Search Results (1,891)

The positive impact of strategic self-talk on performance in various sports tasks has been well-documented. Contemporary research has therefore started to explore the potential mechanisms through which self-talk affects performance. The primary purpose of the present study was to examine aspects of the attentional mechanisms underlying performance on a golf putting task, endorsing a psychophysiological perspective through the assessment of Heart-Rate Variability (HRV). Participants were 40 male sport science students, with no prior experience in golf putting, who were randomly assigned to control and experimental groups. The experiment was completed over four sessions, including baseline assessment, two training sessions, and final assessment. Participants of both groups followed the same training protocol, with the experimental group practicing strategic self-talk and developing personal self-talk plans for the final assessment. Performance and HRV were recorded during the baseline and final assessments. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that the experimental group showed greater performance improvement from baseline to final assessment and superior performance compared to the control group at the final assessment. Analysis of the HRV data provided indications that the experimental group showed different patterns of Root Mean Square of Successive Differences (RMSSD) activation at the final assessment, showing a greater activation of the parasympathetic nervous system, in particular towards the latest stages of the golf-putting task. The HRV findings, which should be interpreted with caution due to the lack of multivariate significance, are in line with an attentional interpretation of self-talk effectiveness indicating a less effortful processing. Full article

Background/Objectives: School-age athletes occupy a paradoxical position in the adolescent opioid crisis, combining health-oriented activity with elevated risk of sports-related injury and prescription opioid exposure. In response to the opioid epidemic, states enacted opioid prescribing limit laws (OPLLs) beginning in 2016–2017, yet whether these supply-side policies reached high-risk youth subgroups remains unclear. This study evaluated national temporal trends in prescription opioid misuse among U.S. high school students during the period of OPLL implementation and examined differences across athletic participation, concussion history, sex, grade, race/ethnicity, and substance-use profiles. Methods: Using four biennial waves of the Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System with a consistent prescription pain-medicine measure (2017, 2019, 2021, and 2023; total N = 44,501), we conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression models producing adjusted odds ratios (aORs) for lifetime prescription opioid misuse, controlling for survey year, sports participation, sex, grade, race/ethnicity, alcohol use, and other illicit drug use. Interaction and stratified models examined differences associated with sports participation, concussion history, demographic characteristics, and substance use. Results: Weighted prescription opioid misuse declined from 13.9% in 2017 to 12.0% in 2023, with a significant unadjusted linear decline per two-year survey wave (OR = 0.936; 95% CI: 0.879–0.997; p = 0.040). This overall trend was attenuated after adjustment (aOR = 0.967; 95% CI: 0.914–1.024; p = 0.248). Temporal patterns differed significantly across race/ethnicity, sex, grade, and selected substance-use groups. White and male students demonstrated significant adjusted linear declines, whereas Hispanic/Latino and female students remained flat. Black/African American students showed significant year-to-year variation, with elevated adjusted odds in 2019 and 2021 relative to 2017. Concussion history was independently associated with misuse among athletes (aOR = 1.645; 95% CI: 1.417–1.909; p < 0.001), with significant associations observed among White, Asian, Black/African American, and Hispanic/Latino athletes. The pooled concussion-by-race/ethnicity interaction, however, was not significant (p = 0.295). Conclusions: Although prescription opioid misuse declined descriptively between 2017 and 2023, adjusted analyses did not identify a significant overall national temporal change. Since subgroup patterns diverged, prevention planning and surveillance should be disaggregated by race/ethnicity and sex rather than guided by national totals, and groups whose misuse did not decline may require strategies extending beyond clinical prescribing controls. Full article

Background and Objectives: Rugby Union is associated with a high incidence of injuries. Although injury epidemiology has been extensively documented internationally, data from Portuguese rugby remain scarce despite the sport’s recent growth and increasing visibility. This study aimed to investigate the incidence, characteristics, and severity of time-loss match injuries, as well as their impact on match availability, in the top tier of Portuguese Rugby Union XV. Materials and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted during the 2023/2024 Portuguese rugby season. Five of the ten eligible teams competing in the Portuguese Senior Male Rugby Union XV Championship participated in the study. Team medical staff prospectively recorded all time-loss match injuries using a standardized online reporting form. Results: The overall injury incidence was 49.46 injuries per 1000 player-match-hours (95% CI: 39.78–59.68), with a mean injury severity of 12.80 days (SD = 12.17). Lower-limb injuries accounted for 52.2% of all injuries and were associated with the greatest mean time-loss (15.56 days). Bone injuries demonstrated the highest descriptive mean injury severity. However, this finding was based on a small number of cases and should therefore be interpreted with caution. A weak but statistically significant positive correlation was observed between exposure hours and injury severity (r = 0.26, p = 0.011). Conclusions: The findings indicate that injuries in Portuguese top-tier rugby occur predominantly during contact events and in the second half of matches. Lower-limb injuries were the most frequently reported injuries and accounted for the largest proportion of time-loss injuries. Full article

This review provides a substantial, updated meta-analysis examining the relationships between pre-competition Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 Revised (CSAI-2R) subscales and objective sport performance metrics from 1985 to 2026. Following Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, we found studies via a systematic search of the Web of Science (WOS) and EBSCOhost databases, as well as relevant meta-analyses. Random-effects models calculated pooled mean differences (Hedges’ g) and correlation coefficients (r) for the primary analyses. Forty-eight studies totaling 3659 athletes met the inclusion criteria. The included literature using primarily the CSAI-2 spanned four decades of global research, featuring mainly individual sport elite and university-level samples of male and female athletes. Primary findings revealed significant pooled effects in the hypothesized directions across all subscales in both the mean difference and correlation studies, ranging from small to medium in magnitude. Prediction intervals were wide for all primary analyses, indicating high variability in future study findings. Of note, subgroup datasets for win/lose comparisons in tennis and martial arts, golf and gymnastics event scores, and individual athlete’s basketball and volleyball statistics provided more stable results providing direction for researchers and practitioners. In conclusion, while the CSAI-2(R) remains a popular pre-competitive monitoring tool, wide prediction intervals except in a few subgroups necessitate caution. Practitioners should prioritize measurement of the CSAI-2(R) the day of performance with longitudinal, idiographic assessments to account for individual zones of optimal functioning and anxiety interpretation. Full article

Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection may impair functional capacity in athletes, while prior vaccination status may be associated with post-infection functional status. However, evidence comparing objective post-infection exercise responses according to vaccination status in elite athletes remains limited. Methods: This study included a total of 220 male athletes with PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections: 101 unvaccinated and 119 vaccinated with two doses prior to infection. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPET) was performed 14 ± 1 days after confirmation of SARS-CoV-2 infection and before the athletes returned to full training. A two-way ANOVA was conducted for each CPET variable, using vaccination status and sport as fixed factors. Results: After accounting for the type of sport, vaccinated athletes showed significantly higher VO₂max, VO₂ at VT1, oxygen pulse, heart rate at VT1, and heart rate at VT2, as well as lower VE/VCO₂ values. No significant differences were found for VEmax, HRmax, or heart rate during recovery. The interaction between vaccination status and sport was not significant for the main CPET outcomes, indicating a similar pattern in both sports. Conclusions: These findings suggest that prior vaccination is associated with a more favorable early post-infection physiological profile in professional team-sport players. Full article

Background: Creatinine normalization is the default adjustment for urine dilution in spot-urine monitoring of athletes, yet its appropriateness is seldom tested in field data. We tested whether it removes or introduces concentration dependence across a panel of urinary analytes in soccer players training in extreme heat and whether raw versus normalized values change the inferred response. Methods: Sixteen male soccer players (age 19.9 ± 0.8 y) provided spot urine at three daily time points (morning, pre-training, post-training) over six training days in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, glucose, urea nitrogen, uric acid, total protein, and creatinine were measured. For each analyte we quantified its scaling exponent with creatinine, the correlation of raw and normalized values with creatinine, and the within-day pattern on raw versus normalized values using linear mixed-effects models. Results: Urinary creatinine varied 22.7-fold (coefficient of variation 39%). Only protein and glucose scaled proportionally to creatinine (exponents ≈1.0) and normalized cleanly (ratio–creatinine r = −0.06 and −0.21). The remaining seven analytes, including all electrolytes, scaled weakly (exponents 0.16–0.49), so normalization over-corrected them, producing strong negative ratio–creatinine correlations (uric acid −0.74, sodium −0.59, chloride −0.55). For four of nine a the inferred within-day response differed in direction or significance between raw and normalized values; restricting creatinine to the recommended 0.3–3 g·L⁻¹ range attenuated but did not abolish the over-correction. Conclusions: Creatinine normalization suited protein and glucose but over-corrected every electrolyte and could reverse inferred responses. In this setting of hot-environment team-sport athletes, creatinine normalization should not be assumed adequate for electrolytes, which instead warrant interpretation against an independent index of urine concentration such as osmolality or specific gravity. Full article

Aim: While voluntary Islamic intermittent fasting (IF) of three consecutive days (mimicking practices such as Ayyam al-Bid) may be observed by Muslim athletes, its short-term effects on cognitive function and sleep quality in adolescent team-sport athletes remain unexamined. This study investigated the impact of three successive days of dawn-to-sunset IF on memory, attention, psychomotor vigilance, and subjective sleep quality in young male soccer players. Methods: A quasi-experimental, parallel-group design was employed. Thirty-five male soccer players (age: 15.6 ± 0.8 years; body mass: 55.07 ± 6.53 kg) were allocated to an IF group (n = 17) or a non-fasting control group (n = 18). The fasting protocol comprised approximately 14 consecutive hours of complete food and fluid abstinence per day (from 04:40 to 18:36, with daily variations of −3 min for the dawn and +2 min for the sunset, local time). Cognitive function was assessed using the CogniFit Cognitive Assessment Battery (CAB) and the Psychomotor Vigilance Test (PVT), and subjective well-being was quantified via the Hooper Index. Both assessment sessions were conducted between 14:00 and 17:00 to control for diurnal variation. Results: The Group × Time interaction for single-item subjective sleep quality reached nominal significance at the unadjusted threshold (Z = 2.18, p = 0.029, r = 0.37) but did not survive Bonferroni correction for the four Hooper Index comparisons (α = 0.0125); this result is therefore interpreted as hypothesis-generating only, reflecting a within-group deterioration in the control group (p < 0.05) alongside a non-significant marginal improvement in the fasting group. No statistically significant Group × Time interaction was detected for any memory subdomain (all p ≥ 0.419, r ≤ 0.14), attention component (all p > 0.176, r ≤ 0.23), or PVT parameter (all p > 0.192, η²p/r ≤ 0.22) under the present study conditions. Within-group improvements in memory and attention observed in both groups were consistent with test–retest learning effects. Conclusions: No statistically significant Group × Time interaction was detected for memory, attention-related executive functions, or psychomotor vigilance in young male soccer players under the present study conditions; the study was not designed as an equivalence or non-inferiority trial and cannot exclude effects smaller than the targeted medium magnitude, alongside a nominally divergent but statistically uncorrected sleep quality trajectory relative to non-fasting controls, which should be interpreted as hypothesis-generating pending replication. These findings provide preliminary, hypothesis-generating evidence that no statistically significant cognitive or psychomotor impairment was detected under the present study conditions; because the study was not designed as an equivalence or non-inferiority trial, compatibility between short-term voluntary IF and adolescent athletic training cannot be inferred from the absence of a significant interaction alone. Full article

Background: Sports training induces functional and structural adaptations that may influence body composition, particularly during adolescence when growth and maturation are still occurring. Although anthropometric characteristics have been extensively studied within individual sports, comparative analyses among different sport categories remain limited. The aim of this study was to compare body composition characteristics among athletes participating in individual, team, and combat sports within a Spanish Sports Technification Program. Methods: A total of 118 young athletes (62 males and 56 females) from the Valencian Sports Technification Centre participated in this cross-sectional study. Participants were classified into three sport categories: individual sports (athletics, swimming, and triathlon), team sports (handball and volleyball), and combat sports (karate and taekwondo). Anthropometric assessment was performed according to the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) protocol. Body composition variables, including fat mass, muscle mass, and bone mass, were estimated using established anthropometric equations. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: After adjustment for multiple comparisons, significant differences remained between sport categories for several body composition indicators. Athletes from the individual sport group showed a higher muscle mass percentage and lower body fat percentages estimated using the Withers, Faulkner, and Carter equations than those from the team sport group. Similarly, estimated body fat percentages were lower in the individual sport group than in the combat sport group across all three equations. Team sport athletes presented higher absolute fat and muscle mass than combat sport athletes. However, some differences identified in the initial analyses, including fat mass and bone mass percentage between the individual and team sport groups and muscle mass percentage between the team and combat sport groups, did not remain statistically significant after adjustment for multiple comparisons. Conclusions: Body composition characteristics differed among the groups of young athletes participating in the specific individual, team, and combat sports included in this study. Within this cohort, athletes from the individual sport group generally exhibited lower body fat levels than those from the team and combat sport groups, whereas differences were also observed in other anthropometric characteristics. These findings should be interpreted within the context of the specific sports included and should not be generalized to individual, team, or combat sports as a whole. The findings may assist coaches, sports scientists, and health professionals in the monitoring and development of young athletes participating in similar sports and development programs. Full article

This study investigated the effects of alpha-band EEG neurofeedback on load-specific lower body strength performance in competitive judokas and examined whether training status modulates neuromuscular adaptation. Twenty-four male athletes (advanced vs. intermediate level) completed 15 neurofeedback sessions targeting the Frontal Alpha Asymmetry Index (FAAI) using real-time EEG from F3/F4 electrodes. Squat performance was assessed across five relative loads (35–100% 1RM) pre- and post-intervention. Key outcomes included ∆Reps at each intensity, EEG changes (∆FAAI, ∆F3, ∆F4), and a composite neural efficiency index (∆Reps/∆FAAI). Statistical analyses included RM-ANOVA, MANOVA, and ANCOVA with FAAI baseline as a covariate. Neither group showed significant within-group performance improvements across load conditions, and multivariate analysis revealed no significant group effect on EEG change outcomes (Wilks’ Λ = 0.930, p = 0.688). None of the individual EEG change metrics differed significantly between groups (∆FAAI, ∆F3, ∆F4; all p > 0.28). Efficiency indices likewise did not differ significantly by group (all p > 0.32), and FAAI baseline did not predict performance transfer. Despite uniform intervention exposure, cortical EEG changes did not differ significantly between experienced and Intermediate-level athletes, and squat performance remained load invariant in both groups. Because the design did not include a placebo or non-neurofeedback control condition, and given the small sample (n = 12 per group) and the non-significant multivariate effect, these findings should be regarded as preliminary and associative rather than causal. They suggest that alpha-band neurofeedback was not associated with training-status-dependent EEG changes over this protocol, and that cortical changes did not translate into measurable gains in maximal strength output under progressive loading. Further studies using placebo-controlled designs and larger samples should extend training duration and consider multimodal interventions to bridge cortical gains with functional strength improvements in elite sport contexts. Full article

Background: Futsal is a high-intensity, intermittent team sport, yet laboratory protocols that reproduce its substitution-based running demands remain scarce. This study examined the physiological, neuromuscular, and perceptual responses to the Futsal Intermittent Treadmill Protocol (FITP), a laboratory-based protocol designed to replicate the intermittent high-intensity running demands of futsal. Methods: Ten male, national-level (Tier 3) futsal players completed four bouts of intermittent running (6–20 km·h⁻¹) reflecting typical substitution patterns. Measurements included oxygen consumption (VO₂), heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration ([BLa⁻]), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), total quality recovery (TQR), and countermovement jump (CMJ) performance. Responses were analyzed using one-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: HR and %HRmax increased significantly across bouts (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.84 for both), reaching values typical of competitive matches. Relative VO₂ and %VO₂max remained stable, while RPE increased and TQR decreased progressively (p < 0.001; η²p = 0.59–0.62). Blood lactate levels and the CMJ mechanical variables showed no significant changes, indicating no systematic neuromuscular fatigue pattern. Conclusions: The FITP induces substantial cardiovascular and perceptual strain that is physiologically comparable to high-intensity futsal, while metabolic and neuromuscular responses remain stable. The protocol may provide a controlled, repeatable method for assessing intermittent running tolerance; however, optimizing its role in physical evaluation, top-up conditioning, and return-to-play monitoring will benefit from future research confirming its ongoing consistency and field application. Full article

Background: This study aimed to compare changes in motor coordination associated with two different motor practice models—multisport and single-sport soccer training—in children, without implying causal effects of one training context over the other. Methods: A quasi-experimental pre–post study (T0–T1) was conducted over 10 weeks in non-randomized, pre-existing groups. A total of 143 children (mean age: 6.21 ± 0.55 years; 107 males) were allocated to a Multisport Group (MG; n = 79) and a Single-sport Group (SG; n = 64). Motor coordination was assessed using the Körperkoordinationstest für Kinder (KTK), and raw scores (RAW SCORE) were used for analysis. Statistical analyses included t-tests, change-score (Δ) and effect-size analyses, and two-way repeated-measures ANOVA. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements over time (p < 0.001; d = 0.75 for MG, d = 0.77 for SG). However, the MG showed significantly greater improvements than the SG (Δ = 16.68 ± 6.14 vs. 12.28 ± 4.08; p < 0.001; d = 0.83). At T1, the SG still showed slightly higher absolute RAW SCORE values than the MG (p = 0.049; d = −0.33), although this between-group difference was markedly reduced compared to baseline (d = −0.59). The ANOVA revealed a very large effect of Time (F(1,141) = 1092.31, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.886), a small-to-medium effect of Group (F(1,141) = 7.51, p = 0.007, η²p = 0.051), and a large Time × Group interaction (F(1,141) = 24.18, p < 0.001, η²p = 0.146). A sensitivity analysis (ANCOVA) confirmed that, after adjusting for baseline scores, sex, and anthropometric variables, the Multisport group showed significantly higher adjusted T1 scores than the Single-sport group (adjusted mean difference = 3.96 points, 95% CI: 1.93–5.99), reversing the direction observed in the unadjusted T1 comparison. Given the non-randomized design and baseline group differences, findings reflect observed associations rather than causal effects. Conclusions: Both practice models were associated with improved motor coordination, with multisport participation associated with greater observed change over 10 weeks. These findings are consistent with a possible role of diversified motor experiences in coordination development, though this study cannot establish causality. Full article

Background and Objective: Maximal oxygen uptake (VO₂max) is a fundamental indicator of cardiorespiratory fitness in sports medicine, essential for athletic profiling and training prescription. However, traditional direct measurements require exhaustive physical testing, which induces considerable physiological stress, limits testing frequency, and increases the risk of injury. To address this problem, this study aimed to eliminate the need for exhaustive protocols by developing a highly precise, non-invasive digital prediction model for VO₂max utilizing readily available anthropometric data and acute metabolic biomarkers (blood glucose and lactate kinetics). Methods: To overcome the limitations of a small initial empirical sample (n = 16) and prevent model overfitting, the original dataset was statistically augmented to create a robust synthetic cohort (n = 200) using Multivariate Normal Distribution and k-Nearest Neighbors (k-NN) algorithms. Three different machine learning models (Multiple Linear Regression [MLR], Random Forest [RF], and Support Vector Regression [SVR]) were trained using such parameters as sex, height, weight, baseline/pre-exercise, and net (Δ) glucose and lactate concentrations. Evaluation of the performance of the models included tenfold cross-validation and Bland–Altman analysis as a measure of clinical agreement. Results: Among the three algorithms used, the highest correlation coefficient (R² = 0.939) was observed for SVR, along with the lowest error metrics (RMSE = 1.442 mL/kg/min, MAPE = 2.78%). Moreover, SVR showed remarkable performance in predicting VO₂max of female (R² = 0.890) and male (R² = 0.702) athletes separately. Also, Bland–Altman analysis proved almost zero-bias estimation with 95% limits of agreement ranging between −4.40 and 4.43 mL/kg/min. In order to bypass the black-box problem of complex algorithms for practical application in the field, the MLR model was used for the development of the Beta-Weighted Lacto-Glycemic Equation (β-LGE). Conclusions: In this work, a unique dual-model approach was introduced, with the SVR algorithm serving as a high-performance backend of a digital tool for sport technologists and Beta-Weighted LGE providing a practical calculation formula for coaches. This innovative approach allowed for a completely non-exhaustive profiling of an athlete’s VO₂max using only minimally invasive metabolic measurements. Full article

Women’s football represents the convergence of the history of sport, the history of women, and the history of women’s participation in ball games. From Classical antiquity, literary and archeological evidence highlights a long-standing association between spherical objects and the female sphere. While ancient physical cultures primarily celebrated male athleticism, records from various Classical civilizations indicate that women occasionally engaged in ball games and recreational exercises. In ancient Greece and Rome, these activities were often socially framed around themes of youth, grace, and courtship rituals, rather than structured competitive sport. Over the centuries, women continuously negotiated their access to physical play, transitioning from these early symbolic associations to more organized activities by the late Middle Ages. It was only at the end of the nineteenth century, alongside broader movements for female emancipation, that women’s football began to emerge in Great Britain, marking the entry of women into an exclusively male sporting domain. In recent decades, women’s football has undergone substantial professionalization and global expansion, accompanied by growing scientific interest in understanding the determinants of performance. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on the multidimensional factors influencing performance in women’s football, integrating physical and match demands, physiological and anthropometric characteristics, psychological and emotional components, menstrual cycle-related influences, and contextual variables. The literature published between 2008 and 2024 was examined across major scientific databases. Findings indicate that while total match distance has remained relatively stable (averaging 9500–10,500 m), high-speed running distances, sprint frequencies, and peak intensity demands have escalated by 15–30% over the tracked decade. Psychological resilience and team dynamics contribute meaningfully to performance outcomes, whereas menstrual cycle phases appear to exert limited and inconsistent effects on objective physical performance. Overall, performance in women’s football emerges from the dynamic interaction of multiple domains, underscoring the need for integrated and individualized performance management strategies. Full article

This study investigated how fatigue induced in firefighter boots (FBs) versus sport shoes (SSs) affects ankle joint position sense (JPS), range of motion (ROM), and subjective responses. Twelve healthy males participated in a mixed-design study, performing a calf-raise fatigue protocol in either FB or SS randomly. Ankle JPS, ROM, subjective ankle movement scores (SAMSs), and ratings of perceived exertion (RPEs) were assessed barefoot pre- and post-fatigue. A significant fatigue × footwear × ankle position interaction was observed for JPS constant error (CE) (p = 0.017, ηp² = 0.183). Follow-up analyses revealed a significant fatigue × ankle position interaction for CE in the SS condition (p = 0.032, ηp² = 0.299), whereas no significant fatigue-related effects were found in the FB condition. No significant footwear × fatigue × movement direction interaction was observed for ankle ROM (p = 0.561, ηp² = 0.065), and fatigue-related ROM changes did not differ between footwear conditions. Subjective outcomes differed between footwear conditions after fatigue, with higher SAMS scores in the SS condition (p = 0.016, d = 1.67) and higher RPE scores in the FB condition (p = 0.020, d = 1.66). These findings indicate a dissociation between objective and subjective responses to fatigue, with objective changes limited to a CE interaction pattern in JPS, whereas subjective responses were clearly differentiated by footwear condition. Full article

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the validity of the Vernier Go Direct force plate against a laboratory-grade AMTI force plate during squat jump (SJ) and countermovement jump (CMJ) assessments. Forty physically active university students (20 males and 20 females) performed both jump tests while vertical ground reaction force was recorded simultaneously by both systems. A total of 28 force-time variables were analyzed (9 from SJ and 19 from CMJ). For SJ, all parameters demonstrated excellent agreement (ICC = 0.986–0.997; CCC = 0.986–0.997) with small biases ranging from −4.0% to 3.6%. For CMJ, the parameters also showed good to excellent agreement (ICC = 0.846–0.999; CCC = 0.845–0.999) and minimal biases (−3.1% to 3.3%). These findings support the validity of the Vernier Go Direct force plate for measuring vertical jump performance and can serve as a cost-effective alternative for dynamic strength assessment, applied sports science research, and physical education settings. Full article