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Keywords = high repetition rate

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12 pages, 858 KiB  
Article
Examining the Neurophysiology of Attentional Habituation to Repeated Presentations of Food and Non-Food Visual Stimuli
by Aruna Duraisingam, Daniele Soria and Ramaswamy Palaniappan
Algorithms 2025, 18(8), 525; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18080525 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 88
Abstract
Existing research shows that the human salivary response habituates to repeated presentation of visual, olfactory, or gustatory food cues in adults and children. The aim of this research is to examine the neurophysiological effects of attentional habituation within sessions toward repetition of the [...] Read more.
Existing research shows that the human salivary response habituates to repeated presentation of visual, olfactory, or gustatory food cues in adults and children. The aim of this research is to examine the neurophysiological effects of attentional habituation within sessions toward repetition of the same high- and low-calorie food and non-food images. Participants’ event-related potential (ERP) responses were measured as they passively viewed the same food and non-food images repeatedly. The ERP analysis results from trial groups within a session over time indicated that repeated exposure to the same image has a distinct effect on the brain’s attentional responses to food and non-food images. The brain response modulated by motivation and attention decreases over time, and it is significant in the 170–300 ms onset time window for low-calorie images and 180–330 ms onset time window for non-food images in the parietal region of the brain. However, the modulation to high-calorie images remains sustained over time within the session. Furthermore, the ERP results show that high-calorie images have a slower rate of declination than low-calorie images, followed by non-food images. In conclusion, our ERP study showed that a habituation-like mechanism modulates attention to repeated low-calorie and non-food images, whereas high-calorie images have a negligible effect. High-energy foods have a larger reward value, which increases prolonged attention and reduces the process of habituation. This could be one of the reasons why a negligible neural attentional habituation and slow habituation rate to high-calorie diets could have negative health consequences. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Signal Processing and Machine Learning for Healthcare)
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14 pages, 843 KiB  
Article
Epidemiology of Tennis-Related Injuries Among Competitive Youth Players in Tunisia: Frequency, Characteristics, and Management Patterns
by Saoussen Layouni, Ismail Dergaa, Hela Ghali, Halil İbrahim Ceylan, Valentina Stefanica, Marwa Neguez, Ines Loubiri, Wissem Dhahbi, Chaima Rjiba, Sarra Ksibi, Sahbi Elmtaoua, Sonia Jemni and Helmi Ben Saad
Medicina 2025, 61(8), 1478; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61081478 - 18 Aug 2025
Viewed by 186
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Tennis involves repetitive high-velocity movements, rapid directional changes, and challenging environmental conditions, exposing players to injury risk. However, injury surveillance data for North African youth players are lacking. This study aimed to determine the frequency, characteristics, and management of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Tennis involves repetitive high-velocity movements, rapid directional changes, and challenging environmental conditions, exposing players to injury risk. However, injury surveillance data for North African youth players are lacking. This study aimed to determine the frequency, characteristics, and management of tennis-related injuries among competitive Tunisian youth players. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among players aged 5–18 years from tennis clubs (October 2023–November 2024). Data were collected using researcher-administered questionnaires, incorporating the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire and a sport-specialization assessment, following International Olympic Committee guidelines. Results: Among 256 players, 53.5% (n = 137) reported 366 injuries. Lower limbs were most affected (58.5%), followed by upper limbs (32.8%); knees (23.2%), ankles (17.5%), and wrists (10.1%). Muscle/tendon (36.9%), superficial tissue (28.1%), and ligament/joint capsule injuries (27.6%) predominated. Most injuries occurred during practice (74.9%) and hot weather (93.4%). Severe injuries represented 24%, while 29.5% were minor without time loss. Subsequent injuries occurred in 54.6% of injured players, with significantly higher rates in those with incomplete rehabilitation (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The high frequency of recurrent injuries and limited rehabilitation highlight critical gaps in injury management, emphasizing the need for targeted neuromuscular training, accessible rehabilitation, and standardized return-to-play protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Sports Traumatology)
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21 pages, 7939 KiB  
Article
Femtosecond Laser Single-Spot Welding of Sapphire/Invar Alloy
by Yuyang Chen, Yinzhi Fu, Xianshi Jia, Kai Li and Cong Wang
Materials 2025, 18(16), 3839; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18163839 - 15 Aug 2025
Viewed by 196
Abstract
Ultrafast laser welding of glass/metal heterostructures has found extensive applications in sensors, medical devices, and optical systems. However, achieving high-stability, high-quality welds under non-optical contact conditions remains challenging due to severe internal damage within glass materials. This study addresses thermal management through synergistic [...] Read more.
Ultrafast laser welding of glass/metal heterostructures has found extensive applications in sensors, medical devices, and optical systems. However, achieving high-stability, high-quality welds under non-optical contact conditions remains challenging due to severe internal damage within glass materials. This study addresses thermal management through synergistic control of thermal accumulation effects and material ablation thresholds. Using the sapphire/Invar alloy system as a model for glass/metal welding, we investigated thermal accumulation effects during ultrafast laser ablation of Invar alloy through theoretical simulations. Under a repetition rate of 1 MHz, the femtosecond laser raised the lattice equilibrium temperature by 700 K within 10 microseconds, demonstrating that high repetition rate femtosecond lasers can induce effective heat accumulation in Invar alloy. Furthermore, ablation thresholds for both materials were determined across varying repetition rates via the D2 method, with corresponding threshold curves systematically constructed. Finally, based on the simulation and ablation threshold calculation results, laser parameters were selected for ultrafast laser single point welding of sapphire and Invar alloy. The experimental results demonstrate effective thermal effect mitigation, achieving a maximum shear strength of 63.37 MPa. Comparative analysis against traditional scan welding further validates the superiority of our approach in thermal management. This work provides foundational theoretical and methodological guidance for ultrafast laser welding of glass/metal heterostructures. Full article
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24 pages, 2664 KiB  
Article
AIoT-Based Eyelash Extension Durability Evaluation Using LabVIEW Data Analysis
by Sumei Chiang, Shao-Hsun Chang, Kai-Chao Yao, Po-Yu Kuo and Chien-Tai Hsu
Sensors 2025, 25(16), 5057; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25165057 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 154
Abstract
This study introduces a novel platform, the Artificial Intelligence of Things Experimental Device Platform (AIoTEDP), to evaluate the durability of eyelash extensions under various environmental factors, including temperature, wind speed, and compression frequency. The experiment employs a three-factor full factorial design, utilizing LabVIEW [...] Read more.
This study introduces a novel platform, the Artificial Intelligence of Things Experimental Device Platform (AIoTEDP), to evaluate the durability of eyelash extensions under various environmental factors, including temperature, wind speed, and compression frequency. The experiment employs a three-factor full factorial design, utilizing LabVIEW to collect and analyze independent variables. The retention rate of eyelash extensions is the dependent variable for evaluating the durability. The proposed AIoTEDP regulates thermostats, stepper motors, and heating fans to simulate real-world eyelash extension usage conditions. Quantitative analyses are performed through visual assessments and image recognition technologies. The experimental results indicate that high temperatures and strong winds significantly reduce the durability of eyelash extensions. However, moderate bending damage (3000 repetitions) still allows for sufficient retention. This study validates the practicality and accuracy of the proposed AIoTEDP, showcasing its potential for innovative cosmetic testing systems to assess eyelash extension durability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue AI-Empowered Internet of Things)
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10 pages, 2113 KiB  
Article
Generation of 27 nm Spectral Bandwidth, Two-Port Output Pulses Directly from a Yb-Doped Fiber Laser
by Junyu Chen, Mengyun Hu, Jianing Chen, Chixuan Zou, Zichen Zhao, Gantong Zhong and Shuai Yuan
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 812; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080812 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 249
Abstract
We reported on a generation of 27 nm spectral bandwidth, two-port output ultrashort pulses directly from an all-normal-dispersion passively mode-locked Yb-fiber laser. Based on the nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) mode-locking technique, high pump power and optical devices with high damage thresholds were introduced [...] Read more.
We reported on a generation of 27 nm spectral bandwidth, two-port output ultrashort pulses directly from an all-normal-dispersion passively mode-locked Yb-fiber laser. Based on the nonlinear polarization rotation (NPR) mode-locking technique, high pump power and optical devices with high damage thresholds were introduced to achieve broad spectral bandwidth and strong output power. The dual wavelengths were emitted from the clockwise and counterclockwise ports, respectively, and self-started mode-locking was achieved. The bidirectional output laser generates stable pulses with up to 223.5 mW average power at a 46.04 MHz repetition rate, corresponding to a pulse energy of 5 nJ. The bidirectional ultrashort outputs of the laser provide potential applications in supercontinuum generation and medical and biological applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ultrafast Laser Science and Applications)
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24 pages, 6051 KiB  
Article
Trichoderma harzianum DQ002 Enhances Oriental Melon Resistance Against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis by Regulating Soil Microbial Communities in the Rhizosphere
by Yihan Xie, Chunxia Li, Yuting Zhang, Xiaoqian Yue, Yuanyi Zhong, Ting Yang, Yazhong Jin and Xueqing Geng
Agronomy 2025, 15(8), 1931; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15081931 - 10 Aug 2025
Viewed by 299
Abstract
Continuous planting results in a higher occurrence rate of oriental melon Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM), and treatment with Trichoderma can considerably alleviate the incidence of disease. However, the tripartite interaction mechanisms among T. harzianum–melon–rhizosphere [...] Read more.
Continuous planting results in a higher occurrence rate of oriental melon Fusarium wilt caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis (FOM), and treatment with Trichoderma can considerably alleviate the incidence of disease. However, the tripartite interaction mechanisms among T. harzianum–melon–rhizosphere microorganisms remain poorly understood in current research. Pot experiments elucidate the growth-promoting, antagonistic, and rhizosphere-regulating effects of T. harzianum on oriental melon. The experiment consisted of two treatments: (1) water control (CK), and (2) T. harzianum inoculation (MM) with three repetitions per treatment. Illumina high-throughput sequencing was employed to analyze the microbial community and associated metabolic pathways. Additionally, a comprehensive correlation analysis clarified how T. harzianum-modulated physiological factors regulate soil microbial communities to enhance melon resistance to FOM. T. harzianum inoculation significantly promoted plant growth, decreased the incidence rate of Fusarium wilt by 41.85%, and increased rhizosphere nitrate-N, pH, EC, and soil enzyme activity (e.g., sucrose and alkaline phosphatase). Notably, T. harzianum inoculation altered the rhizosphere microbial community’s relative abundance and structure, with the most striking changes in the fungal community. Principal coordinate analysis showed this fungal restructuring accounted for 44.9% of total community variation (37% from PCo1, 7.9% from PCo2). Soil-borne pathogens (e.g., Fusarium, Verticillium, Phytophthora) decreased in relative abundance with the inoculation of T. harzianum. Meanwhile, the microbial community shifted from a “fungal-dominated” to “bacterial-dominated” state: fungal proportion decreased by 9.47% (from 23.95% in CK to 14.48% in MM), while bacterial proportion increased by 9.47% (from 76.05% in CK to 85.52% in MM). Microbial abundance shifts primarily impacted amino acid and cofactor biosynthesis metabolic pathways. The application of T. harzianum modified the soil environment, restructuring microbial communities through these changes, which in turn regulated microbial metabolic pathways, creating a soil environment conducive to melon growth and thereby enhancing oriental melon resistance to FOM, while mitigating the obstacles of continuous cropping. Full article
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18 pages, 1588 KiB  
Article
EEG-Based Attention Classification for Enhanced Learning Experience
by Madiha Khalid Syed, Hong Wang, Awais Ahmad Siddiqi, Shahnawaz Qureshi and Mohamed Amin Gouda
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8668; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158668 - 5 Aug 2025
Viewed by 384
Abstract
This paper presents a novel EEG-based learning system designed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of studying by dynamically adjusting the difficulty level of learning materials based on real-time attention levels. In the training phase, EEG signals corresponding to high and low concentration [...] Read more.
This paper presents a novel EEG-based learning system designed to enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of studying by dynamically adjusting the difficulty level of learning materials based on real-time attention levels. In the training phase, EEG signals corresponding to high and low concentration levels are recorded while participants engage in quizzes to learn and memorize Chinese characters. The attention levels are determined based on performance metrics derived from the quiz results. Following extensive preprocessing, the EEG data undergoes several feature extraction steps: removal of artifacts due to eye blinks and facial movements, segregation of waves based on their frequencies, similarity indexing with respect to delay, binary thresholding, and (PCA). These extracted features are then fed into a k-NN classifier, which accurately distinguishes between high and low attention brain wave patterns, with the labels derived from the quiz performance indicating high or low attention. During the implementation phase, the system continuously monitors the user’s EEG signals while studying. When low attention levels are detected, the system increases the repetition frequency and reduces the difficulty of the flashcards to refocus the user’s attention. Conversely, when high concentration levels are identified, the system escalates the difficulty level of the flashcards to maximize the learning challenge. This adaptive approach ensures a more effective learning experience by maintaining optimal cognitive engagement, resulting in improved learning rates, reduced stress, and increased overall learning efficiency. Our results indicate that this EEG-based adaptive learning system holds significant potential for personalized education, fostering better retention and understanding of Chinese characters. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue EEG Horizons: Exploring Neural Dynamics and Neurocognitive Processes)
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11 pages, 1709 KiB  
Article
Beam Profile Prediction of High-Repetition-Rate SBS Pulse Compression Using Convolutional Neural Networks
by Hongli Wang, Chaoshuai Liu, Panpan Yan and Qinglin Niu
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 784; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080784 - 4 Aug 2025
Viewed by 208
Abstract
Fast prediction of beam quality in SBS pulse compression for high-repetition-rate operation is urgently important for SBS experimental parameter acquisition. In this study, a fast computational prediction model for SBS beam profiles is developed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) method, which is [...] Read more.
Fast prediction of beam quality in SBS pulse compression for high-repetition-rate operation is urgently important for SBS experimental parameter acquisition. In this study, a fast computational prediction model for SBS beam profiles is developed using a convolutional neural network (CNN) method, which is trained and validated using experimental data from SBS pulse compression experiments. The CNN method can predict beam spot images for experimental conditions in the range of 100–500 Hz repetition rates and 5–40 mJ injection energy. The proposed CNN-based SBS beam profile prediction model has a fast convergence of the loss function and an average error of 15% with respect to the experimental results, indicating a high accuracy of the model. The CNN-based prediction model achieves an average error of 11.8% for beam profile prediction across various experimental conditions, demonstrating its potential for SBS beam profile characterization. The CNN method could provide a fast means for predicting the characteristic law of the beam intensity distribution in high-repetition-rate SBS pulse compression systems. Full article
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24 pages, 14731 KiB  
Article
Hybrid Laser Cleaning of Carbon Deposits on N52B30 Engine Piston Crowns: Multi-Objective Optimization via Response Surface Methodology
by Yishun Su, Liang Wang, Zhehe Yao, Qunli Zhang, Zhijun Chen, Jiawei Duan, Tingqing Ye and Jianhua Yao
Materials 2025, 18(15), 3626; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18153626 - 1 Aug 2025
Viewed by 369
Abstract
Carbon deposits on the crown of engine pistons can markedly reduce combustion efficiency and shorten service life. Conventional cleaning techniques often fail to simultaneously ensure a high carbon removal efficiency and maintain optimal surface integrity. To enable efficient and precise carbon removal, this [...] Read more.
Carbon deposits on the crown of engine pistons can markedly reduce combustion efficiency and shorten service life. Conventional cleaning techniques often fail to simultaneously ensure a high carbon removal efficiency and maintain optimal surface integrity. To enable efficient and precise carbon removal, this study proposes the application of hybrid laser cleaning—combining continuous-wave (CW) and pulsed lasers—to piston carbon deposit removal, and employs response surface methodology (RSM) for multi-objective process optimization. Using the N52B30 engine piston as the experimental substrate, this study systematically investigates the combined effects of key process parameters—including CW laser power, pulsed laser power, cleaning speed, and pulse repetition frequency—on surface roughness (Sa) and carbon residue rate (RC). Plackett–Burman design was employed to identify significant factors, the method of the steepest ascent was utilized to approximate the optimal region, and a quadratic regression model was constructed using Box–Behnken response surface methodology. The results reveal that the Y-direction cleaning speed and pulsed laser power exert the most pronounced influence on surface roughness (F-values of 112.58 and 34.85, respectively), whereas CW laser power has the strongest effect on the carbon residue rate (F-value of 57.74). The optimized process parameters are as follows: CW laser power set at 625.8 W, pulsed laser power at 250.08 W, Y-direction cleaning speed of 15.00 mm/s, and pulse repetition frequency of 31.54 kHz. Under these conditions, the surface roughness (Sa) is reduced to 0.947 μm, and the carbon residue rate (RC) is lowered to 3.67%, thereby satisfying the service performance requirements for engine pistons. This study offers technical insights into the precise control of the hybrid laser cleaning process and its practical application in engine maintenance and the remanufacturing of end-of-life components. Full article
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13 pages, 3812 KiB  
Article
Generation of Four-Beam Output in a Bonded Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG Laser via Fiber Splitter Pumping
by Qixiu Zhong, Dongdong Meng, Zhanduo Qiao, Wenqi Ge, Tieliang Zhang, Zihang Zhou, Hong Xiao and Zhongwei Fan
Photonics 2025, 12(8), 760; https://doi.org/10.3390/photonics12080760 - 29 Jul 2025
Viewed by 250
Abstract
To address the poor thermal performance and low output efficiency of conventional solid-state microchip lasers, this study proposes and implements a bonded Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG laser based on fiber splitter pumping. Experimental results demonstrate that at a 4.02 mJ pump pulse energy and [...] Read more.
To address the poor thermal performance and low output efficiency of conventional solid-state microchip lasers, this study proposes and implements a bonded Nd:YAG/Cr4+:YAG laser based on fiber splitter pumping. Experimental results demonstrate that at a 4.02 mJ pump pulse energy and a 100 Hz repetition rate, the system achieves four linearly polarized output beams with an average pulse energy of 0.964 mJ, a repetition rate of 100 Hz, and an optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 23.98%. The energy distribution ratios for the upper-left, lower-left, upper-right, and lower-right beams are 22.61%, 24.46%, 25.50%, and 27.43%, with pulse widths of 2.184 ns, 2.193 ns, 2.205 ns, and 2.211 ns, respectively. As the optical axis distance increases, the far-field spot pattern transitions from a single circular profile to four fully separated spots, where the lower-right beam exhibits beam quality factors of Mx2 = 1.181 and My2 = 1.289. Simulations at a 293.15 K coolant temperature and a 4.02 mJ pump energy reveal that split pumping reduces the volume-averaged temperature rise in Nd:YAG by 28.81% compared to single-beam pumping (2.57 K vs. 3.61 K), decreases the peak temperature rise by 66.15% (6.97 K vs. 20.59 K), and suppresses peak-to-peak temperature variation by 78.6% (1.34 K vs. 6.26 K). Compared with existing multi-beam generation methods, the fiber splitter approach offers integrated advantages—including compact size, low cost, high energy utilization, superior beam quality, and elevated damage thresholds—and thus shows promising potential for automotive multi-point ignition, multi-beam single-photon counting LiDAR, and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) online analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser Technology and Applications)
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13 pages, 1449 KiB  
Article
Cardiocirculatory and Metabolic Responses to Low- and High-Load Squat Exercise in Young and Middle-Aged Individuals
by Alessandro L. Colosio, Massimo Teso, Alberto Bottari, Luca Ferrari, Gianluca Bochicchio, Jan Boone and Silvia Pogliaghi
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 287; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030287 - 25 Jul 2025
Viewed by 511
Abstract
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of resistance training (RT) in middle-aged and young individuals by examining cardiocirculatory and metabolic responses to squat performed under low and high external loads as per current exercise prescription [...] Read more.
Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the safety and feasibility of resistance training (RT) in middle-aged and young individuals by examining cardiocirculatory and metabolic responses to squat performed under low and high external loads as per current exercise prescription guidelines. Methods: Eighteen RT-trained individuals (nine middle-aged individuals, including eight women who were equally distributed) performed a cycling incremental test for the determination of their maximal aerobic capacity and three sessions of RT, respectively, to determine their one repetition maximum (1RM) of squat and their physiological responses during different training protocols of squat with equal training loads (3 × 12 at 55% 1RM vs. 5 × 5 at 80% 1RM). Whole-body metabolic (oxygen update and blood lactate) and cardiocirculatory (heart rate and blood pressure) responses and rate of perceived exertion (RPE) were compared across age groups and % 1RM to determine the metabolic stimulus and cardiovascular strain imposed by this form of training. Results: Young and middle-aged individuals exhibited similar cardiocirculatory responses to RT, with the only exception being a higher diastolic response in the middle-aged group for both protocols (present also at rest). No difference was found between the two age groups in terms of metabolic response and RPE. 80% 1RM induced a similar cardiocirculatory response and a higher RPE but a lower metabolic response compared to 55% 1RM. Conclusions: While no difference in physiological responses was found between the groups, the lower-load and higher-repetition training scheme demonstrated better time efficiency, metabolic activation, and perceived effort with equivalent cardiocirculatory strain. These findings support the safety of RT and can guide practitioners in the design of training protocols. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Sports Medicine and Nutrition)
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17 pages, 1656 KiB  
Article
Acute Effect of Normobaric Hypoxia on Performance in Repeated Wingate Tests with Longer Recovery Periods and Neuromuscular Fatigue in Triathletes: Sex Differences
by Víctor Toro-Román, Pol Simón-Sánchez, Víctor Illera-Domínguez, Carla Pérez-Chirinos, Sara González-Millán, Lluís Albesa-Albiol, Sara Ledesma, Vinyet Solé, Oriol Teruel and Bruno Fernández-Valdés
J. Funct. Morphol. Kinesiol. 2025, 10(3), 282; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfmk10030282 - 22 Jul 2025
Viewed by 406
Abstract
Background: Repeated high-intensity intervals under normoxic (NOR) and hypoxic (HYP) conditions is a training strategy used by athletes. Although different protocols have been used, the effect of longer recovery between repetitions is unclear. In addition, information on the effect of repeated high-intensity [...] Read more.
Background: Repeated high-intensity intervals under normoxic (NOR) and hypoxic (HYP) conditions is a training strategy used by athletes. Although different protocols have been used, the effect of longer recovery between repetitions is unclear. In addition, information on the effect of repeated high-intensity intervals on HYP in women is scarce. Aims: To analyse the differences between sexes and between conditions (NOR and HYP) in Repeated Wingate (RW) performance and neuromuscular fatigue in triathletes. Methods: A total of 12 triathletes (men: n = 7, 23.00 ± 4.04 years; women: n = 5, 20.40 ± 3.91) participated in this randomised, blinded, crossover study. In two separate sessions over seven days, participants performed 3 × 30” all out with 7′ of recovery in randomised NOR (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈20%; ≈300 m altitude) and HYP (fraction of inspired oxygen: ≈15.5%; ≈2500 m altitude) conditions. Before and after RW, vertical jump tests were performed to assess neuromuscular fatigue. Oxygen saturation, power, perceived exertion, muscle soreness and heart rate parameters were assessed. Results: Significant differences were reported between sexes in the parameters of vertical jump, oxygen saturation, RW performance and heart rate (p < 0.05). However, between conditions (NOR and HYP), only differences in oxygen saturation were reported (p < 0.05). No significant differences were reported between conditions (NOR and HYP) in RW performance, neuromuscular fatigue, muscle soreness and perception of exertion. Conclusions: A 3 × 30” RW protocol with 7′ recovery in HYP could have no negative consequences on performance, neuromuscular fatigue and perception of exertion in triathletes compared to NOR, independently of sex. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Physical Training in Hypoxia: Physiological Changes and Performance)
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16 pages, 10306 KiB  
Article
Fabrication and Characterization of Flexible pH Sensors Based on Pulsed Laser-Ablated Graphene/MoS2 Interdigitated Electrodes
by Zhaochi Chen, Chengche Liu and Minh-Quang Tran
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(14), 1115; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15141115 - 18 Jul 2025
Viewed by 524
Abstract
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies have become essential for the real-time monitoring and management of chronic wounds, where maintaining a moist environment and controlling pH levels are critical for effective healing. In this study, a flexible pH sensor based on a graphene/molybdenum disulfide (graphene/MoS [...] Read more.
Point-of-care (POC) diagnostic technologies have become essential for the real-time monitoring and management of chronic wounds, where maintaining a moist environment and controlling pH levels are critical for effective healing. In this study, a flexible pH sensor based on a graphene/molybdenum disulfide (graphene/MoS2) composite interdigitated electrode (IDE) structure was fabricated using pulsed laser ablation. The pH sensor, with an active area of 30 mm × 30 mm, exhibited good adhesion to the polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and maintained structural integrity under repeated bending cycles. Precise ablation was achieved under optimized conditions of 4.35 J/cm2 laser fluence, a repetition rate of 300 kHz, and a scanning speed of 500 mm/s, enabling the formation of defect-free IDE arrays without substrate damage. The influence of laser processing parameters on the surface morphology, electrical conductivity, and wettability of the composite thin films was systematically characterized. The fabricated pH sensor exhibited high sensitivity (~4.7% change in current per pH unit) across the pH 2–10 range, rapid response within ~5.2 s, and excellent mechanical stability under 100 bending cycles with negligible performance degradation. Moreover, the sensor retained > 95% of its stable sensitivity after 7 days of ambient storage. Furthermore, the pH response behavior was evaluated for electrode structures with different pitches, demonstrating that structural design parameters critically impact sensing performance. These results offer valuable insights into the scalable fabrication of flexible, wearable pH sensors, with promising applications in wound monitoring and personalized healthcare systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Laser-Based Nano Fabrication and Nano Lithography: Second Edition)
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22 pages, 17173 KiB  
Article
Investigation on Seed-Filling Effect of Quantitative Precision Filling High-Speed Seed-Metering Device for Maize
by Jianxin Dong, Jingtao Wu, Yu Zhu and Xiaojun Gao
Agriculture 2025, 15(14), 1517; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15141517 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 360
Abstract
Aiming at the unstable filling effect under high-speed operating conditions of the maize mechanical precision metering device, which easily causes the problem of leakage and multiple filling, a novel filling method was proposed to limit the number of seeds accumulation in front of [...] Read more.
Aiming at the unstable filling effect under high-speed operating conditions of the maize mechanical precision metering device, which easily causes the problem of leakage and multiple filling, a novel filling method was proposed to limit the number of seeds accumulation in front of the filling port by a composite seeding tray and improve the filling effect for single-seed. Meanwhile, a quantitative precision filling seed-metering device for maize was presented. The structural parameter design of the key components was completed, and the principle of improving the seed-filling effect was analyzed and elucidated. The optimal type of grooved teeth for the composite seeding tray was selected, and a Box–Behnken orthogonal optimization experiment was conducted using EDEM simulation. The high-speed seed-metering performance optimization results were validated through a platformed performance experiment. The results indicated that the seed-metering device had higher seed supply capacity, better seed-filling effect, and superior seed-metering performance under the type A grooved teeth condition. When the opening height of the seed barrier was 19.4 mm, the depth of the grooved teeth was 1.2 mm, and the operating speed was 10.7 km·h−1, the seed-metering performance was optimal. The passing, repetitive, and miss rates were 95.1%, 1.6%, and 3.3%, respectively. When the operating speed was 8–14 km·h−1, the passing rate of the seed-metering device was higher than 94.1%, the repetitive rate was lower than 2.3%, and the miss rate was lower than 3.7%. This work provides a reference for enhancing the seed-filling effect of mechanical precision metering devices under high-speed operating conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Agricultural Technology)
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14 pages, 920 KiB  
Article
Combined Cognitive and Exercise Training Enhances Muscular Strength and Endurance: A Pilot Study
by Alexandru Rautu, Jesús Díaz-García and Christopher Ring
NeuroSci 2025, 6(3), 63; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurosci6030063 - 14 Jul 2025
Viewed by 1033
Abstract
Background: Combined cognitive and exercise training improves exercise endurance, including submaximal muscular endurance. Its effects on maximal muscular strength have yet to be determined. Accordingly, we tested the effects of combined training on muscular strength (one repetition maximum, 1RM) and endurance (as many [...] Read more.
Background: Combined cognitive and exercise training improves exercise endurance, including submaximal muscular endurance. Its effects on maximal muscular strength have yet to be determined. Accordingly, we tested the effects of combined training on muscular strength (one repetition maximum, 1RM) and endurance (as many repetitions as possible, AMRAP). Methods: Resistance-trained adults (five males, three females) completed ten sessions (four testing, six training) over 4 weeks. In each testing session, they were assessed for bench press 1RM before they completed AMRAP at 50% of initial 1RM. In each training session, they performed five bench press sets (five repetitions at 80% current 1RM), with each set followed by a hard 5 min cognitive task (Time-Load Dual-Back or Color Multi-Source Interference). Ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were averaged to provide a session RPE. At the end of each session, participants completed a Psychomotor Fatigue Threshold Test and rated mental fatigue. Results: ANOVAs (four testing sessions) showed that combined training increased 1RM (p < 0.001; averaging 8.0 kg or 11% from sessions 1–4) and AMRAP (p < 0.01; 5.1 repetitions or 22%). Moreover, training increased RPE (p < 0.05; 0.3 or 5%) and decreased mental fatigue ratings (p < 0.001; −1.2 or −49%) but did not affect Psychomotor Fatigue Threshold Test reaction times (p > 0.05; 2 ms or 0%). Conclusions: A 4-week training program that combined high-intensity cognitive and resistance exercise tasks improved maximal and submaximal resistance exercise performance. This pilot study provides preliminary evidence that high-intensity combined training can enhance muscular strength and endurance. Full article
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