat AMR in the swine industry, emphasizing key economic, policy, and educational considerations for successful vaccine implementation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancing Vaccine Strategies and Technologies for Controlling Swine Infectious Diseases)

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17 pages, 2161 KB

Open AccessReview

Progress in the Determination of Resorcinol Using Electrochemical Method

by Chellakannu Rajkumar, Khursheed Ahmad, Shanmugam Vignesh and Tae Hwan Oh

Biosensors 2025, 15(11), 723; https://doi.org/10.3390/bios15110723 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Phenolic compounds such as resorcinol (RS) have negative impacts on aquatic life, the environment, and human health. Thus, it is necessary to develop sensing devices for the monitoring of RS. The electrochemical method is one of the most significant approaches for the determination of toxic substances. In electrochemical methods, electrode modifiers play a vital role and affect the sensing performance of the electrochemical sensors. Thus, the selection of efficient electrode material is of great importance. In recent years, various electrode modifiers such as graphene, metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), MXenes, metal oxides, polymers, and composite materials have been extensively used for the fabrication of RS sensors. In this review, we have summarized the reported electrode modifiers for the fabrication of RS electrochemical sensors. Various electrochemical sensing techniques, including differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), amperometry (Amp), cyclic voltammetry (CV), and linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) have been discussed. This review provides an overview of a large number of electrode modifiers for the determination of RS. The limitations, challenges, and future perspectives for RS sensors are discussed. We believe that the present review article is beneficial for the scientific community and electrochemists working on the construction of RS sensors. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Materials for Biosensing Applications)

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23 pages, 2004 KB

Open AccessReview

Radiation Necrosis in Neuro-Oncology: Diagnostic Complexity and Precision Radiotherapy Strategies

by Laura Mittelman, James Duehr, Jacob S. Kazmi, Luis O. Vargas, Nora Donahue, John Chen, Sandra Leskinen, Shoaib A. Syed, A. Gabriella Wernicke and Randy S. D’Amico

Cancers 2025, 17(21), 3542; https://doi.org/10.3390/cancers17213542 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: Radiation necrosis (RN) is a delayed and potentially debilitating complication of radiotherapy for central nervous system (CNS) tumors. It presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to the variable clinical manifestations and overlap with tumor recurrence. Although advances in radiotherapy have improved tumor control, RN remains incompletely understood and inadequately addressed. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on RN pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic strategies, and management approaches. Methods: A literature search was conducted for English-language literature published between January 1990 and December 2024. Studies were included if they addressed RN incidence, diagnosis, treatment, or novel preventive strategies in CNS tumor populations. Relevant findings were synthesized to produce a narrative review summarizing pathophysiology, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies. Results: RN results from radiation-induced neurovascular injury, inflammation, and vessel permeability, with incidence ranging from 3 to 26% depending on tumor type, location, and treatment parameters. Risk is influenced by dose, fractionation, cumulative exposure, re-irradiation, and adjuvant therapies. Advanced modalities such as SRS, HFSRT, brachytherapy, proton therapy, and IORT reduce but do not eliminate RN risk. Diagnosis remains challenging despite advanced MRI and PET techniques, with histopathology as the gold standard. Management includes corticosteroids, bevacizumab, surgery, LITT, and experimental therapies. Connectomics-based planning shows promise in minimizing RN by sparing critical brain networks. Conclusions: RN is a clinically significant and multifactorial complication of CNS radiotherapy. Precision treatment modalities and advanced imaging have improved prevention and detection, but diagnostic uncertainty and recurrence risk persist. Integration of connectomics into treatment planning may offer future promise of a reduction in RN-related morbidity by preserving structural and functional network integrity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Radiotherapy for the Management of Brain Metastases)

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33 pages, 5642 KB

Open AccessArticle

Feature-Optimized Machine Learning Approaches for Enhanced DDoS Attack Detection and Mitigation

by Ahmed Jamal Ibrahim, Sándor R. Répás and Nurullah Bektaş

Computers 2025, 14(11), 472; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14110472 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks pose a serious risk to the operational stability of a network for companies, often leading to service disruptions and financial damage and a loss of trust and credibility. The increasing sophistication and scale of these threats highlight the pressing need for advanced mitigation strategies. Despite the numerous existing studies on DDoS detection, many rely on large, redundant feature sets and lack validation for real-time applicability, leading to high computational complexity and limited generalization across diverse network conditions. This study addresses this gap by proposing a feature-optimized and computationally efficient ML framework for DDoS detection and mitigation using benchmark dataset. The proposed approach serves as a foundational step toward developing a low complexity model suitable for future real-time and hardware-based implementation. The dataset was systematically preprocessed to identify critical parameters, such as packet length Min, Total Backward Packets, Avg Fwd Segment Size, and others. Several ML algorithms, involving Logistic Regression, Decision Tree, Random Forest, Gradient Boosting, and Cat-Boost, are applied to develop models for detecting and mitigating abnormal network traffic. The developed ML model demonstrates high performance, achieving 99.78% accuracy with Decision Tree and 99.85% with Random Forest, representing improvements of 1.53% and 0.74% compared to previous work, respectively. In addition, the Decision Tree algorithm achieved 99.85% accuracy for mitigation. with an inference time as low as 0.004 s, proving its suitability for identifying DDoS attacks in real time. Overall, this research presents an effective approach for DDoS detection, emphasizing the integration of ML models into existing security systems to enhance real-time threat mitigation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Intrusion Detection and Trust Provisioning in Edge-of-Things Environment)

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16 pages, 3608 KB

Open AccessReview

Reproducibility and Relevance of Acromial Morphology Measurements in Shoulder Pathologies: A Critical Review of the Literature

by Marc Mombellet, Ramy Samargandi and Julien Berhouet

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7760; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217760 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Background: The morphology of the acromion has long been implicated in shoulder pathology, particularly in relation to subacromial impingement and rotator cuff disease. More recently, interest has shifted toward the posterior acromion, with studies examining its potential role in posterior instability, eccentric glenohumeral osteoarthritis, and massive rotator cuff tears. Methods: A critical literature review of nine studies assessing sagittal acromial tilt, posterior coverage, and acromial height was conducted, emphasizing reproducibility and clinical significance across different shoulder disorders. Results: In posterior instability and eccentric osteoarthritis, the acromion is generally described as more horizontally oriented, less covering posteriorly, and positioned higher. Conversely, in massive cuff tears, it tends to appear more posteriorly covering without consistent change in tilt. Although these trends suggest a possible biomechanical role for the acromion, reported values vary widely between studies, and significant overlap exists between pathological and control groups. Such variability is compounded by differences in imaging modality, definitions of anatomical landmarks, and the frequent reduction of three-dimensional structures into two-dimensional projections. These methodological inconsistencies undermine reproducibility and limit the clinical applicability of posterior acromial parameters. Conclusions: Posterior acromial morphology appears to influence shoulder biomechanics, but existing measurements should be considered population-level markers rather than diagnostic thresholds. Future research should adopt standardized, three-dimensional, pathology-independent reference models anchored to stable scapular landmarks and validated across imaging modalities to improve reproducibility and clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Orthopedics)

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20 pages, 2856 KB

Open AccessArticle

Overview of Cement Bond Evaluation Methods in Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) Projects—A Review

by Paulus Tangke Allo, Reza Rezaee and Michael B. Clennell

Eng 2025, 6(11), 303; https://doi.org/10.3390/eng6110303 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Cement bond evaluation helps check wellbore integrity and zonal isolation in carbon capture, utilisation, and storage (CCUS) projects. This overview describes various cement bond evaluation methods, focusing on acoustic logging and ultrasonic imaging tools supplemented by emerging data-driven interpretation techniques. Their advantages, limitations, and recent advancements are described with illustrative example on ultrasonic-image-based machine learning classifier that detect microannulus. Key research gaps remain in field-scale validation of long-term cement behaviour and in establishing comprehensive 3-D bond-strength benchmarks. To address these gaps, this review recommends (i) creating an open, standardised ML dataset for CCUS well logs, (ii) adopting best-practice pressure-monitoring protocols during and after injection, and (iii) integrating ML analytics with advanced modelling while exploring alternative binder systems. The next step is to test these ML models on real CO₂-storage well data, paving the way toward more reliable cement-bond integrity assessments in future CCUS projects. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Chemical, Civil and Environmental Engineering)

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17 pages, 873 KB

Open AccessArticle

Building Resilient Destinations: Spatial Mapping and Analysis of Potential Therapeutic Milieus in Hungary

by Brigitta Pécsek and Ádám Gyurkó

Tour. Hosp. 2025, 6(5), 226; https://doi.org/10.3390/tourhosp6050226 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

This study aims to advance knowledge in the concept of therapeutic milieus by connecting nature, spirituality, and health to develop sustainable destinations. It combines the advantages of a conceptual paper and a multi-case study, offering a range of solutions demonstrated with three types of settlements: a county capital, a middle-sized town, and a small town. The GIS analysis identified several areas where the co-existence of thermal water, sacred sites, and verdant landscapes is in abundance, and five potential study areas were selected. Additional selection criteria included the GDP of the counties, visitation data, and synergy potential. Field work using field notes and photographs reconfirmed the results of the mapping and found unique value propositions that could enhance the value of health tourism. The theoretical research suggested three areas with synergy potential: culture, gastronomy, and sports. Based on the findings, a framework for therapeutic milieus showing three different scenarios was prepared. As for the economic and social implications, the research highlighted that adopting a multidisciplinary approach, incorporating insights from geography, cultural studies, and psychology, could make destinations more resilient, thus benefiting both tourists and locals. This study represents a substantial contribution to the milieu theories by incorporating natural, cultural, and spiritual elements into a flexible framework for therapeutic milieus. Future research may explore therapeutic milieus outside the Christian context or investigate the demand side. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Destination Resilience and Innovation for Advanced Sustainable Tourism Management)

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17 pages, 267 KB

Open AccessArticle

“They Can’t Do That; This Is MY Iowa”: Refugees and Belonging in the Midwest

by Brady G’sell

Genealogy 2025, 9(4), 118; https://doi.org/10.3390/genealogy9040118 (registering DOI) - 1 Nov 2025

Abstract

Refugees are a growing population in the state of Iowa. Many arrive through the state’s resettlement agencies, yet far more are secondary migrants—those placed elsewhere who voluntarily resettled in Iowa. Even amidst dominant discourses that either vilify immigrants or exclude them from the state narrative, refugees often hold strong claims to their new homeland. Drawing upon two years of ethnographic fieldwork with African refugees, this paper considers how, and under what terms, these new Iowans claim belonging. How are they building satisfying lives for themselves and their families? Where do they place themselves in Iowa’s present and future? Dominant narratives about the American Midwest in general and Iowa in particular, characterize the region as homogenously white and ideologically provincial and insular. I contend that African refugees are producing counternarratives about the region as (1) a place of opportunity, even for Black folks, (2) a place where anti-Black African racism and islamophobia are comparatively less harsh and (3) a place where they have built communities of support. In their responses to the persistent question, “why Iowa” I argue, that African refugees are authoring new narratives for understanding the American Midwest. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue (Re)Centering Midwest Refugee Resettlement and Home)

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