Astronauts at are risk of losing 1.0–1.5% of their bone mass for every month they spend in space despite their adherence to high impact exercise training programs and diets high in nutrients, potassium, calcium, and vitamin D, all designed to p...
The insulin family consists of insulin, insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2), their receptors (IR, IGF-1R and IGF-2R), and their binding proteins. All three ligands are involved in cell proliferation, apoptosis,...
Insulin and Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) perform key roles during embryonic development, regulating processes of cell proliferation and survival. The IGF signalling pathway comprises two IGFs (IGF1, IGF2), two IGF receptors (IGFR1, IGFR2), and...
Background and Objectives: To investigate if pregnancies conceived using an oocyte donor necessitate an alteration in immune regulation, we compared concentrations of insulin-like growth factor binding protein (IGFBP)-1, insulin-like growth factor (I...
Insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) has been suggested as an important factor in the pathogenesis of bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). In turn, nutrition has been associated with IGF-I levels and could be of importance in the pathogenesis of BPD. Th...
Insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) are peptides which exert mitogenic, endocrine and cytokine activities. Together with their receptors, binding proteins and associated molecules, they participate in numerous pathophysiological processes, including c...
The field of neuroplacentology is a growing area that focuses on the influence of placental function on brain development. This field has expanded our understanding of the placenta’s crucial role in proper neurodevelopment as well as placental...
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is the principal mediator of growth hormone (GH), plays a crucial role in promoting cell growth and differentiation in childhood and continues to have an anabolic effect in adults. IGF-1 is part of a wide network...
Adult growth hormone deficiency (GHD) is characterized by metabolic abnormalities associated with visceral obesity, impaired quality of life, and increased mortality. Patients with adult GHD show increased prevalence of non-alcoholic fatty liver dise...
Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF-2) and IGF binding protein 7 (IGFBP-7) have been related to schizophrenia (SZ) due to their implication in neurodevelopment. The purpose of this study was to assess whether the alterations in IGF-2 and IGFBP-7 in SZ...
Objective: To investigate the association between serum concentration of insulin-like growth factor (IGF) and the risk of pancreatic cancer (PaC). Methods: We identified eligible studies in Medline and EMBASE databases (no reference trials from 2014...
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, acting in concert with other hormone axes, is important in normal metabolism. In obesity, the hyperinsulinaemia that accompanies peripheral insulin resistance leads to reduced growth hormone (GH) secretion...
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system has paracrine and endocrine roles in the central nervous system. There is evidence that IGF signalling pathways have roles in the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative disease. This review focusses on Alzhei...
Tendon ruptures are common musculoskeletal injuries associated with prolonged healing and complications such as adhesion formation and rerupture. Despite advancements in treatment strategies, full functional recovery remains a challenge. Growth facto...
Insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP-1) contributes to the regulation of IGFs for metabolism and growth and has IGF-independent actions. IGFBP-1 in the circulation is derived from the liver, where it is inhibited by insulin and stimula...
Hepatocyte differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis are affected by growth factors produced in liver. Insulin-like growth factor 1 and 2 (IGF1 and IGF2) act in response to growth hormone (GH). Other IGF family components include at least six bin...
Polymorphism of insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is known to play a role in cell development. Only the paternal IGF2 copy is active, while the copy inherited from the mother is inactive. This study aimed to explore whether maternal and paternal fa...
The insulin-like growth factor pathway, regulated by a complex interplay of growth factors, cognate receptors, and binding proteins, is critically important for many of the hallmarks of cancer such as oncogenesis, cell division, growth, and antineopl...
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of different dietary energy levels on serum concentrations of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), as well as gene expression of their associated binding proteins and...
Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 (IGF-1) is a crucial mitogenic factor with important functions in the mammary gland, mainly through its interaction with the IGF-1 receptor (IGF-1R). This interaction activates a complex signaling network that promotes ce...
Endometrial cancer (EC) is a common gynaecological malignancy associated with metabolic dysfunctions such as obesity, diabetes and insulin resistance, as well as hormonal imbalances, particularly involving oestrogen and progesterone. These factors di...
In this review, we provide an overview of the role of the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway in breast cancer and discuss its potential as a therapeutic target. The IGF pathway ligands, IGF-1 and IGF-2, and their receptors, primarily...
The IGF system is a family of polypeptide growth factors, which plays a significant role in the development and growth of many cells. Dysregulation of insulin-like growth factors and their pathway components has been connected with essential tumor pr...
Lifestyle factors, including social relationships and diet, influence mood homeostasis, a mechanism often dysregulated in high-incidence mental illnesses like depression and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD). Given that insulin-like growth factor 1 (IG...
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is becoming more well-acknowledged for its ability to improve the development performance of poultry, particularly by interacting with the Insulin-like growth Factor 1 (IGF-1) pathway. This review emphasizes the importa...
Evidence to date suggests that opioids such as methadone may be associated with cognitive impairment. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are suggested to be neuroprotective and procognitive in the brain and may therefore cou...
On the cornea, daily epithelial resurfacing is a critical process to prevent the loss of normal function, ocular morbidity, corneal structure, and vision loss. There are several components to wound healing, including cellular attachment, migration, a...
Biomarker identification is imperative for invasive breast carcinoma, which is more aggressive and associated with higher mortality and worse prognosis in younger patients (<45 years) than in older patients (>50 years). The current study aimed...
Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and its binding proteins and receptors are widely expressed in the central nervous system (CNS), proposing IGF-1-induced neurotrophic actions in normal growth, development, and maintenance. However, while there is...
Corneal fibrosis is a major cause of visual impairment worldwide and is characterized by persistent stromal scarring that disrupts corneal transparency. Although transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β)-mediated myofibroblast differentiation is...
Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) regulates prenatal brain development, but the role in adult brain function and injury is unclear. Here, we determined whether serum levels of IGF-II (s-IGF-II) are associated with mortality and functional outcom...
Phelan–McDermid syndrome (PMS), caused by pathogenic variants in the SHANK3 gene or 22q13 deletions, is characterized by intellectual disability, autistic features, developmental delays, and neonatal hypotonia. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF...
Mammals have two insulin-like growth factors (IGF) that are key mediators of somatic growth, tissue differentiation, and cellular responses to stress. Thus, the mechanisms that regulate the bioavailability of IGFs are important in both normal and abe...
Despite decades of intense research, disease-modifying therapeutic approaches for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) are still very much needed. Apart from the extensively analyzed tau and amyloid pathological cascades, two promising avenues of research...
In this study, we investigated bone mineral deficits in children who survived childhood acute leukemia and explored the association between the insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) level and bone mineral density (BMD). This retrospective analysis enr...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed malignancy worldwide, with molecular heterogeneity complicating early detection and treatment stratification. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis interacts bidirectionally with immune...
Cancer remains a significant global health concern, with lung cancer consistently leading as one of the most common malignancies. Genetic aberrations involving receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are known to be associated with cancer initiation and dev...
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder that results in hyperglycemia, leading to multiple microvascular and macrovascular complications, including significant ocular damage resulting in the development of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and...
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a leading cause of dementia, characterized by multifactorial interactions involving genetic, inflammatory, and metabolic dysregulation. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) plays a critical role in maintaining brain...
Background and Objectives: Periodontal disease, characterized by progressive destruction of tooth-supporting tissues, often results in substantial alveolar bone loss, necessitating regenerative interventions such as guided bone regeneration (GBR). In...
The insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling pathway mediates multiple cancer cell biological processes. IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) expression has been used as a reporter of the clinical significance of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). However,...
The present study investigated the insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) and their receptors and binding proteins among three pig breeds during weaning. Sixty Duroc (DR), Taoyuan black (TYB), and Xiangcun black (XCB) piglets (20 piglets per breed) were...
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system, which is constituted by the IGF-1 and IGF-2 peptide hormones, their corresponding receptors and several IGF binding proteins, is involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes. The IGF system p...
The corneal epithelium, comprising three layers of cells, represents the outermost portion of the eye and functions as a vital protective barrier while concurrently serving as a critical refractive structure. Maintaining its homeostasis involves a co...
The viability of embryos cultured in vitro is poor compared to those that develop in vivo. The lack of maternally derived growth factors in vitro may contribute to this problem. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) is one such growth...
Stress seems to contribute to Parkinson’s disease (PD) neuropathology, probably by dysregulation of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis. Key factors in this pathophysiology are oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction and...
Cell surface proteins carrying N-glycans play important roles in inter- and intracellular processes including cell adhesion, development, and cellular recognition. Dysregulation of the glycosylation machinery has been implicated in various diseases,...
Stunting is a major public health problem in low- and middle-income countries because of its association with increased risk of mortality during childhood. To investigate whether zinc deficiency and insulin-like growth factor I are associated with th...
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common aggressive carcinoma types worldwide, characterized by unfavorable curative effect and poor prognosis. Epidemiological data re-vealed that CRC risk is increased in patients with metabolic syndrome (Me...
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) occurs in 10–15% of all breast cancer patients, yet it accounts for about half of all breast cancer deaths. There is an urgent need to identify new antitumor targets to provide additional treatment options for pat...
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