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Understanding the intricate relationship between composition, processing conditions, and material properties is essential for optimizing Cu-based alloys. Machine learning offers a powerful tool for decoding these complex interactions, enabling more efficient alloy design. This work introduces a comprehensive machine learning framework aimed at accurately predicting key properties such as hardness and electrical conductivity of low-alloyed Cu-based alloys. By integrating various input parameters, including chemical composition and thermo-mechanical processing parameters, the study develops and validates multiple machine learning models, including Multi-Layer Perceptron with Production-Aware Deep Architecture (MLP-PADA), Deep Feedforward Network with Multi-Regularization Framework (DFF-MRF), Feedforward Network with Self-Adaptive Optimization (FFN-SAO), and Feedforward Network with Materials Mapping (FFN-TMM). On a held-out test set, DFF-MRF achieved the best generalization (R²_test = 0.9066; RMSE_test = 5.3644), followed by MLP-PADA (R²_test = 0.8953; RMSE_test = 5.7080) and FFN-TMM (R²_test = 0.8914; RMSE_test = 5.8126), with FFN-SAO slightly lower (R²_test = 0.8709). Additionally, a computational performance analysis was conducted to evaluate inference time, memory usage, energy consumption, and batch scalability across all models. Feature importance analysis was conducted, revealing that aging temperature, Cr, and aging duration were the most influential factors for hardness. In contrast, aging duration, aging temperature, solution treatment temperature, and Cu played key roles in electrical conductivity. The results demonstrate the effectiveness of these advanced machine learning models in predicting critical material properties, offering insightful advancements for materials science research. This study introduces the first controlled, statistically validated, multi-model benchmark that integrates composition and thermo-mechanical processing with deployment-grade profiling for property prediction of low-alloyed Cu alloys. Full article

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22 pages, 7772 KB

Open AccessReview

The Application of DNA Origami in Biosensing

by Renjie Niu, Mengyao Tao and Jie Chao

Chemistry 2025, 7(5), 165; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemistry7050165 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Biosensing plays a vital role in medical diagnostics, environmental monitoring, and food safety, enabling highly sensitive and specific detection of diverse biological and chemical targets. However, conventional biosensing platforms still suffer from limited sensitivity, poor nanoscale resolution, and restricted multiplexed or dynamic detection capabilities. DNA origami, as an emerging bottom-up nanofabrication strategy, enables the construction of programmable nanostructures with high spatial precision. This capability allows the rational arrangement of functional molecules at the nanoscale, thereby offering significant advantages for biosensing applications. Specifically, DNA origami can enhance signal amplification, improve spatial resolution, and enable multiplexed detection under complex conditions. In this review, we provide a systematic overview of recent advances in the application of DNA origami across various classes of biosensors, including microscopy-based biosensors, nanopore biosensors, electrochemical biosensors, fluorescent biosensors, SERS biosensors, and other related biosensors. We aim for this review to advance the development of DNA origami-based biosensing and to provide new insights for researchers working in related fields. Full article

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45 pages, 9186 KB

Open AccessArticle

Life Cycle Assessment of Shipbuilding Materials and Potential Exposure Under the EU CBAM: Scenario-Based Assessment and Strategic Responses

by Bae-jun Kwon, Sang-jin Oh, Byong-ug Jeong, Yeong-min Park and Sung-chul Shin

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(10), 1938; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13101938 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study evaluates the environmental impacts of shipbuilding materials through life cycle assessment (LCA) and assesses potential exposure under the EU Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). Three representative vessel types, a pure car and truck carrier (PCTC), a bulk carrier, and a container ship, were analyzed across scenarios reflecting different steelmaking routes, recycling rates, and regional energy mixes. Results show that structural steel (AH36, EH36, DH36, A/B grades) overwhelmingly dominates embedded emissions, while aluminium and copper contribute secondarily but with high sensitivity to recycling and energy pathways. Coatings, polymers, and yard processes add smaller but non-negligible effects. Scenario-based CBAM cost estimates for 2026–2030 indicate rising liabilities, with container vessels facing the highest exposure, followed by bulk carriers and PCTCs. The findings highlight the strategic importance of steel sourcing, recycling strategies, and verifiable supply chain data for reducing embedded emissions and mitigating financial risks. While operational emissions still dominate the life cycle, the relative importance of construction-phase emissions will grow as shipping decarbonizes. Current EU-level discussions on extending CBAM to maritime services, together with recognition of domestic carbon pricing as a potential pathway to reduce liabilities, underscore regulatory uncertainty and emphasize the need for harmonized methods, transparent datasets, and digital integration to support decarbonization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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14 pages, 1824 KB

Open AccessArticle

Homometallic 2D Cd²⁺ and Heterometallic 3D Cd²⁺/Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺/Sr²⁺ Metal–Organic Frameworks Based on an Angular Tetracarboxylic Ligand

by Rafail P. Machattos, Nikos Panagiotou, Vasiliki I. Karagianni, Manolis J. Manos, Eleni E. Moushi and Anastasios J. Tasiopoulos

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4647; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204647 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study reports on the synthesis, structural characterization and gas sorption studies of a homometallic 2D Cd²⁺ MOF and two heterometallic 3D Cd²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Cd²⁺/Sr²⁺ -MOFs based on the angular tetracarboxylic ligand 3,3′,4,4′-sulfonyltetracarboxylic acid (H₄STBA). The homometallic 2D Cd²⁺ MOF with the formula [NH₂(CH₃)₂]⁺₂[Cd(STBA)]²⁻_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O—(1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O was synthesized from the reaction of CdCl₂·H₂O and 3,3′,4,4′-diphthalic sulfonyl dianhydride (3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA) with stoichiometric ratio of 1:1.3 in DMF/H₂O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. The two heterometallic Cd²⁺/Ca²⁺ and Cd²⁺/Sr²⁺ compounds were prepared from analogous reactions to this afforded (1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O with the difference that the reaction mixture also contained AE(NO₃)₂ (AE²⁺ = Ca²⁺ or Sr²⁺) and, in particular, from the reaction of AE(NO₃)₂, CdCl₂·H₂O and 3,3′,4,4′-DPSDA with stoichiometric ratio 1:1.1:1.4 in DMF/H₂O (5/2 mL) at 100 °C. Notably, compounds [CdCa(STBA)(H₂O)₂]_n·0.5nDMF—(2)_n·0.5nDMF and [CdSr(STBA)(H₂O)₂]_n·0.5nDMF—(3)_n·0.5nDMF are the first heterometallic compounds Mⁿ⁺/AE²⁺ (M = any metal ion) reported containing ligand H₄STBA. The structure of (1)_n·nDMF·1.5nH₂O comprises a 2D network based on helical 1D chain secondary building unit (SBU) [Cd²⁺(STBA)⁴⁻)]²⁻. The 2D sheets are linked through hydrogen bonding interactions, giving rise to a pseudo-3D structure. On the other hand, compounds (2)_n·1.5nH₂O and (3)_n·1.5nH₂O display 3D microporous structures consisting of a helical 1D chain SBU [Cd²⁺AE²⁺(STBA)⁴⁻)]. All three compounds contain rhombic channels along c axes. The three MOFs exhibit an appreciable thermal stability, up to 350–400 °C. Gas sorption measurements on activated materials (2)_n and (3)_n revealed moderate BET surface areas of 370 m²/g and 343 m²/g, respectively, along with CO₂ uptake capacity of 2.58 mmol/g at 273 K. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Applications of Metal–Organic Frameworks)

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Graphical abstract

17 pages, 5072 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microstructure and Properties of Binderless μWC Obtained Using the Electroconsolidation Method

by Edvin Hevorkian, Waldemar Samociuk, Miroslaw Rucki, Zbigniew Krzysiak, Daniel Pieniak, Volodymyr Nerubatskyi, Volodymyr Chyshkala, Serhii Lytovchenko, Leszek Chalko, Dmitrij Morozow, Jacek Caban and Vitalii Kulich

Materials 2025, 18(20), 4646; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma18204646 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper contributes to the knowledge of binderless tungsten carbide (WC), which attracts the attention of many engineers and scientists for its superior properties, but its application is limited due to difficulties with the consolidation of initial powders. In the present study, the microstructure and mechanical properties of binderless WC, sintered with the electroconsolidation technique from the initial powder of a grain size of 100–200 nm, were investigated. The material was compared with nWC sintered with the same method from a nanopowder with particles of size ca. 70 nm. The binderless μWC demonstrated hardness of HV = 30.06 ± 0.09 GPa, which is almost 14% higher than that of nWC, but its fracture toughness was lower (K_IC = 6.59 ± 0.46 MPa·m^1/2 under 1 kg load). These differences can be attributed to the improved homogeneity of the μWC microstructure, where no large agglomerates appeared to be present in nWC. The measured plastic properties, with no signs of brittle fracture, further confirm the applicability of the binderless WC under contact stress conditions. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Multifunctional Materials Obtained at High Temperature and Pressure Conditions)

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20 pages, 8391 KB

Open AccessArticle

Short Expandable-Wing Suture Anchor for Osteoporotic and Small Bone Fixation: Validation in a 3D-Printed Coracoclavicular Reconstruction Model

by Chia-Hung Tsai, Shao-Fu Huang, Rong-Chen Lin, Pao-Wei Lee, Cheng-Ying Lee and Chun-Li Lin

J. Funct. Biomater. 2025, 16(10), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/jfb16100379 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Suture anchors are widely used for tendon and ligament repair, but their fixation strength is compromised in osteoporotic bone and limited bone volume such as the coracoid process. Existing designs are prone to penetration and insufficient cortical engagement under such conditions. In this study, we developed a novel short expandable-wing (SEW) suture anchor (Ti6Al4V) designed to enhance pull-out resistance through a deployable wing mechanism that locks directly against the cortical bone. Finite element analysis based on CT-derived bone material properties demonstrated reduced intra-bone displacement and improved load transfer with the SEW compared to conventional anchors. Mechanical testing using matched artificial bone surrogates (N = 3 per group) demonstrated significantly higher static pull-out strength in both normal (581 N) and osteoporotic bone (377 N) relative to controls (p < 0.05). Although the sample size was limited, results were consistent and statistically significant. After cyclic loading, SEW anchor fixation strength increased by 25–56%. In a 3D-printed anatomical coracoclavicular ligament reconstruction model, the SEW anchor provided nearly double the fixation strength of the hook plate, underscoring its superior stability under high-demand clinical conditions. This straightforward implantation protocol—requiring only a 5 mm drill hole without tapping, followed by direct insertion and knob-driven wing deployment—facilitates seamless integration into existing surgical workflows. Overall, the SEW anchor addresses key limitations of existing anchor designs in small bone volume and osteoporotic environments, demonstrating strong potential for clinical translation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Three-Dimensional Printing and Biomaterials for Medical Applications)

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12 pages, 502 KB

Open AccessArticle

Substitution of Fossil-Based Solvents in Organic Coatings

by Elias Rippatha, Hector Rolando Mendez Rossal, Bernhard Strauß and Clemens Schwarzinger

Clean Technol. 2025, 7(4), 88; https://doi.org/10.3390/cleantechnol7040088 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

In this work a multi-criteria analysis and an optimization tool were developed, which allows the substitution of fossil-based solvents with bio-based alternatives based on Hansen solubility parameters and various physical parameters, such as the boiling point, evaporation rate, viscosity or wetting behavior. The proof of concept was achieved by formulating two different paints used in coil coatings using the bio-based solvents, and they performed equally as well as their fossil-based counterparts. A potential decrease in CO₂ emissions was determined by a life cycle assessment and cradle-to-grave analysis of bio- and fossil-based solvents, which showed a large sustainability bonus when using solvents based on biomass. The introduced methodology provides initial insights into substituting currently used solvents systematically. Overall, implementing bio-based solvents is a viable drop-in method to decrease the environmental impact of paints and coatings, while maintaining the same performance. Full article

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20 pages, 2127 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

The Diagnostic Performance of Transvaginal Ultrasound for Posterior Compartment Endometriosis Compared to Laparoscopic and Histopathological Findings: A Systematic Review

by Roxana-Denisa Capraș, Iulia Clara Badea, Mădălina Moldovan, Adriana Ioana Gaia-Oltean, Alexandru-Florin Badea and Teodora Telecan

Healthcare 2025, 13(20), 2548; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13202548 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: Deep infiltrating endometriosis (DIE) frequently affects the posterior pelvic compartment, where accurate non-invasive imaging is essential for diagnosis and surgical planning. Aim: This systematic review evaluates the diagnostic performance of transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) in detecting posterior compartment DIE, specifically rectosigmoid lesions, uterosacral ligament involvement, and pouch of Douglas obliteration. Material and Methods: A comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science was performed for studies published between 2015 and 2025. Eligible studies assessed the accuracy of TVUS for posterior compartment DIE using laparoscopy and histology as reference standards. Data on sensitivity, specificity, and overall diagnostic accuracy were extracted or derived. The study’s quality was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 tool. Results: Thirty eligible studies were included. The mean sensitivities and specificities reported in the included studies reached 83.05% and 90.53% for rectosigmoid disease, 78.07% and 90.49% for uterosacral ligament involvement, and 79.58% and 89.75% for pouch of Douglas obliteration, respectively. Adjunctive techniques such as gel sonovaginography, rectal water contrast, or saline instillation into the pouch of Douglas were described, but their use was inconsistent. Marked heterogeneity in patient preparation, scanning protocols, and reporting limited comparability across studies. Despite this, TVUS demonstrated diagnostic performance within a similar range to that reported for MRI in prior systematic reviews, with the advantages of lower cost, accessibility, and integration into routine gynecological practice. Conclusions: TVUS is consistently reported as a reliable and cost-effective imaging modality and, in line with international guidelines, should be considered the first-line option for posterior compartment DIE, though further standardization of scanning and reporting protocols is needed to optimize reproducibility and clinical utility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Diagnosis and Therapeutic Advances in Endometriosis)

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17 pages, 6549 KB

Open AccessArticle

Horizontal Bone Augmentation with Natural Collagen Porcine Pericardium Membranes: A Prospective Cohort Study

by Pier Paolo Poli, Luca Giboli, Mattia Manfredini, Shahnavaz Khijmatgar, Francisley Ávila Souza and Carlo Maiorana

Medicina 2025, 61(10), 1814; https://doi.org/10.3390/medicina61101814 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background and Objectives: Adequate buccal bone thickness is critical for long-term peri-implant health and stability. When residual alveolar bone volume is insufficient, guided bone regeneration (GBR) is a widely adopted technique. While non-resorbable membranes provide structural support, they carry a higher risk of complications and require secondary surgery. Resorbable collagen membranes, offer promising biological properties and easier clinical handling, yet clinical data remain limited. This prospective cohort study aimed to evaluate the clinical and radiographic outcomes of horizontal GBR using a native, non–cross-linked resorbable porcine pericardium membrane fixed with titanium pins, in conjunction with simultaneous implant placement. Materials and Methods: Eighteen patients (26 implants) with horizontal alveolar defects (<6 mm) underwent implant placement and GBR with deproteinized bovine bone mineral and a porcine pericardium collagen membrane. Horizontal bone gain and buccal bone thickness were measured at baseline and 6 months post-operatively. Post-operative complications, patient-reported outcomes (PROMs), and peri-implant tissue health were assessed up to 1 year post-loading. Results: Mean bone gain was 2.95 ± 0.95 mm, and all sites achieved a buccal bone thickness ≥ 1.5 mm. No membrane-related complications occurred. PROMs revealed low morbidity. At 1-year follow-up, marginal bone loss averaged 0.54 ± 0.7 mm, mean probing depth was 2.79 ± 0.78 mm, 92% of sites exhibited keratinized mucosa ≥ 2 mm. Conclusions: Native resorbable porcine pericardium membranes, when combined with DBBM and mechanical stabilization, seem to be effective for horizontal bone regeneration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Regenerative Medicine Strategies in Oral Surgery)

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22 pages, 2942 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Waste to Binder: Alkali Activation of Blended Brick and Metakaolin Residues for Design of Circular Construction Materials

by Martin Mildner, Petr Hotěk, Martina Záleská, Robert Černý and Jan Fořt

Polymers 2025, 17(20), 2720; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17202720 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Alkali-activated materials (AAMs) offer a promising low-carbon alternative to Portland cement, but their development has been dominated by fly ash and slag, whose availability is increasingly limited. This research explores waste brick powder (WBP) and metakaolin residue (RN), two abundant yet underutilized by-products, as blended precursors for sustainable binder design. The novelty lies in demonstrating how complementary chemistry between crystalline-rich WBP and amorphous RN can overcome the drawbacks of single-precursor systems while valorizing construction and industrial residues. Pastes were prepared with varying WBP/RN ratios, activated with alkaline solutions, and characterized by Vicat setting tests, isothermal calorimetry, XRD with Rietveld refinement, MIP, SEM, and mechanical testing. Carbon footprint analysis was performed to evaluate environmental performance. Results show that WBP reacts very rapidly, causing flash setting and limited long-term strength, whereas the incorporation of 30–50% RN extends setting times, sustains dissolution, and increases amorphous gel formation. These changes refine the formed reaction products, leading to compressive strengths up to 39 MPa and flexural strengths of 8 MPa at 90 days. The carbon footprint of all blends remained 392–408 kg CO₂e/m³, thus providing about a 60% improvement compared to conventional Portland cement paste. The study establishes clear design rules for waste-derived blended precursors and highlights their potential as circular, low-carbon binders. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Analysis of Inorganic-Polymer Composite Materials for Circular Economy)

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18 pages, 2398 KB

Open AccessArticle

Synergistic Radical and Non-Radical Pathways in Phenol Degradation: Electron Transfer Mechanism Dominated by N-Doped Carbon/Peroxymonosulfate System

by Qiongqiong He, Xuewen Wu, Ping Ma, Xiaoqi Wu and Zhenyong Miao

Catalysts 2025, 15(10), 968; https://doi.org/10.3390/catal15100968 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

Phenolic compounds constitute the predominant group of recalcitrant organic contaminants in coal chemical wastewater. In this study, humic acid and urea were used as carbon and nitrogen sources to prepare nitrogen-doped carbon material (labeled as NC-800) through a two-step calcination process. Using this catalyst (NC-800) to activate PMS for phenol degradation achieved 100% phenol removal across a wide pH range (1–9). The removal rate remained at 99.62% even with high concentrations of inorganic anions or natural organic matter, breaking through the limitations of traditional Fenton-like reactions in terms of acid–base environment and anion influence. The quenching experiment and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy results indicated that the N-C/PMS system generated three active species hydroxyl radicals (•OH), superoxide radicals (O₂^•−), and singlet oxygen (¹O₂) through the active sites in electron-rich regions such as graphite nitrogen, pyrrole nitrogen, and C=O. An electrochemical test revealed that the system formed a metastable NC-800-PMS* complex during the reaction, indicating the existence of a non-radical pathway of electron transfer. The combination of free radicals (•OH, O₂^•−) and non-free radicals (¹O₂, electron transfer) facilitated the rapid degradation of phenol, providing a theoretical basis for phenol degradation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Catalytic Materials)

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20 pages, 304 KB

Open AccessArticle

Investigating Popular Representations of Postmodernism as Beliefs—A Psychological Analysis and Empirical Verification

by Ryszard Klamut and Andrzej Sołtys

Religions 2025, 16(10), 1288; https://doi.org/10.3390/rel16101288 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This article is an attempt to empirically establish a new category of social beliefs defined as postmodern beliefs. They are cognitive categorizations of social and media messages regarding ways of understanding the world which are based on the basic assumptions of postmodernism, quite widely recognised as fundamental. The theoretical model adopted in the article assumes the existence of three beliefs: antifundamentalism, absolutization of freedom and relativization of truth. The hypothesised concept was operationalized as Postmodern Beliefs Questionnaire (PMBQ). Verification studies were carried out on three groups of over 600 people. The verification of the tool was carried out by using exploratory factor analysis (EFA) to select the appropriate pool of statements, then data in two subsequent datasets was analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) to empirically verify the selected set of statements and estimate relevant parameters. The tool constructed allows for investigating the distinguished beliefs at a satisfactory level of reliability and validity. It can be used to measure the extent to which the representations that make up the popular understanding of postmodernism have been recognised and built into the overall belief system about the world of the respondents. The distinguished postmodern beliefs differ in terms of relations with other social beliefs of the respondents, such as anthropocentrism, traditionalism, faith in a just world, as well as the attitude of individuals to material values or their individualistic orientation. Full article

16 pages, 2419 KB

Open AccessArticle

Reproducibility of Sensitization with Polylaurilmetacrylate of Surface Acoustic Wave Gas Sensors Using the Spin Coating Process

by Mauro dos Santos de Carvalho, Michael Rapp, Achim Voigt and Marian Dirschka

Coatings 2025, 15(10), 1189; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15101189 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

The technology of surface acoustic wave-based (SAW) sensors greatly depends on the performance of the resulting sensing layer. To ensure real applications, the sensors must be produced with reproducibility, as well as the statistical consistency of analytical sensor response results must be assured. In this work, we investigated the reproducibility and the statistical performance of the coating procedure used in previous works for the development of new polymeric coating materials, and the statistics of the respective sensor responses were analyzed. The polylaurylmethacrilate (PLMA) is used as an example of polymeric coating material. Two series of sensors coated with distinct quantities of the polymer were produced and analyzed. The statistical analysis of the ultrasonic parameters of the sensor production presented very low variability for both series of sensors. The respective sensor responses, obtained with a set of analytes with distinct chemical functions, presented, in the same way, excellent reproducibility for both series of sensors. The very good reproducibility and statistical robustness of the sensor production data and of the respective sensor responses confirm the reliability of the methodology to produce sensors for the SAW technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis and Application of Functional Polymer Coatings)

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19 pages, 4151 KB

Open AccessArticle

Microbial Role in Straw Organic Matter Depolymerization to Dissolved Organic Nitrogen Under Nitrogen Fertilizer Reduction in Coastal Saline Paddy Soil

by Xianglin Dai, Jianping Sun, Hao Li, Zijing Zhao, Ruiping Ma, Yahui Liu, Nan Shan, Yutao Yao and Zhizhong Xue

Microorganisms 2025, 13(10), 2333; https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms13102333 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study examines the effects of reduced nitrogen (N) application on rice straw N depolymerization in coastal saline paddy soil to establish a scientific basis for optimizing N application strategies during straw incorporation in coastal paddy systems. A 360-day field straw bag burial experiment was conducted using four N application levels: N0 (control, without N fertilizer), N1 (225 kg N/ha), N2 (300 kg N/ha), and N3 (375 kg N/ha). The results indicated that applying 300 kg N/ha significantly (p < 0.05) increased dissolved organic N (DON) content, apr and chiA gene copies, and the activities of alkaline protease, chitinase, leucine aminopeptidase, and N-acetylglucosaminidase. In addition, the application of 300 kg N/ha enhanced the synergistic effects of alkaline protein- and chitin-degrading microbial communities. Pseudomonas, Brevundimonas, Sorangium, Cohnella, and Thermosporothrix were identified as keystone taxa predominant in straw N depolymerization. Straw N depolymerization occurred by two primary pathways: direct regulation of enzyme activity by straw properties of total carbon and electrical conductivity, and indirect influence on N hydrolase activity and DON production through modified microbial community structures. The findings suggest that an application rate of 300 kg N/ha is optimal for promoting straw N depolymerization in coastal saline paddy fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Environmental Microbiology)

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15 pages, 543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Residual Stress in Surface-Grown Cylindrical Vessels via Out-of-Plane Material Configuration

by Eric Puntel

Appl. Mech. 2025, 6(4), 75; https://doi.org/10.3390/applmech6040075 (registering DOI) - 10 Oct 2025

Abstract

We consider an axysimmetric cylindrical vessel grown by surface deposition at the inner boundary. The residual stress in the vessel can vary, e.g., depending on the loading history during growth. Can we represent and characterize a stress-free material (namely, reference) configuration for the vessel? Extending an idea initially proposed for surface growth occurring on a fixed boundary, the material configuration is introduced as a two-dimensional manifold immersed in a three-dimensional space. The problem is first formulated in fairly general terms for an incompressible neo-Hookean material in plane strain and then specialized to material configurations represented by ruled surfaces. An illustrative example using geometric and material parameters of carotid arteries shows the characterization of different material configurations based on their three-dimensional slope and computes the corresponding residual stress fields. Finally, such a slope is shown to be in a one to one relationship with the customary measure of residual stress in arteries, i.e., the opening angle in response to a cut. The present work introduces a novel framework for residual stress and shows its applicability in a special setting. Several generalizations and extensions are certainly necessary in the following sections to further test and assess the proposed method. Full article

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