Search Results (841)

Informal waste picking and scrap collection constitute critical yet highly precarious livelihood strategies among economically marginalised women in rural South Africa. This article presents a cross-sectional mixed-methods study, guided by Sen’s Capability Approach as its analytical framework, examining the lived experiences, motivations, and livelihood outcomes of 126 Black African women engaged in scrap collection along the N2 Highway in the Eastern Cape, specifically in Mthatha, Xhora, and Qumbu. The study integrates quantitative descriptive statistics with qualitative thematic analysis derived from structured interviewer-administered questionnaires. The findings indicate that participation in scrap collection is overwhelmingly driven by structural economic constraints, including chronic unemployment, household poverty, and extensive caregiving responsibilities, rather than autonomous occupational choice. The sample is characterised by limited educational attainment, frequently disrupted by poverty, bereavement, early marriage, and early caregiving roles, which collectively constrain access to formal employment opportunities. Participants consistently described scrap collection as physically hazardous, economically insecure, and detrimental to both physical health and psychosocial wellbeing, while remaining indispensable for household survival. Through the lens of the Capability Approach, these conditions reflect severe restrictions in substantive freedoms, particularly in relation to economic security, bodily health and human dignity. Expressions of acceptance are interpreted as manifestations of adaptive preferences formed under conditions of prolonged structural deprivation rather than indicators of genuine agency. The study contributes to informal economy scholarship by demonstrating how intersecting structural inequalities constrain capability sets and limit livelihood trajectories and calls for targeted policy interventions to enhance occupational safety, income security and access to sustainable livelihood alternatives. Full article

This study uses linguistic evidence to examine the cultural dimensions of the term “matchmaker” within Liangshan Yi society, Sichuan, China. The present linguistic analysis reveals that two distinct Chinese words related to marriage were borrowed into the Liangshan Yi language, based on morphological analyzability, cognate comparison within Sino-Tibetan languages, and phonological and semantic adaptation. Specifically, (i) the Chinese word 伐 (fá), meaning ‘to hew, chop, or matchmake’ was borrowed as a standalone verb, phonologically adapted as ho³³/fu³³ depending on dialect into Liangshan Yi with the meaning ‘to marry (generally)’; and (ii) the term 伐柯 (fákē), originally meaning ‘to cut wood for an axe handle’ and later to ‘matchmaking, matchmaker,’ was borrowed into Liangshan Yi as a noun meaning ‘matchmaker’ (hɔ⁴⁴ka³³/fu⁴⁴ka³³, depending on dialect). Phonological evidence suggests these borrowings occurred during the Late Middle Chinese period, prior to the completion of labiodentalization, but after the shift of labial consonants to labiodental sounds, between the late Tang and Song dynasties (ca. 9th to 13th centuries). The lower limit is 1324 CE, when Zhōngyuán Yīnyùn was compiled. The dating of these borrowings is corroborated by our further corpus analysis of the usage of 伐柯 fákē and 伐 fá in ancient Chinese texts. This analysis reveals that while the two Chinese words originated in Shījīng (Book of Odes, 11th–7th centuries BCE), their usage frequency was extremely low in Early Middle Chinese; a resurgence subsequently occurred in Late Middle Chinese, with the highest frequency attested in the Song Dynasty (960–1279 CE). Moreover, a survey of additional Loloish communities shows that 伐柯 fákē serves as the common source of the borrowing for the term “matchmaker” in many Northern Loloish and some Central Loloish varieties, reflecting the influence of Chinese marital customs across a broad range of Yi communities. Although the borrowing derives from a common source, given the similar phonetic forms, the terms for “matchmaker” in these Loloish languages lack sound correspondences. This indicates that the Loloish languages had already diverged from one another by the time the borrowing took place. Finally, the linguistic evidence from the present study illuminates the historical processes that shaped marital customs among Yi ethnic societies, demonstrating that the concept of matchmaker is a recent innovation within Yi cultural practice, linguistically and culturally borrowed from Han Chinese—probably during 9th century to early 14th century—rather than being an indigenous tradition. Full article

In this study, we examine the persistence of gendered inequality in unpaid domestic work among employed individuals during Thailand’s 2004–2014 structural transformation, a period shaped by major reforms in education and healthcare. We provide new evidence from middle-income Southeast Asia, where gender norms remain strong but empirical evidence is still limited, especially for marriage and labor market segregation. Methodologically, we use repeated cross-sectional data from Thailand’s Time Use Survey (N = 57,555) and pooled OLS models with survey-year fixed effects under alternative sample definitions. Our results reveal a large and persistent gender gap across all specifications. Marriage is associated with substantially higher amounts of unpaid domestic work for women, while labor market segregation displays gendered dynamics: employment in female-dominated industries and female household headship are associated with lower domestic work burdens, whereas employment in male-dominated industries shows no robust association with women’s unpaid domestic work time. Although the raw gender gap narrowed over the ten-year period, the adjusted gap widened after accounting for individual, employment, and household characteristics, suggesting that compositional improvements among women masked a deepening relative domestic burden. These findings suggest that economic development alone may not automatically reduce gender inequality within households, with important implications for labor markets and social policies in developing economies. Full article

Every new phrasal preposition results from a process of grammaticalization, through which elements originally considered lexical acquire grammatical functions. At the same time, their complex status also entails a process of lexicalization, given that these constructions lose their syntactic analyzability. To address this apparent contradiction, the aim of this article is to provide a theoretical account within the theories of grammaticalization and lexicalization. Based on new empirical evidence taken from the historical analysis of the Spanish complex preposition por vía de ‘by way of’, as documented in the Corpus del Diccionario histórico de la lengua española (CDH), this research demonstrates the relationship between grammaticalization and lexicalization. The diachronic data show that the locative noun vía undergoes grammaticalization. This process involves semantic bleaching (locative-perlative, perlative-figurative intermediation, perlative-figurative mediation, cause, purpose; e.g., por vía de Francia ‘by way of France’, por vía de intérprete ‘through an interpreter’, por vía de matrimonio ‘by means of marriage’, por vía de padre ‘on my father’s side’), recategorization, loss of morphological properties, external fixation, and condensation. However, this development is conditioned by lexicalization, as the noun is grammaticalized only when it becomes fixed in combination with the two prepositions (por and de). Nonetheless, the diachronic evidence also shows that the degree of syntactic analyzability varies according to meaning, indicating that analyzability does not necessarily entail semantic compositionality. Full article

Previous research has shown that adverse childhood experiences, such as harsh parenting or corporal punishment, can have long-lasting effects on individuals’ psychological well-being. Still, little is known about how these effects interact with cultural and structural factors in non-Western contexts. Drawing on data from an original 2020 survey of 1087 married women in Beijing, linear regression analysis reveals that women who experienced childhood harsh parenting report significantly lower levels of self-esteem than those who did not. Surprisingly, this negative association is amplified at higher levels of educational attainment. Further analysis also shows that the negative association between childhood harsh parenting and self-esteem is stronger among women who reported having greater autonomy in mate choice for marriage than among those with limited autonomy. The findings suggest that while educational attainment and autonomy in mate choice for marriage are typically associated with empowerment, they may also intensify reflexivity, temporal comparisons, and heightened role expectations. These dynamics can reactivate early experiences of harsh parenting, exacerbating the influence of unresolved childhood trauma on adult self-esteem. Full article

This article examines the challenges and directions involved in the renewal of the pastoral care of marriage in the teaching of Pope Francis. The analysis is grounded in key ecclesial documents, particularly the apostolic exhortation Amoris Laetitia and the document issued by the Dicastery of Laity, Family and Life entitled Catechumenal Pathways for Married Life: Pastoral Guidelines for Local Churches. On this basis, the study identifies three principal dimensions of pastoral renewal: interconnectedness, synodality, and continuity. The article combines theological reflection with the findings of empirical research conducted among married couples, thereby enabling an assessment of the reception and practical implementation of these pastoral proposals. The results highlight the particular importance of systematic formation, the active involvement of spouses, and the development of community-based initiatives, while structural solutions are perceived as comparatively less significant. The analysis ultimately demonstrates that the renewal of the pastoral care of marriage should adopt a comprehensive approach that integrates formative, communal, and institutional dimensions, while giving clear priority to initiatives rooted in the everyday lived experience of married couples. Full article

This qualitative study examines how menstruation structures the lives and futures of married adolescent girls in the Centre for Girls’ Education’s Married Adolescent Safe Spaces (MAS) program in rural northern Nigeria. It addresses a key gap by focusing on married adolescents and treating menstruation as a social process linked to early marriage, schooling, mobility, and sexual and reproductive health, rather than only a hygiene issue. Guided by an intersectional social ecological and menstrual health-and-rights framework, the study draws on three years of ethnographic fieldwork. Methods include participant observation in MAS clubs, in-depth interviews, informal group discussions, and Hausa field notes from multiple rural communities, analyzed through iterative thematic coding and collaborative memoing. Findings show that menstruation operates as a “catalyst of constraint.” Menarche signals sexual maturity, intensifying moral surveillance, prompting threats or realities of school withdrawal, and accelerating pressure toward marriage. Girls describe menstruation as a “joy killer” and becoming “a shadow of myself,” as stains, pain, and shaming by teachers and peers lead to absenteeism and, at times, permanent dropout. Silence and stigma mean that asking questions can be read as promiscuity, pushing girls away from parents, religious leaders, and male teachers and toward sisters, peers, and mentors for incomplete guidance. Structural deprivation further individualizes the burden of menstrual management. Poverty, lack of affordable pads and underwear, and inadequate WASH facilities compel girls to “make do” with cloths and other unsafe materials, restrict movement during bleeding, and engage in small income-generating activities or kin negotiations to obtain basic supplies. MAS safe spaces partially disrupt these patterns by offering rare venues to discuss menstruation openly, learn cycle tracking and hygiene, and build peer solidarity and self-advocacy. However, the analysis underscores that program benefits remain constrained when poverty, weak school infrastructure, and restrictive gender norms remain intact. The study highlights how equitable sexual and reproductive health interventions must integrate menstrual health centrally, combining safe-space programming with subsidized products, improved WASH infrastructure, protective school policies, and norm change efforts. Full article

This article considers the literary exploration of women’s celibacy through the prism of science fiction, beginning with an overview of the genre’s often-retrograde engagements with the subjects of marriage, reproduction and heteronormative ideology. Alongside this genre context, a 19th-century Irish historical context is outlined, juxtaposing genre history with the ‘matrimonial’ rhetoric that arose following the 1801 Act of Union, which framed the merging of Ireland into the United Kingdom as a ‘marriage’ between Ireland and Great Britain, with Ireland represented as the bride. In the overlap between these two contexts, this article identifies several future-set Irish novels that address this rhetoric directly, while also tracing its (perhaps unconscious) impact in other texts, before moving on to consider one novel in particular: Mercia, the Astronomer Royal (1895) by Amelia Garland Mears. The article concludes by arguing that science fiction’s past missteps with regard to marriage and sex can be explained by the fact that traditional, patriarchal marriage is in fact fundamentally unsuited to a genre primarily concerned with the future, resulting in reactionary overcompensation. Full article

In her final novel, Daniel Deronda (1876), George Eliot (1819–1880) repeatedly stages moments in which gentile characters project expectations onto Jewish women, drawing on inherited cultural representations from literature, history, and the performing arts. These moments reveal how limited their real-world knowledge of Jews—particularly Jewish women—was, and how readily they relied on cultural templates rather than lived experience. George Eliot herself, however, had undertaken extensive study of Jewish history, religion, and culture in preparation for the novel, including research into the Talmud, Mishna, kabbalah, and halacha (Jewish law). Yet this knowledge is purposefully not afforded to her characters. This article examines George Eliot’s increasing understanding of Jewish society, and her shifting attitudes towards Judaism, and explores how allusions to Jewish women in history, literature, and performance shape the gentile characters’ othering of Mirah Lapidoth, a young Jewish woman fleeing enforced familial exploitation, whom Daniel rescues from drowning in the Thames. Two significant conceptual terms underpin my argument. Objectification refers here not only to eroticisation or aestheticisation, but to the broader process by which Mirah is perceived as a symbolic figure—as an image, a type, or role—rather than a fully realised person. Othering denotes the interpretative habit by which gentile characters position Mirah through pre-existing stereotypes or literary precedents, instead of understanding her as a subject with her own history and interiority. Rescue describes the narrative mechanisms by which Mirah is brought into focus, first through Daniel’s intervention, then through her placement within the Meyrick household, and finally through marriage, though always within structures that continue to idealise, discipline, or contain her. I argue that George Eliot’s deployment of familiar stereotypes does not reinforce them; instead, she exposes them as cultural constructions that must be deconstructed or exorcised before she reconstructs her own version of Jewish culture and identity, which she referred to as “the inner life of modern Judaism” in her notebooks. I also argue that Daniel’s rescue of Mirah, rather than an act of pure benevolence, becomes a further site of objectification, othering her as an idealised model of Jewish womanhood rather than acknowledging her as an autonomous individual. Full article

The strong edge coloring of a graph G is an assignment of colors to the edges of G such that two distinct edges are colored differently if they are incident to a common edge or share an endpoint. The strong chromatic index of a graph G, denoted by ${\chi }_s^{\prime }(G)$, is the minimum number of colors needed for a strong edge coloring of G. In this paper, we prove the following two theorems: (1) If $G=T\cup C$ is a complete Halin graph with $\Delta =4$ that contains adjacent vertices of maximum degree, then ${\chi }_s^{\prime }(G)\le {\chi }_s^{\prime }(T)+1=2\Delta$. In particular, when T is a regular tree, ${\chi }_s^{\prime }(G)={\chi }_s^{\prime }(T)+1=2\Delta$. (2) If $G=T\cup C$ is a complete Halin graph with $\Delta \ge 5$ and $G\ne W_n$, then ${\chi }_s^{\prime }(G)={\chi }_s^{\prime }(T)=2\Delta -1$ when T is a regular tree. We extend the strong edge coloring results for complete cubic regular Halin graphs studied by W.C. Shiu and W.K. Tam, and improve the upper bound on the strong chromatic index of general Halin graphs established by Wei Yang and Baoyindureng Wu. Full article

Mohandas K. Gandhi (popularly known as Mahatma Gandhi) has primarily been recognized for his work in developing the theory and practice of nonviolence (ahimsa) for the purpose of building a culture of sustainable peace. Although Gandhi’s writings do not explicitly engage such categories as negative and positive peace, peace and international relations, or pacifism and nonviolence, scholars in peace studies have nonetheless assessed his contributions to the evolution of the field. This article advances the study of peace by emphasizing the dynamic nature of nonviolence (ahimsa), which is inextricably connected to Gandhi’s vision of sarvodaya (uplift of all). It further argues that his approach to peacebuilding, grounded in the upholding of pluralism across civic life, offers a conceptual framework for disrupting hegemonic monolithic systems. Gandhi lived in a time when the concept of pluralism had not gained currency; however, his vision, rooted in the values of diversity and tolerance, can appropriately be understood under the now widely accepted concept of pluralism. Gandhi thus uniquely connected nonviolence, peace, pluralism, and sarvodaya. For him, peaceful co-existence mandates attention to diversity—an approach that can enrich contemporary conversations in a divided political, social, and religious landscape. As a political leader and social reformer, he promoted indigenous languages, diverse village industries, local economies, and multi-faith religious education. In his later life, he also advocated for inter-caste and interreligious marriages in order to mitigate communal tensions. Such attention to diversity offers a promising path toward realizing the goal of sustainable peace and sarvodaya in a contemporary landscape increasingly prone to monolithic systems. Sarvodaya inherently requires a commitment to pluralistic, dialogical, dialectical, and nonviolent engagement in all spheres of life. By emphasizing shared humanity and committing to diversity, Gandhi offers a social philosophy of respect for all life as well as uplift of all trades, languages, and belief systems grounded in the vision of welfare of all. His practical methods of engaging diverse actors, along with his radical efforts to disrupt autocratic, authoritative, and centralized systems, affirm that the objectives of sarvodaya and sustainable peace can be realized only through a radical pluralism. Full article

School dropouts remain a complex challenge for educational systems globally, with economic, social and psychological consequences for the individual and society at large. Evidence from the literature supports the high prevalence of school dropouts in rural communities, resulting in teenage pregnancy, exposure to drugs, and early marriage, among others. The study employed an exploratory approach to contribute to existing knowledge on the challenges of school disengagement through the lenses of community and peer-influence among high school students in rural South Africa. A qualitative research design employing semi-structured interviews was used, with a total of 20 interviews conducted (3 parents, 2 community leaders, 5 teachers, and 10 students, including dropouts). A thematic analysis procedure was employed for theme identification and analysis. There was evidence of a lack of community support in ensuring learners remain in school. Peer pressure was prevalent, given the influences and attachments students form with peers. This condition influences students to resort to drug abuse, teenage pregnancies, and early marriages as coping mechanisms for school dropouts. The overarching effect is a decline in academic comprehension, leading to school dropout rates. Parents and guardians play an active and collaborative role in discouraging practices that contribute to school dropout. Parent and community members must also be sensitised regarding the long-term negative effects of peer pressure and early marriage on education and future opportunities, especially for girls. Full article

Unmarried individuals experience lower levels of subjective well-being than married individuals. Some argue that this is due to intrinsic benefits often associated with marriage. Others claim that those who are never married, divorced, or widowed face prejudice, stigma, and discrimination that contribute to their lower levels of subjective well-being. The current research investigates these two perspectives by empirically estimating the role of positive self-view in the happiness levels of different groups by marital status (N = 79,695, excluding missing values). Multilevel regression analyses are conducted using two relevant waves of the European Social Survey (2006 and 2012). The results indicate that unmarried adults show lower levels of positive self-view. However, unmarried individuals derive greater happiness from positive self-esteem, optimism, and a sense of accomplishment than married individuals. In other words, self-view may be impactful in determining the well-being of singles. Full article

This study investigates the role of naming practices as cultural repositories that preserve family, lineage, and community identity. It explores how anthroponymy encodes histories of ancestry, migration, settlement, and sociopolitical organisation in two West African societies, Dàgáárè-speaking communities and Yorùbá communities. Adopting a comparative onomastic ethnographic approach, this research analyses names among the two selected cultures. Data is drawn from interviews, school registers, attendance sheets, and cultural practices, with emphasis on how names record genealogical descent, settlement histories, occupational roles, spiritual affiliations, and ethical expectations. In Dàgáárè and Yorùbá culture, bal/baloo yoe (clan names) and lineage names identify descent from founding ancestors, document migration and settlement, mark ritual responsibilities, memorialise historical events, and regulate kinship and marriage through totemic and spiritual identities. This study argues that names in Dàgáárè- and Yorùbá-speaking societies operate as cultural texts that preserve and transmit heritage across generations. The significant implications extend to linguistics, anthropology, and heritage studies, where names can be leveraged as tools for cultural preservation and historical analysis. Full article

Postmenopausal women with obesity often show blood abnormalities and low plasma volume, which reduce aerobic capacity and raise health risks. The purpose is to compare the effects of high-intensity (HIIWT) versus moderate-intensity interval walking training (MIIWT) on body composition, plasma volume variations (PVV), hematological parameters, muscle damage, and aerobic capacity in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. Thirty-two postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity were randomly assigned to HIIWT (n = 11), MIIWT (n = 11), or control (CON, n = 10) groups. The HIIWT and MIIWT groups performed intermittent walking at 90–110% and 60–80% of their 6-min-walk-test (6MWT) distance, respectively, four times per week for 10 weeks. Body composition, hematological and muscle damage markers, and 6MWT performance were assessed pre- and post-intervention. After ten weeks, PVV was calculated in all three groups. A significant group × time interaction was observed for body composition, erythrocytes, hemoglobin levels, hematocrit, creatine kinase (CK), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and 6MWT performance (p < 0.05). Both the HIIWT and MIIWT groups showed significant reductions in body mass, body fat, waist circumference (p < 0.05), and erythrocyte count (p = 0.010 and 0.028, respectively). Only the HIIWT group showed significant reductions in hemoglobin (p < 0.001), hematocrit (p = 0.005), CK (p = 0.002), and LDH (p = 0.009), along with a significant increase in 6MWT-performance (p = 0.002). The HIIWT group demonstrated a significantly greater increase in PVV compared to both MIIWT (p = 0.018) and CON (p < 0.001) groups. HIIWT induced superior improvements in body composition, aerobic capacity, plasma volume, and hematological and muscle-damage markers compared to MIIWT. HIIWT represents a practical strategy for improving health outcomes in postmenopausal women with overweight/obesity. Full article