Search Results (554)

To cope with the increasing global demand of energy and significant energy wastage caused by the use of different home appliances, smart load monitoring is considered a promising solution to promote proper activation and scheduling of devices and reduce electricity bills. Instead of installing a sensing device on each electric appliance, non-intrusive load monitoring (NILM) enables the monitoring of each individual device using the total power reading of the home smart meter. However, for a high-accuracy load monitoring, efficient artificial intelligence (AI) and deep learning (DL) approaches are needed. To that end, this paper thoroughly reviews traditional AI and DL approaches, as well as emerging AI models proposed for NILM. Unlike existing surveys that are usually limited to a specific approach or a subset of approaches, this review paper presents a comprehensive survey of an ensemble of topics and models, including deep learning, generative AI (GAI), emerging attention-enhanced GAI, and hybrid AI approaches. Another distinctive feature of this work compared to existing surveys is that it also reviews actual cases of NILM system design and implementation, covering a wide range of technical enablers including hardware, software, and AI models. Furthermore, a range of new future research and challenges are discussed, such as the heterogeneity of energy sources, data uncertainty, privacy and safety, cost and complexity reduction, and the need for a standardized comparison. Full article

This study develops an optimization-based scheduling framework for coordinating the energy-intensive operations of a steel enterprise with estimated solar power availability. Unlike prior approaches that focus primarily on process efficiency or carbon reduction in isolation, the proposed model integrates demand response with linear programming to improve solar utilization while respecting load priorities. The solar generation profile is derived from typical meteorological year (TMY) irradiance data, adjusted for panel efficiency and system parameters, thereby serving as an estimated input rather than measured data. Simulation results over a 31-day horizon show that coordinated scheduling can reduce grid dependence and increase solar energy utilization by up to 99% under the simulated conditions. While the findings demonstrate the potential of load scheduling for industrial decarbonization, they are based on estimated solar data and a simplified system representation. Future work should incorporate real-world solar measurements and stochastic models to address uncertainty and further validate industrial applicability. Full article

Electric vehicles (EVs) and thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are key demand-side resources for load regulation in modern power systems. However, effective load regulation faces significant challenges due to the stochastic nature of EV travel times and environmental uncertainties, such as temperature and solar irradiation fluctuations affecting TCL performance. Additionally, load rebound effects, caused by TCLs increasing power consumption to restore preset indoor temperatures after regulation, may induce secondary demand peaks, thereby offsetting regulation benefits. To address these challenges, this study aims to meet regulation requirements under such uncertainties while mitigating rebound-induced peaks. A rolling-horizon co-optimization method for EV and TCL clusters is proposed, which explicitly considers both uncertainties, load rebound effects and economic losses. First, to address the limited regulation capacity of individual EVs and TCLs, a user clustering mechanism is developed based on willingness to participate in demand response across multiple time intervals. A load rebound evaluation model for TCL clusters is developed to characterize post-regulation load variations and assess the rebound intensity. Subsequently, a load rebound-aware co-optimization model is proposed and solved within a rolling-horizon optimization approach, which performs rolling optimization within each prediction horizon to determine the participating clusters and their regulation capacities for each execution time slot under uncertainties. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed method, compared with conventional day-ahead and robust optimization, not only meets load regulation requirements under uncertainty, but also effectively mitigates rebound-induced secondary peaks while achieving economic benefits. Full article

The increasing integration of renewable energy sources and the widespread adoption of electric vehicles have introduced considerable uncertainty into the operation of large-scale power systems. Traditional deterministic unit commitment models are insufficient for managing such variability in a reliable and cost-effective manner. This study proposes a two-stage stochastic unit commitment model that captures uncertainties in solar photovoltaic generation, electric vehicle charging demand, and load fluctuations using a mixed-integer linear programming framework with recourse. The model is applied to Thailand’s national power system, comprising 171 generators across five regions, to assess its scalability for sustainable large-scale planning. Results indicate that the stochastic model significantly enhances system reliability across most demand profiles. Under the Winter Weekday group, the number of lacking scenarios decreases by 76.92 percent and the number of missing periods decreases by 78.57 percent, while the average and maximum lack percentages are reduced by 56.32 percent and 72.61 percent, respectively. Improvements are even greater under the Rainy Weekday group, where lacking scenarios and periods decline by more than 92 percent and the maximum lack percentage falls by over 98 percent, demonstrating the model’s robustness under volatile solar output and load conditions. Although minor anomalies are observed, such as slight increases in average and maximum lack percentages in the Summer Weekday group, these are minimal and likely attributable to randomness in scenario generation or boundary effects in optimization. Overall, the stochastic model provides substantial advantages in managing uncertainty, achieving notable improvements in reliability with only modest increases in operational cost and computational time. The findings confirm that the proposed approach offers a robust and practical framework for supporting sustainable and resilient power systems in regions with high variability in both generation and demand. Full article

The application of tuned mass dampers (TMDs) to high-rise buildings or slender bridges can significantly decrease the dynamical vibrations due to external excitation, such as wind or earthquake loads. However, the individual properties of a TMD such as mass, stiffness and damping have to be designed carefully with respect to the dynamical properties of the investigated structure. In real-world structures, the influence of uncertain system properties might be critical for the performance of a TMD and thus the whole structure. Therefore, the design under uncertainty of such systems is an important issue, which is addressed in the current paper. For our investigations, we consider linear single-degree-of-freedom (SDOF) systems, where analytical formulas for the deterministic design already exist, and linear multi-degree-of-freedom (MDOF) systems, where a time integration and numerical optimization algorithms are usually applied to obtain the optimal TMD parameters. If the numerical optimization should be coupled with a sampling-based uncertainty quantification method, such as Monte Carlo sampling, the design procedure would require the evaluation of a coupled double-loop approach, which is very demanding from the computation point of view. Therefore, we focus the following paper on an efficient analytical uncertainty quantification approach, which estimates the mean and scatter from a Taylor series expansion. Additionally, we introduce an efficient mode decomposition approach for MDOF systems with multiple TMDs, which estimates the maximum displacements using a modal analysis instead of a demanding time integration. Different optimal design problems are formulated as single- or multi-objective optimization tasks, where the statistical properties of the maximum displacements are considered as safety margins in the optimization goal functions. The application of numerical optimization algorithms is straightforward and not limited to specific algorithms. As numerical examples, we investigate an SDOF system with single TMD and a multi-story frame with multiple TMDs. The presented procedure might be interesting for the design process of structures, where the dynamical vibrations reach a critical threshold. Full article

This study presents a novel cyber-resilient, data-driven optimisation framework for real-time energy management in electric vehicle (EV)-integrated smart grids. The proposed framework integrates a hybrid optimisation engine—combining genetic algorithms and reinforcement learning—with a real-time analytics module to enable adaptive scheduling under uncertainty. It accounts for dynamic electricity pricing, EV mobility patterns, and grid load fluctuations, dynamically reallocating charging demand in response to evolving grid conditions. Unlike existing GA/RL schedulers, this framework uniquely integrates adaptive optimisation with resilient forecasting under incomplete data and lightweight blockchain-inspired cyber-defence, thereby addressing efficiency, accuracy, and security simultaneously. To ensure secure and trustworthy EV–grid communication, a lightweight blockchain-inspired protocol is incorporated, supported by an intrusion detection system (IDS) for cyber-attack mitigation. Empirical evaluation using European smart grid datasets demonstrates a daily peak demand reduction of 9.6% (from 33 kWh to 29.8 kWh), with a 27% decrease in energy delivered at the original peak hour and a redistribution of demand that increases delivery at 19:00 h by nearly 25%. Station utilisation became more balanced, with weekly peak normalised utilisation falling from 1.0 to 0.7. The forecasting module achieved a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.25 kWh and a mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) below 20% even with up to 25% missing data. Among tested models, CatBoost outperformed LightGBM and XGBoost with an RMSE of 0.853 kWh and $R^2$ of 0.416. The IDS achieved 94.1% accuracy, an AUC of 0.97, and detected attacks within 50–300 ms, maintaining over 74% detection accuracy under 50% novel attack scenarios. The optimisation runtime remained below 0.4 s even at five times the nominal dataset scale. Additionally, the study outlines a conceptual extension to support location-based planning of charging infrastructure. This proposes the alignment of infrastructure roll-out with forecasted demand to enhance spatial deployment efficiency. While not implemented in the current framework, this forward-looking integration highlights opportunities for synchronising infrastructure development with dynamic usage patterns. Collectively, the findings confirm that the proposed approach is technically robust, operationally feasible, and adaptable to the evolving demands of intelligent EV–smart grid systems. Full article

With increasing global pressure to decarbonize electricity systems, particularly in regions outside international carbon trading frameworks, it is essential to develop adaptive optimization tools that account for regulatory policies and system-level uncertainty. An emission-constrained power dispatch strategy based on an Adaptive Grouped Fish Migration Optimization (AGFMO) algorithm is proposed. The algorithm incorporates dynamic population grouping, a perturbation-assisted escape strategy from local optima, and a performance-feedback-driven position update rule. These enhancements improve the algorithm’s convergence reliability and global search capacity in complex constrained environments. The proposed method is implemented in Taiwan’s 345 kV transmission system, covering a decadal planning horizon (2023–2033) with scenarios involving varying load demands, wind power integration levels, and carbon tax schemes. Simulation results show that the AGFMO approach achieves greater reductions in total dispatch cost and CO₂ emissions compared with conventional swarm-based techniques, including PSO, GACO, and FMO. Embedding policy parameters directly into the optimization framework enables robustness in real-world grid settings and flexibility for future carbon taxation regimes. The model serves as decision-support tool for emission-sensitive operational planning in power markets with limited access to global carbon trading, contributing to the advanced modeling of control and optimization processes in low-carbon energy systems. Full article

The increasing demand for high-performance power converters for electric vehicle (EV) applications places a significant emphasis on developing effective and robust control strategies for DC-DC converter operation. This paper deals with the development, simulation, and experimental validation of an adaptive Lyapunov-type Nonlinear Sliding Mode Control (L-SMC) strategy for a DC–DC boost converter, addressing significant uncertainties caused by large variations in system parameters (R and L) and ensuring the tracking of a voltage reference. The proposed control strategy employs the Lyapunov stability theory to build an adaptive law to update the parameters of the sliding surface so the system can achieve global asymptotic stability in the presence of uncertainty in inductance, capacitance, load resistance, and input voltage. The nonlinear sliding manifold is also considered, which contributes to a more robust and faster convergence in the controller. In addition, a logic optimization technique was implemented that minimizes switching (chattering) operations significantly, and as a result of this, increases ease of implementation. The proposed L-SMC is validated through both simulation and experimental tests under various conditions, including abrupt increases in input voltage and load disturbances. Simulation results demonstrate that, whether under nominal parameters (R = 320 Ω, L = 2.7 mH) or with parameter variations, the voltage overshoot in all cases remains below 0.5%, while the steady-state error stays under 0.4 V except during the startup, which is a transitional phase lasting a very short time. The current responds smoothly to voltage reference and parameter variations, with very insignificant chattering and overshoot. The current remains stable and constant, with a noticeable presence of a peak with each change in the reference voltage, accompanied by relatively small chattering. The simulation and experimental results demonstrate that adaptive L-SMC achieves accurate voltage regulation, a rapid transient response, and reduces chattering, and the simulation and experimental testing show that the proposed controller has a significantly lower steady-state error, which ensures precise and stable voltage regulation with time. Additionally, the system converges faster for the proposed controller at conversion and is stabilized quickly to the adaptation reference state after the drastic and dynamic change in either the input voltage or load, thus minimizing the settling time. The proposed control approach also contributes to saving energy for the application at hand, all in consideration of minimizing losses. Full article

Due to the high cost of hydrogen utilization and the uncertainties in renewable energy generation and load demand, significant challenges are posed for the operation optimization of hydrogen-containing integrated energy systems (IESs). In this study, a robust operational model for an electric–heat–gas IES (EHG-IES) is proposed, considering the hydrogen energy system heat recovery (HESHR) and multiple uncertainties. Firstly, a heat recovery model for the hydrogen system is established based on thermodynamic equations and reaction principles; secondly, through the constructed adjustable robust optimization (ARO) model, the optimal solution of the system under the worst-case scenario is obtained; lastly, the original problem is decomposed based on the column and constraint generation method and strong duality theory, resulting in the formulation of a master problem and subproblem with mixed-integer linear characteristics. These problems are solved through alternating iterations, ultimately obtaining the corresponding optimal scheduling scheme. The simulation results demonstrate that our model and method can effectively reduce the operation and maintenance costs of HESHR-EHG-IES while being resilient to uncertainties on both the supply and demand sides. In summary, this study provides a novel approach for the diversified utilization and flexible operation of energy in HESHR-EHG-IES, contributing to the safe, controllable, and economically efficient development of the energy market. It holds significant value for engineering practice. Full article

Demand-side flexible resources in building energy systems hold significant potential for enhancing grid reliability and operational efficiency. However, their effective coordination remains challenging due to the complexity of modeling and aggregating heterogeneous loads. To address this, this paper proposes a feasible region aggregation and coordination method for load aggregators based on a GNMTL-LSTM-Zonotope framework. A Gradient Normalized Multi-Task Learning Long Short-Term Memory (GNMTL-LSTM) model is developed to forecast the power trajectories of diverse flexible resources, including air-conditioning systems, energy storage units, and diesel generators. Using these predictions and associated uncertainty bounds, dynamic feasible regions for individual resources are constructed with Zonotope structures. To enable scalable aggregation, a Minkowski sum-based method is applied to merge the feasible regions of multiple resources efficiently. Additionally, a directionally weighted Zonotope refinement strategy is introduced, leveraging time-varying flexibility revenues from energy and reserve markets to enhance approximation accuracy during high-value periods. Case studies based on real-world office building data from Shandong Province validate the effectiveness, modeling precision, and economic responsiveness of the proposed method. The results demonstrate that the framework enables fine-grained coordination of flexible loads and enhances their adaptability to market signals. This study is the first to integrate GNMTL-LSTM forecasting with market-oriented Zonotope modeling for heterogeneous demand-side resources, enabling simultaneous improvements in dynamic accuracy, computational scalability, and economic responsiveness. Full article

South Africa’s transition to a renewable-powered grid faces critical challenges due to the inherent variability of wind and solar generation as well as the need for economically viable and reliable dispatch strategies. This study proposes a scenario-based stochastic optimization framework that integrates machine learning forecasting and uncertainty modeling to enhance operational decision making. A hybrid Long Short-Term Memory–XGBoost model is employed to forecast wind, photovoltaic (PV) power, concentrated solar power (CSP), and electricity demand, with Monte Carlo dropout and quantile regression used for uncertainty quantification. Scenarios are generated using appropriate probability distributions and are reduced via Temporal-Aware K-Means Scenario Reduction for tractability. A two-stage stochastic program then optimizes power dispatch under uncertainty, benchmarked against Deterministic, Rule-Based, and Perfect Information models. Simulation results over 7 days using five years of real-world South African energy data show that the stochastic model strikes a favorable balance between cost and reliability. It incurs a total system cost of ZAR 1.748 billion, with 1625 MWh of load shedding and 1283 MWh of curtailment, significantly outperforming the deterministic model (ZAR 1.763 billion; 3538 MWh load shedding; 59 MWh curtailment) and the rule-based model (ZAR 1.760 billion, 1.809 MWh load shedding; 1475 MWh curtailment). The proposed stochastic framework demonstrates strong potential for improving renewable integration, reducing system penalties, and enhancing grid resilience in the face of forecast uncertainty. Full article

Amid rising load volatility and uncertainty, demand-side resources with regulation capabilities are increasingly engaged at scale in ancillary service markets, facilitating sustainable peak load mitigation and alleviating grid stress while reducing reliance on carbon-intensive peaking plants. This study examines the integration of electric vehicles (EVs) in peak regulation, proposing a multi-stage operational strategy framework grounded in the analysis of EV power and energy response constraints to promote both economic efficiency and environmental sustainability. The model holistically accounts for temporal charging and discharging behaviors under diverse incentive mechanisms, incorporating user response heterogeneity alongside multi-period market peak regulation demands while supporting clean transportation adoption. An optimization model is formulated to maximize aggregator revenue while enhancing grid sustainability and is solved via MATLAB(2021b) and CPLEX(20.1.0). The simulation outcomes reveal that the discharge-based demand response (DBDR) strategy elevates aggregator revenue by 42.6% and enhances peak regulation margins by 19.2% relative to the conventional charge-based demand response (CBDR). The hybridization of CBDR and DBDR yields a threefold revenue increase and a 28.7% improvement in peak regulation capacity, underscoring the efficacy of a joint-response approach in augmenting economic returns, grid flexibility, and sustainable energy management. Full article

This paper proposes a comprehensive mathematical optimization framework for techno-economic demand side management (DSM) in hybrid energy systems (HESs), with a focus on standalone configurations. The framework incorporates load growth projections and the probabilistic uncertainties of renewable energy sources to enhance planning robustness. To identify high-quality near-optimal solutions, several advanced metaheuristic algorithms were employed, including the Exponential Distribution Optimizer (EDO), Teaching-Learning-Based Optimization (TLBO), Circle Search Algorithm (CSA), and Wild Horse Optimizer (WHO). The results highlight substantial economic and environmental improvements, with battery integration yielding a 69.7% reduction in total system cost and an 84.3% decrease in emissions. Additionally, this study evaluated the influence of future load growth on fuel expenditure, offering realistic insights into the techno-economic viability of HES deployment. Full article

As the global carbon neutrality process accelerates, the proportion of distributed power sources such as wind power and photovoltaic power continues to increase. This transformation, while promoting the development of clean energy, also brings about the issue of new energy consumption. As wind and solar distributed generation rapidly expands into modern power grids, consumption issues become increasingly prominent. In this paper, a robust optimal scheduling method considering multiple uncertainties is proposed for community microgrids containing multiple renewable energy sources based on potential games. Firstly, the flexible loads of community microgrids are quantitatively classified into four categories, namely critical base loads, shiftable loads, power-adjustable loads, and dispersible loads, and a stochastic model is established for the wind power and load power; secondly, the user’s comprehensive electricity consumption satisfaction is included in the operator’s scheduling considerations, and the user’s demand is quantified by constructing a comprehensive satisfaction function that includes comfort indicators and economic indicators. Further, the flexible load-response expectation uncertainty and renewable generation uncertainty model are used to establish a robust optimization uncertainty set. This set portrays the worst-case scenario. Based on this, a two-stage robust optimization framework is designed: with the dual objectives of minimizing operator cost and maximizing user satisfaction, a potential game model is introduced to achieve a Nash equilibrium between the interests of the operator and the users, and solved by a column and constraint generation algorithm. Finally, the rationality and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified through examples, and the results show that after optimization, the cost dropped from CNY 2843.5 to CNY 1730.8, a reduction of 39.1%, but the user satisfaction with electricity usage increased to over 98%. Full article

To fully accommodate renewable and derivative energy sources in mine energy systems under supply and demand uncertainties, this paper proposes an optimized electricity–heat scheduling method for mining areas that incorporates Power-to-Gas (P2G) technology and Conditional Value-at-Risk (CVaR). First, to address uncertainties on both the supply and demand sides, a P2G unit is introduced, and a Latin hypercube sampling technique based on Cholesky decomposition is employed to generate wind–solar-load sample matrices that capture source–load correlations, which are subsequently used to construct representative scenarios. Second, a stochastic optimization scheduling model is developed for the mine electricity–heat energy system, aiming to minimize the total scheduling cost comprising day-ahead scheduling cost, expected reserve adjustment cost, and CVaR. Finally, a case study on a typical mine electricity–heat energy system is conducted to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method in terms of operational cost reduction and system reliability. The results demonstrate a 1.4% reduction in the total operating cost, achieving a balance between economic efficiency and system security. Full article