Search Results (247)

Background: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of mortality in obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Conventional biomarkers often fail to detect early endothelial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Haptoglobin (Hp), an acute-phase protein with antioxidant and hemoglobin-binding properties, may indicate vascular injury. While plasma Hp (pl-Hp) reflects systemic inflammation, urinary Hp (u-Hp) could signal renal and microvascular damage. We hypothesize that elevated u-Hp and altered pl-Hp levels are associated with increased oxidized LDL and may serve as sensitive indicators of early vascular injury, thereby identifying obese patients with T2DM at higher cardiovascular risk. This study aims to investigate the associations between u-Hp, pl-Hp, and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in obese patients with T2DM, and to evaluate the potential role of Hp as an early biomarker of cardiovascular risk in this high-risk population. Methods and Results: The study included 57 patients with T2DM (mean age 61 ± 10 years, HbA1c 8.66 ± 1.60%, and BMI 35.15 ± 6.65 kg/m²). Notably, 95% of the patients had hypertension, 82% had dyslipidemia, and 59% had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 60 mL/min/1.73 m². Pl-Hp and u-Hp concentrations, as well as ox-LDL levels, were assessed using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Correlations and multivariate regression analyses were employed to investigate the associations between Hp, ox-LDL, and clinical cardiovascular risk factors. Pl-Hp was positively correlated with ox-LDL (r = 0.358, p < 0.006) and negatively correlated with C-reactive protein (CRP) (r = −0.364, p < 0.013), while u-Hp correlated positively with HbA1C and apoB levels (r = 0.298, p < 0.030 and r = 0.310, p < 0.021, respectively). Multivariate analysis indicated that pl-Hp, but not u-Hp, was independently associated with ox-LDL (β = 0.536, p < 0.027) after adjusting for potential confounding factors, including age, gender, BMI, HbA1c, liver enzymes, hs-CRP and creatinine. The Stepwise analysis identified IL-6 as the most significant predictor of cardiovascular disease risk, suggesting its pivotal role in subclinical vascular inflammation among obese individuals with T2DM. Furthermore, the significant positive association between pl-Hp and ox-LDL was stronger in patients with declining renal function as expressed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²: β = 2.173, p < 0.031 and eGFR 30–59 mL/min/1.73 m²: β = 1.318, p < 0.002). This association also appeared in early and low-normal ranges of serum albumin: creatinine ratio (s-ACR) (s-ACR < 0.2714 mg/mmol: β = 2.304, p < 0.005 and s-ACR 0.2714–0.3649 mg/mmol: β = 1.000, p < 0.041), suggesting that pl-Hp and ox-LDL rise before overt kidney damage. Elevated IL-6 (≥32.93 pg/mL) further strengthened this link (β = 1.037, p < 0.005), highlighting the role of inflammation in amplifying oxidative stress and acute-phase responses. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings emphasize the interconnected contributions of renal impairment, inflammation, and oxidative stress to vascular injury. While these results need to be confirmed in larger prospective longitudinal studies, monitoring pl-Hp levels in conjunction with inflammatory and kidney function markers could be a sensitive and non-invasive way to identify early CVD risk in high-risk groups, such as obese patients with T2DM. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute myocardial infarction with ST-segment elevation (STEMI) remains a clinical condition with high mortality. The Ion Shift Index (ISI) and Naples Prognostic Score (NPS) are two prognostic indicators that have recently come to the fore. The aim of this study is to compare the predictive value of ISI and NPS in predicting in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients. Methods: This retrospective study included 214 STEMI patients (1 January 2022–1 January 2024). Exclusion criteria included active cancer, infection, autoimmune disease, or chronic kidney disease. ISI and NPS were calculated from laboratory results obtained from the emergency department at the time of initial presentation. Patients were categorized according to in-hospital survival. Logistic regression and ROC curve analyses were performed for in-hospital mortality. Results: The mean age of participants was 64.8 ± 11.2 years, and 40.2% were female; a total of 36 patients (16.8%) died during hospitalization. Hypertension and female gender were more common in those who died, and LDL cholesterol and inflammatory markers were higher. The ISI value was significantly increased in the mortality group, whereas no significant difference was observed in NPS. ROC analysis revealed that at a threshold value of 3.0, ISI had a sensitivity of 68% and specificity of 71%, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.70, while NPS had an AUC of 0.55 and did not demonstrate significant discriminatory power. In the multivariate analysis, ISI and increased LDL cholesterol were independently associated with mortality; decreased lymphocyte/monocyte ratio and female gender were also additional independent predictors. NPS did not emerge as an independent factor in predicting in-hospital mortality. Conclusions: ISI was found to be a superior and independent early risk predictor of in-hospital mortality in STEMI patients compared to NPS. ISI may serve as a rapid and inexpensive risk classification tool in the acute phase, as it reflects sudden changes in intracellular–extracellular ion balance, whereas NPS may not be sufficiently sensitive in the hyperacute phase, as its components reflect chronic nutritional and inflammatory states. Due to limitations such as a single-center retrospective design and low mortality rates, validation through multicenter prospective studies is required for the integration of ISI into clinical practice. Full article

Introduction: Major depressive disorder (MDD) is more prevalent in women, but men with MDD may experience higher suicide risk and a different symptom profile. This study investigates the subjective impact of MDD on health-related quality of life (HR-QoL) in males and females. Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a representative sample from six Italian regions. MDD diagnoses were determined through semi-structured clinical interviews, and HR-QoL was assessed using the SF-12 questionnaire. Mania, hypomania, and subthreshold hypomanic symptoms were evaluated using the Mood Disorder Questionnaire (MDQ). Results: Women had a higher prevalence of MDD (6.2%) than men (3.5%). However, men with MDD showed significantly lower HR-QoL scores compared to non-depressed males, with a greater difference than that observed in women. No significant sex differences emerged in psychiatric comorbidities, but men showed a trend toward higher MDQ positivity, possibly indicating a different depressive phenotype. Conclusions: Although less frequently diagnosed in men, MDD appears to have a stronger perceived impact on quality of life in males. This finding may reflect under-recognized symptoms such as irritability, hyperactivity, and social rhythm dysregulation. Gender-sensitive screening and intervention strategies are essential to improve early detection and reduce the untreated burden of depression in men, ultimately supporting more equitable mental health outcomes. Full article

This study examined the spatial and seasonal variations of trihalomethanes (THMs) and estimated the health risks associated with THM exposure in drinking water through various pathways. Water samples were collected from 14 distribution districts connected to the Ulutan Distribution System (UDS) and the Süleyman Bey Distribution System (SDS), which supply drinking water to Zonguldak Province, Türkiye. THMs were measured using the USEPA 551 method. The median total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) ranged from 41 μg/L to 71 μg/L, which is below the Turkish drinking water standard of 100 μg/L. Chloroform (TCM) was the most common trihalomethane in all distribution networks in UDS and SDS. On the other hand, pre-ozonation oxidation after chlorination in SDS disinfection caused the contribution of brominated THMs (62%) to THM formation to be higher than that of TCM (38%). The study on cancer risk reveals that ingestion (96%) poses the greatest risk of the investigated pathways, followed by dermal contact (3.95%), while inhalation has been found to have a negligible effect. The highest and lowest median TTHMs occurred during winter and summer. The findings of the study show that the distribution areas of Kozlu, Ömerli, Topçalı, and Uzunçayır, for both genders, exhibit an unacceptable cancer risk level according to the criteria established by the USEPA (>10⁻⁴). Bromodichloromethane (BDCM) and chlorodibromomethane (DBCM) are the main contributors to cancer risk for males and females in UDS and SDS. The hazard index (HI) data indicated that the HI value remained below one for both UDS and SDS. Sensitivity analysis of THMs demonstrated that exposure frequency (EF) was the primary parameter contributing to the maximum potential impact on the total cancer risk exposure frequency (EF), followed by body weight (BW) and exposure duration (ED). Further, the results provide valuable information for health departments and water management authorities, enabling the formulation of more specific and efficient policies to minimise THM levels in drinking water distribution networks. Full article

In an era when AI systems curate increasingly fine-grained aspects of everyday media use, understanding algorithmic fatigue and resistance is essential for safeguarding user agency. Within the horizon of a more algorithmic and hyper-personalized advertising environment, knowing how people resist algorithmic advertising is of immediate importance. This research formulates and examines a structural resistance model for algorithmic advertising, combining psychological and cognitive predictors such as perceived ad fatigue (PAF), digital well-being (DWB), advertising literacy (ADL), and perceived relevance (PR). Based on a cross-sectional survey of 637 participants, the research employs Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) and mediation and multi-group analysis to uncover overall processes and group-specific resistance profiles. Findings show that DWB, ADL, and PR are strong positive predictors of resistance to persuasion, while PAF has no direct effect. PAF has significant indirect influences through both PR and ADL, with full mediation providing support for the cognitive filter function of resistance. DWB demonstrates partial mediation, indicating that it has influence both directly and through enhanced literacy and relevance attribution. Multi-group analysis also indicates that there are notable differences in terms of age, gender, education, social media consumption, ad skipping, and occurrence of digital burnout. Interestingly, younger users and those who have higher digital fatigue are more sensitive to cognitive mediators, whereas gender and education level play a moderating role in the effect of well-being and literacy on resistance pathways. The research provides theory-informed, scalable theory to enhance the knowledge of online resistance. Practical implications are outlined for policymakers, marketers, educators, and developers of digital platforms based on the extent to which psychological resilience and media literacy underpin user agency. In charting resistance contours, this article seeks to maintain the voice of the user in a world growing increasingly algorithmic. Full article

Business financing involves supplying funds or capital to initiate, expand, or maintain a business. This study investigates entrepreneurial funding in South Africa, emphasizing microloans, venture capital, and gender-sensitive grants as tools to facilitate inclusive business growth. Using a qualitative desktop research methodology, this study relies on policy documents, institutional reports, and peer-reviewed studies to assess how these funding strategies tackle access barriers for marginalized populations, specifically women, youth, and rural entrepreneurs. Guided by Access to Finance Theory, Gender Finance Theory, and Innovation Ecosystems Theory, this study indicates that microloans offer immediate funding for informal businesses but show minimal long-term effects without additional assistance. Venture capital promotes rapid innovation, yet it is predominantly based in urban regions and unattainable for underrepresented populations. Grants that address gender issues foster equity but are obstructed by institutional fragmentation and insufficient scale. The results highlight the necessity for unified financing frameworks that merge financial and non-financial assistance, facilitating scalable and inclusive business ventures. Policy suggestions involve aligning public financing tools with the National Integrated Small Enterprise Development Masterplan, integrating gender-sensitive budgeting frameworks, and utilizing digital financial platforms to enhance access. Future studies should utilize mixed-methods or longitudinal approaches to assess the ongoing developmental effects of coordinated financing models within the South African setting. Full article

We developed and validated an animation-based assessment (ABA) method for evaluating high school students’ inquiry competencies in Taiwan’s 12-Year Curriculum. Contextualized in atmospheric chemistry involving methane and hydroxyl radicals, ABA integrated dynamic simulations, tiered multiple-choice and open-ended tasks, and process tracking on the CloudClassRoom platform, the assessment focused on measuring two inquiry skills: causal reasoning and critical thinking. The results of 26,823 students revealed that the ABA effectively differentiated student performance across ability levels and academic disciplines, with open-ended items sensitive to higher-order reasoning. Gender difference was not observed, indicating the gender-free design of the developed ABA. While the ABA supports diagnostic insights, limitations need to be addressed, including the underassessment of modeling and creative experimentation skills. Therefore, it is necessary to include open modeling tasks and AI-powered semantic scoring. The developed ABA contributes a scalable, competency-aligned framework for inquiry-based science assessments. Full article

The accurate perception of visual stimuli in human–machine systems is crucial for improving system safety, usability, and task performance. The widespread adoption of digital technology has significantly increased the importance of visual interfaces and information. Therefore, it is essential to design visual interfaces and information with user characteristics in mind to ensure accurate perception of visual information. This study employed the Cognitive Perceptual Assessment for Driving (CPAD) to evaluate and compare gender differences in the ability to perceive visual signals within complex visual stimuli. The experimental setup included a computer with CPAD installed, along with a touch monitor, mouse, joystick, and keyboard. The participants included 11 male and 20 female students, with an average age of 22 for males and 21 for females. Prior to the experiment, participants were instructed to determine whether a signal stimulus was present: if a square, presented as the signal, was included in the visual stimulus, they moved the joystick to the left; otherwise, they moved it to the right. Each participant performed a total of 40 trials. The entire experiment was recorded on video to measure overall response times. The experiment measured the number of correct detections of signal presence, response times, the number of misses (failing to detect the signal when present), and false alarms (detecting the signal when absent). The analysis of experimental data revealed no significant differences in perceptual ability or response times for visual stimuli between genders. However, males demonstrated slightly superior perceptual ability and marginally shorter response times compared to females. Analyses of sensitivity and response bias, based on signal detection theory, also indicated a slightly higher perceptual ability in males. In conclusion, although these differences were not statistically significant, males demonstrated a slightly better perception ability for visual stimuli. The findings of this study can inform the design of information, user interfaces, and visual displays in human–machine systems, particularly in light of the recent trend of increased female participation in the industrial sector. Future research will focus on diverse types of visual information to further validate these findings. Full article

Background: Amid growing concerns about climate crisis and its psychological toll, understanding how people find meaning through their connection to nature is increasingly important. The first aim of this study is to examine the association between Nature Relatedness (NR) and Meaning in Life (MIL). The second aim is to investigate if gender moderates this association and to explore how Jewish traditions influence gender differences in this relationship. Methods: A multi-methods design was employed. Participants were recruited through purposive sampling of prominent Jewish community figures, followed by snowball sampling via informant referrals. Thirty-five participants completed the Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ) and the NR Scale. Two questions provided qualitative insights into participants’ personal interpretations and culturally grounded meanings of NR and MIL in the context of climate change and Jewish traditions. Results: Hierarchical multiple regression analyses assessed the main effects of NR and gender, as well as their interaction, on MLQ subscales. NR positively correlated with the MLQ Search dimension, indicating that individuals with stronger NR actively seek meaning in life. Gender moderated this relationship: NR did not correlate with MLQ Presence overall, but higher NR was linked to greater MIL presence among female participants. Thematic analysis of qualitative responses revealed gender-based variations and emphasized the role of Jewish teachings in connecting NR to cultural and religious practices. Conclusions: The findings point to the importance of cultural, religious, and gender factors in shaping the relationship between NR and MIL in a time of climate change crisis, offering implications for positive mental health research and culturally sensitive interventions. Full article

Introduction: Congestive heart failure (CHF), a complex clinical syndrome characterized by the heart’s inability to pump blood effectively due to structural or functional impairments, is a growing public health concern, with profound implications for patients’ physical and emotional well-being. In India, the burden of CHF is rising due to aging demographics and increasing prevalence of lifestyle-related risk factors. Among the subtypes of CHF, heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), i.e., heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction of ≥50% with evidence of spontaneous or provokable increased left ventricular filling pressure, and heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), i.e., heart failure with left ventricular ejection fraction of 40% or less and is accompanied by progressive left ventricular dilatation and adverse cardiac remodeling, may present differing impacts on health-related quality of life (HRQoL), i.e., an individual’s or a group’s perceived physical and mental health over time, yet comparative data remains limited. This study assesses HRQoL among CHF patients using the Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), one of the most widely used health-related quality of life questionnaires for patients with heart failure based on physical and emotional dimensions and identifies sociodemographic and clinical variables influencing these outcomes. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted among 233 CHF patients receiving inpatient and outpatient care at the Department of Cardiology at a quaternary care teaching hospital in coastal Karnataka in India. Participants were enrolled using convenience sampling. HRQoL was evaluated through the MLHFQ, while sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were recorded via a structured proforma. Statistical analyses included descriptive measures, independent t-test, Spearman’s correlation and stepwise multivariable linear regression to identify associations and predictors. Results: The mean HRQoL score was 56.5 ± 6.05, reflecting a moderate to high symptom burden. Patients with HFpEF reported significantly worse HRQoL (mean score: 61.4 ± 3.94) than those with HFrEF (52.9 ± 4.64; p < 0.001, Cohen’s d = 1.95). A significant positive correlation was observed between HRQoL scores and age (r = 0.428; p < 0.001), indicating that older individuals experienced a higher burden of symptoms. HRQoL also varied significantly across NYHA functional classes (χ² = 69.9, p < 0.001, ε² = 0.301) and employment groups (χ² = 17.0, p < 0.001), with further differences noted by education level, gender and marital status (p < 0.05). Multivariable linear regression identified age (B = 0.311, p < 0.001) and gender (B = –4.591, p < 0.001) as significant predictors of poorer HRQoL. Discussion: The findings indicate that patients with HFpEF experience significantly poorer HRQoL than those with HFrEF. Older adults and female patients reported greater symptom burden, underscoring the importance of demographic-sensitive care approaches. These results highlight the need for routine integration of HRQoL assessment into clinical practice and the development of comprehensive, personalized interventions addressing both physical and emotional health dimensions, especially for vulnerable subgroups. Conclusions: CHF patients, especially those with HFpEF, face reduced HRQoL. Key factors include age, gender, education, employment, marital status, and NYHA class, underscoring the need for patient-centered care. Full article

Background/Objectives: Thyroid nodules are commonly found through sensitive imaging methods like ultrasonography. While most nodules are benign and asymptomatic, certain characteristics may indicate malignancy, prompting fine needle aspiration biopsy. Factors like age and gender affect cancer risk, complicating ultrasound-based risk systems. We aimed to determine whether the cytological malignancy rate of thyroid nodules could be adjusted for several clinical parameters. Methods: Data from patients aged 18 and above with thyroid nodules assessed via fine needle aspiration (FNA) were retrospectively reviewed. Malignancy classification was based on cytopathology and histopathology results. The study examined how various clinical parameters, adjusted for the ACR TI-RADS category, affected thyroid nodule malignancy rates, including age, sex, Body Mass Index (BMI), nodule size, presence of autoimmunity, and thyroxine therapy. Additionally, we analyzed the performance of ACR TI-RADS in predicting malignant cytology across different age subgroups of thyroid nodules. Results: The study included 1128 thyroid nodules from 1001 adult patients, with a median age of 48 years and predominantly female (76.68%). Malignancy rates varied across ACR TI-RADS categories, with higher rates associated with larger nodules and younger age groups. Age emerged as a significant predictor of malignancy, with a consistent decrease in the odds ratio for malignant cytology with advancing age across all ACR TI-RADS categories, indicating its potential utility in risk assessment alongside nodule size and sex. Conclusions: Raising the size threshold for recommending FNA of TR3-3 nodules and incorporating patients’ age and gender into the evaluation process could enhance the system’s accuracy in assessing thyroid nodules and guiding clinical management decisions. Full article

Ensuring a sustainable and healthy human environment in university dormitories is essential for students’ learning, living, and overall health and well-being. To address this need, we carried out a series of systematic field measurements of the noise levels at 30 dormitories in three representative major urban universities in a major provincial capital city in China and designed and implemented a comprehensive questionnaire and surveyed 1005 students about their perceptions of their acoustic environment. We proposed and applied a sustainability–health-oriented, multidimensional assessment framework to assess the acoustic environment of the dormitories and student responses to natural sound, technological sounds, and human-made sounds. Using the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach combined with the field measurements and student surveys, we identified three categories and six factors on student health and well-being for assessing the acoustic environment of university dormitories. The field data indicated that noise levels at most of the measurement points exceeded the recommended or regulatory thresholds. Higher noise impacts were observed in early mornings and evenings, primarily due to traffic noise and indoor activities. Natural sounds (e.g., wind, birdsong, water flow) were highly valued by students for their positive effect on the students’ pleasantness and satisfaction. Conversely, human and technological sounds (traffic noise, construction noise, and indoor noise from student activities) were deemed highly disturbing. Gender differences were evident in the assessment of the acoustic environment, with male students generally reporting higher levels of the pleasantness and preference for natural sounds compared to female students. Educational backgrounds showed no significant influence on sound perceptions. The findings highlight the need for providing actionable guidelines for dormitory ecological design, such as integrating vertical greening in dormitory design, water features, and biodiversity planting to introduce natural soundscapes, in parallel with developing campus activity standards and lifestyle during noise-sensitive periods. The multidimensional assessment framework will drive a sustainable human–ecology–sound symbiosis in university dormitories, and the category and factor scales to be employed and actions to improve the level of student health and well-being, thus, providing a reference for both research and practice for sustainable cities and communities. Full article

Background and Objectives: Gender disparities in pain management persist, with women frequently receiving inadequate analgesia despite reporting similar or higher pain levels compared with men. This issue is particularly evident across various medical and gynecological procedures. Materials and Methods: This integrative literature review synthesizes recent empirical studies examining gender biases in pain perception and management, focusing specifically on procedural pain in women. It includes an analysis of clinical research, patient-reported outcomes, and healthcare provider behaviors. Results: The findings indicate that unconscious biases, a lack of gender-specific clinical protocols, and prevailing cultural stereotypes contribute to the undertreatment of pain in women during procedures such as intrauterine device insertion and diagnostic hysteroscopy. Additionally, communication gaps between patients and healthcare providers exacerbate these disparities. Conclusions: Addressing gender disparities in pain management necessitates systemic reforms, including the implementation of gender-sensitive clinical guidelines, enhanced provider education, and targeted policy changes. Personalized, gender-informed approaches are essential to improving equity and quality of care in pain treatment. Full article

Background: Mobility limitation is a pivotal but under-documented dimension of disability in Saudi Arabia. Leveraging the 2017 National Disability Survey, this cross-sectional study provides a population-wide profile of mobility-related physical difficulty. Objectives: Five research aims were pursued: (1) estimate national prevalence and severity by sex; (2) map regional differentials; (3) examine educational and marital correlates; (4) characterize cause, duration, and familial context among those with multiple limitations; and (5) describe patterns of assistive-aid and social-service use. Methods: Publicly available aggregate data covering 20,408,362 Saudi citizens were cleaned and analyzed across 14 mobility indicators and three baseline files. Prevalence ratios and χ² tests assessed associations. Results: Overall, 1,445,723 Saudis (7.1%) reported at least one functional difficulty; 833,136 (4.1%) had mobility difficulty, of whom 305,867 (36.7%) had mobility-only impairment. Severity was chiefly mild (35% of cases), with moderate (16%) and severe (7%) forms forming a descending pyramid. Prevalence varied more than threefold across the thirteen regions, peaking in Aseer (9.4%) and bottoming in Najran (2.9%). Mobility difficulty clustered among adults with no schooling (36.1%) and widowed status (18.5%), with sharper female disadvantage in both domains (p < 0.001). Among those with additional limitations, chronic disease dominated etiology (56.3%), and 90.1% had lived with disability for ≥25 years; women were overrepresented in the longest-duration band. Aid utilization was led by crutches (47.7%), personal assistance (25.3%), and wheelchairs (22.6%), while 83.8% accessed Ministry rehabilitation services, yet fewer than 4% used home or daycare support. Conclusions: These findings highlight sizeable, regionally concentrated, and gender-patterned mobility burdens, underscoring the need for education-sensitive prevention, chronic-care management, investment in advanced assistive technology, and distributed community services to achieve Vision 2030 inclusion goals. Full article

Background and Objectives: Caring for an individual with dementia encompasses many challenges. This can lead to increased burden, anxiety, and mental health issues among those taking care of them. Limited research exists investigating the care of people with dementia in Kuwait, particularly regarding the mental health of caregivers. There is a need to understand the impact of caregiver burden in this population. This study aimed to assess the level of burden of care, depression, anxiety, and well-being among caregivers of the elderly with dementia in Kuwait. Methods: This study used a descriptive and cross-sectional design. To measure the burden of care, depression, anxiety, and well-being of the caregivers, we utilized the Zarit Burden Interview, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and the World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to compare the results of the parametric and non-parametric methods. Results: This study included 180 (65%) caregivers for the elderly with dementia and 98 (35%) without dementia. The descriptive statistics showed that caregivers for the elderly with dementia and caregivers for the elderly without dementia experienced moderate burden (17.21 ± 9.09 and 14.51 ± 8.08, respectively), borderline abnormal anxiety (9.92 ± 5.15 and 8.61 ± 4.79, respectively), borderline abnormal depression (8.69 ± 4.35 and 8.06 ± 4.24, respectively), and low mental health well-being (54.40 ± 25.10 and 58.90 ± 23.42, respectively). The t-test of independent samples and Mann–Whitney U test results showed that the burden and anxiety in the caregivers for the elderly with dementia group were statistically significantly higher than those in the caregivers for the elderly without dementia group (p = 0.015 and p = 0.039; p = 0.026 and p = 0.027, respectively). The ANOVA test and Kruskal–Wallis test revealed that the caregivers for the elderly with dementia group had statistically significant differences in burden (p < 0.001; p < 0.001), anxiety (p = 0.048; p = 0.043), depression (p = 0.017; p = 0.009), and mental health well-being (p = 0.001; p = 0.002) scores across various durations of care. The multiple linear regression showed that caregiving was a significant predictor of burden of care and anxiety, indicating that caregivers of the elderly with dementia experienced a higher burden of care than those caring for the elderly without dementia. In addition, confounders with significant influence were duration of care (p < 0.001), education level (p = 0.002), employment status (p = 0.008), and gender (p = 0.02). Conclusions: Family caregivers experienced significant levels of burden of care and anxiety when caring for the elderly with dementia. A multidimensional holistic approach is needed to provide family caregivers of the elderly with dementia with valuable interventions. Full article