Search Results (538)

The objective of this study was to enhance the tracking effectiveness of the position adjustment for the electronic throttle in electric vehicles, as well as boost fuel efficiency and the dynamic performance of the vehicles. Firstly, a mathematical model, which pertains to the electronic throttle system, is established, and subsequently, the nonlinear uncertain system is made into a linear uncertain system. Subsequently, a self-coupling PID control law is designed, and an analysis is conducted on the system’s stability and its capacity to reject disturbances. Secondly, taking into consideration that the parameters of the PID controller with self-coupling mechanism are related to the system’s response speed, disturbance rejection capability, and overshoot, a self-adjusting speed factor transition function is put forward to address the conflict between speed and overshoot. Finally, numerical simulations and experimental tests are carried out. The results verify that, compared with the conventional PID controller, ADRC (Active Disturbance Rejection Control), and fuzzy PID, the proposed controller has a faster response speed, higher control accuracy, and better robustness. Full article

A comprehensive roadmap for advancing Electric Micromobility (EMM) systems addressing the fragmented and scarce information available in the field is defined as a transformative solution for urban transportation, targeting short-distance trips with compact, lightweight vehicles under 350 kg and maximum speeds of 45 km/h, such as bicycles, e-scooters, and skateboards, which offer flexible, eco-friendly alternatives to traditional transportation, easing congestion and promoting sustainable urban mobility ecosystems. This review aims to guide researchers by consolidating key technical insights and offering a foundation for future exploration in this domain. It examines critical components of EMM systems, including electric motors, batteries, power converters, and control strategies. Likewise, a comparative analysis of electric motors, such as PMSM, BLDC, SRM, and IM, highlights their unique advantages for micromobility applications. Battery technologies, including Lithium Iron Phosphate, Nickel Manganese Cobalt, Nickel-Cadmium, Sodium-Sulfur, Lithium-Ion and Sodium-Ion, are evaluated with a focus on energy density, efficiency, and environmental impact. The study delves deeply into power converters, emphasizing their critical role in optimizing energy flow and improving system performance. Furthermore, control techniques like PID, fuzzy logic, sliding mode, and model predictive control (MPC) are analyzed to enhance safety, efficiency, and adaptability in diverse EMM scenarios by using cutting-edge semiconductor devices like Silicon Carbide (SiC) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) in well-known configurations, such as buck, boost, buck–boost, and bidirectional converters to ensure great efficiency, reduce energy losses, and ensure compact and reliable designs. Ultimately, this review not only addresses existing gaps in the literature but also provides a guide for researchers, outlining future research directions to foster innovation and contribute to the development of sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly urban transportation systems. Full article

This paper aims to solve the problems of poor mobility, passability, and stability in heavy-duty vehicles, and proposes an active suspension system control strategy based on position–force feedback optimal control to coordinately enhance vehicle passability and wheel grounding performance. Firstly, a two-degrees-of-freedom one-sixth vehicle active suspension model and a valve-controlled hydraulic actuator system model are constructed, and the advantages of impedance control in robot compliance control are integrated to analyze their applicability in hydraulic active suspension. Next, a position feedback controller and force feedback LQG optimal controller for fuzzy PID control are designed, the fuzzy PID-LQG (FPL) integrated method is applied to the hydraulic active suspension system, and the dynamic load of the wheel is tracked by impedance control to obtain the spring mass displacement correction. Then, a suspension system model under the excitation of a C-class road surface and a 0.11 m raised road surface is constructed, and the dynamic simulation and comparison of active/passive suspension systems are carried out. The results show that, compared with PS and LQR control, the body vertical acceleration, suspension dynamic deflection, and wheel dynamic load root-mean-square value of the proposed FPL integrated control active suspension are reduced, which can effectively reduce the body vibration and wheel dynamic load and meet the design objectives proposed in this paper, effectively improving vehicle ride comfort, handling stability, passability, and wheel grounding performance. Full article

To enhance peanut sowing depth consistency, an active depth adjustment planter was designed. This study employs inclination and pressure sensors for ridge surface detection, coupled with a hydraulic cylinder and profiling mechanism to dynamically adjust furrow depth according to ground variations. A mathematical model integrating detection, adjustment, and execution processes was established. The control system adopts an improved DLF-Fuzzy PID (double-loop feedback fuzzy PID) control strategy, with co-simulation in MATLAB/AMESIM for performance comparison. The results demonstrate the improved algorithm’s superiority in sowing depth accuracy. Field experiments evaluated three operational parameters (vehicle speed, pressure, and sowing depth) with the qualification rate as the metric. At 50 mm sowing depth and 3 km/h speed, the system achieved a 94.6% dynamic qualification rate and 2.38% maximum depth variation coefficient. Compared with existing methods, this approach enhances sowing depth control effectiveness by 6.05% and reduces variation by 2.85%. Full article

The removal of rust from large equipment such as trains and ship hulls poses a significant challenge. Traditional methods, such as chemical cleaning, flame rust removal, and laser rust removal, suffer from drawbacks such as high energy consumption, operational complexity, and poor mobility. Sandblasting and high-pressure water jet rust removal face issues such as high consumable costs and environmental pollution. Existing robotic grinding systems often rely on precise measurement of the workpiece surface geometry to perform deburring and polishing tasks; however, they lack the sufficient adaptability and robustness required for rust removal operations. To address these limitations, this study proposes a floating grinding actuator scheme based on compound force-position fuzzy control. By implementing simplified path-point planning, continuous grinding and rust removal can be achieved without requiring the pre-measurement of workpiece geometry data. This solution integrates force and laser displacement sensors to provide real-time compensation for path deviations and ensures adaptability to complex surfaces. A fuzzy derivative-leading PID algorithm was employed to control the grinding force, enabling adaptive force regulation and enhancing the control precision. Rust removal test results demonstrate that under varying advancing speeds, fuzzy derivative-leading PID control can significantly reduce fluctuations in both the grinding force and average error compared to traditional PID control. At a speed of 40 mm/s, excellent control performance was maintained, achieving a rust removal rate of 99.73%. This solution provides an efficient, environmentally friendly, and high-precision automated approach to rust removal using large-scale equipment. Full article

To enhance the forming accuracy of circular rolling, this paper proposes a control strategy for compensating the springback of sheet metals by altering the rolling angle. A kinematic model for circular rolling springback compensation is established to monitor the forming radian of the sheet metal in real time. The motor is then controlled to adjust the rolling angle of the sheet metal through a mechanical structure, thereby achieving springback compensation. To realize the precise control required by the springback compensation control strategy, a fuzzy PID controller strategy optimized by the coupled whale particle (CWP) algorithm is designed. The research results indicate that the error between the formed radius and the desired radius in a normal circular rolling experiment is 5.4%, 5.32%, and 5.52%. However, after applying the springback compensation strategy, the error in the circular rolling experiment is reduced to 1.6%, 1.55%, and 1.72%. This demonstrates that the proposed springback compensation strategy for circular rolling effectively improves the accuracy of circular rolling. Full article

This paper proposes an adaptive fuzzy controller based on a switching notch filter to address the rotor unbalance vibration control problem of an active magnetic bearing (AMB) high-speed motor system in the full rotational speed range. Aiming at the complex nonlinear and time-varying characteristics of the AMB rigid rotor system, this study designs an adaptive fuzzy controller (AFC) that obtains fuzzy quantities by blurring the rotor vibration information and vibration rate of change as the input signals and then obtains the fuzzy set through fuzzy reasoning and modifies the parameters of the initial fuzzy controller. The initial fuzzy controller parameters are modified through fuzzy reasoning to improve the control effect and ensure the stable suspension of the rotor during high-speed rotation. At the same time, in order to effectively suppress the vibration of the rotor in high-speed operation due to unbalance and other factors, this paper introduces an adapting notch filter (ANF) as a vibration control strategy on the basis of AFC, and the notch filter is able to monitor the rotor vibration signals and adaptively adjust the center frequency and bandwidth. Finally, the correctness and effectiveness of the adaptive fuzzy controller based on a switching notch filter (AFC-ANF) are verified via simulations and experiments. The simulation results demonstrate that compared to traditional PID control, the AFC reduces the response time by 0.11 s. Under constant-speed operating conditions, the AFC-ANF strategy decreases rotor vibration by 60%, while under variable-speed conditions, it reduces rotor vibration displacement by 40%, showcasing significant vibration suppression effectiveness. This research provides a novel solution for vibration control in magnetic bearing systems, offering both important theoretical significance and practical application value. Full article

This paper introduces a novel approach to frequency regulation in stand-alone synchronous generators by combining particle swarm optimization (PSO) with a Fuzzy PID controller. This study compares three control methods: a programmable logic controller (PLC)-based PID, a Fuzzy PID, and a PSO-Fuzzy PID controller. An experimental setup is implemented using real physical equipment, including an asynchronous motor, a synchronous generator, and various power and control components. The system is monitored and controlled in real-time via an S7-1215 PLC with the TIA Portal V17 interface, and the controllers are designed using MATLAB/Simulink. PLC-MATLAB communication is implemented using the KEPServerEX interface and the OPC UA protocol. The PSO-Fuzzy PID controller demonstrates superior performance, reducing overshoot, undershoot, and settling time compared to the other methods. These results highlight the effectiveness and real-time applicability of the PSO-Fuzzy PID controller for industrial frequency control, especially under varying load conditions and the nonlinear characteristics of the synchronous generator. Full article

To address the dynamic and robust performance limitations of gas turbines in maritime autonomous surface ship applications, this paper proposes a novel nonsmooth fuzzy active disturbance rejection control (NS_FADRC) algorithm. This method combines the strengths of linear active disturbance rejection control (LADRC), nonsmooth control, and fuzzy adaptive control. First, the extended state observer (ESO) is improved by using the nonsmooth control method to enhance its convergence rate and estimation capability, while ensuring finite-time convergence characteristics. Next, fuzzy control logic is integrated to enhance the adaptability of the state error feedback (SEF), overcoming the limitations of traditional SEF in handling nonlinearities. The stability of the proposed control algorithm is further validated using Lyapunov stability analysis. Lastly, a Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) semi-physical simulation platform, based on automatic code generation technology, is developed to validate the algorithm’s performance. Experimental results demonstrate that, compared to the PID, FPID, and LADRC algorithms, the proposed NS_FADRC algorithm provides superior dynamic response during speed step tracking and excellent robust disturbance rejection performance in the presence of load disturbances, parameter uncertainties, and measurement noise. Full article

An enhanced chaotic particle swarm optimization fuzzy PID is introduced to address the hydraulic wind turbine grid-connected speed control conditions. In the enhanced algorithm, a Circle chaotic mapping is combined with particle swarm optimization (PSO) to prevent PSO from becoming trapped in local optima. Moreover, a linear inertia weight reduction strategy is integrated to harmonize the algorithm’s capacity for expansive exploration and meticulous exploitation. Then, the enhanced algorithm is utilized to adjust and perfect the configuration variables within the fuzzy PID system. Based on the optimization, speed characteristics of the variable motor are analyzed. Simulation results show that when the swash plate angle factor varies within a specific range, the variable motor speed is only related to the quantitative pump speed. When the input speed of the quantitative pump changes in a step from 400 to 500 r/min, the enhanced CPSO fuzzy PID control approach reduces ascension time by 40% and 76%, and settling time by 80% and 76%, compared to the fuzzy PID and PSO fuzzy PID control approaches, respectively. When the input speed changes in a step from 500 to 600 r/min, the approach reduces ascension time by 25% and 72%, and settling time by 80% and 72%, respectively. When the input speed varies within a range of 400–500 r/min, the approach reduces ascension time by 37.5% and 80%, and settling time by 83% and 80%, respectively. And the enhanced CPSO fuzzy PID speed-control system exhibits no overshoot. Therefore, the enhanced CPSO fuzzy PID algorithm enhances the quantitative pump-motor system’s stability and rapidity, meeting hydraulic wind turbine grid-connected speed-control needs. Full article

The development of heave compensation systems in marine engineering and deep-sea mining applications is analyzed, and their functional requirements and key features are summarized. Based on this analysis, a system is proposed that uses flexible joints to compensate for pitch and roll motion, along with a single-chamber valve-controlled compensation cylinder with a high-pressure accumulator to compensate for heave motion. An active heave compensation system based on this design is studied using a fuzzy PID control method. A dynamic model of the system is then established for this control system. Numerical simulations are carried out to evaluate the control process and performance under different sea conditions. The results show that the proposed heave compensation system offers distinct advantages such as a simple and compact structure, minimal deck space requirements on the mining vessel, and large compensation angles for both pitch and roll. Furthermore, the use of a fuzzy PID control method for heave compensation achieves a relatively good compensation effect, and can be adapted to varying sea conditions. Full article

This paper systematically reviews research progress in semi-active suspension systems for agricultural machinery seats, focusing on key technologies and methods to enhance ride comfort. First, through an analysis of the comfort evaluation indicators and constraints of seat suspension systems, the current applications of variable stiffness and damping components, as well as semi-active control technologies, are outlined. Second, a comparative analysis of single control methods (such as PID control, fuzzy control, and sliding mode control) and composite control methods (such as fuzzy PID control, intelligent algorithm-based integrated control, and fuzzy sliding mode control) is conducted, with control mechanisms explained using principle block diagrams. Furthermore, key technical challenges in current research are summarized, including dynamic characteristic optimization design, adaptability to complex operating environments, and the robustness of control algorithms. Further research could explore the refinement of composite control strategies, the integrated application of intelligent materials, and the development of intelligent vibration damping technologies. This paper provides theoretical references for the optimization design and engineering practice of agricultural machinery suspension systems. Full article

To achieve fast and stable scanning on lightweight shipborne electro-optical platforms, we propose a rotating dual-grating two-dimensional scanning system with inertial navigation feedforward and Fuzzy PID control. First, a two-dimensional scanning model using rotating dual grating with inertial navigation feedforward technology was proposed; in that system, the required positional information for the two gratings is determined based on the target location data. Then, the scanning model was combined with the Fuzzy PID algorithm to design a servo system controller that controls the dual gratings to perform beam deflection and scanning, then simulation. Finally, an experimental platform was built for validation. Under a sea-surface disturbance of 10° at 0.1 Hz, the scanning error of the entire process was controlled within 0.328 mrad (RMS) and the scanning of a 15° (half-angle) circular region was completed within 28 s. Compared with traditional control systems, significant improvements were achieved, with the scanning accuracy increased by more than 40.85% and the scanning speed improved by over 21.42%. This paper provides a reference for the application of a rotating dual grating electro-optical scanning platform on shipborne platforms. Full article

Type-1 fuzzy PID controllers are widely used in industrial control systems due to their well-established theoretical foundation, simplicity of structure, and ease of operation. However, as control systems become increasingly complex and demands for higher control performance intensify, the limitations of Type-1 fuzzy controllers become more apparent. Additionally, the difficulty in tuning PID parameters and the inability to adjust these parameters online as the controlled system changes further constrain the effectiveness of traditional PID controllers. To address these challenges, this paper introduces a generalized Type-2 fuzzy logic control approach. The generalized Type-2 fuzzy controller extends the capabilities of interval Type-2 fuzzy controllers, offering enhanced ability to handle higher-order uncertainties. Moreover, the integration of memristor devices enables online adaptive tuning of controller parameters. By combining the generalized Type-2 fuzzy logic with memristor-based PID control, a novel memristor-based controller was designed, which allows for real-time adaptive adjustment of the controller parameters. Theoretical analysis is followed by simulations and experimental validation. The results demonstrate that the proposed memristor-based controller with generalized Type-2 fuzzy logic exhibits superior robustness. Specifically, when evaluated using the Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) performance index, the controller achieves improvements of 65.9% and 40.2% compared to traditional PID and Type-1 fuzzy PID controllers, respectively. These findings confirm the excellent tracking performance and robustness of the proposed control system. Full article

To address the challenges of low efficiency and poor quality in the transplantation of the roots and stems of Chinese medicinal herbs, an electromechanical control system for Chinese medicinal herb transplantation was studied. The electronic control system employs an STM32 single-chip microcomputer as the main controller, utilizes a Hall sensor to capture the movement speed of the transplanter, employs an encoder to monitor the working speed of the DC drum motor and provide feedback to the system, and drives a belt conveyor for transplanter movement using a DC drum motor. The fuzzy PID algorithm is used to adjust the speed of the DC drum in real time based on the difference between the captured speed and the actual monitored speed, ensuring precise matching between the transplanting operation speed and the transplanter movement speed. The control system was simulated using Matlab/Simulink 2022b software. Compared to the traditional PID control algorithm, the steady-state error was reduced by 36.41%, the steady-state time was shortened by 47.26%, the response time was shorter, there was no overshoot, and the robustness was good. Based on the simulation test, a real machine-verification experiment was conducted. The test results indicated that, when operated at the forward speeds corresponding to the low-speed first gear (Low 1) and low-speed second gear (Low 2), the Codonopsis pilosula seedlings exhibited the following characteristics: the exposed seedling rate was 1.1% and 1.5%, the injured seedling rate was 0.5% and 0.7%, the unplanted rate was 1.6% and 2.2%, and the transplant qualification rate was 96.8% and 95.6%, respectively. Similarly, for Astragalus membranaceus seedlings at these speeds, the corresponding rates were as follows: the exposed seedling rate was 1.3% and 1.9%, the injured seedling rate was 0.4% and 0.5%, the unplanted rate was 0.8% and 1.2%, and the transplant qualification rate was 97.5% and 96.4%, respectively. Both results met the design requirements. This study lays a theoretical and technical foundation for controlling the transplanting speed, improving the transplanting accuracy, and promoting the mechanized development of transplantation in traditional Chinese medicine. Full article