Search Results (2,046)

Background: Angling-related injuries include acute trauma and chronic overuse conditions, but detailed clinical descriptions of different injury mechanisms remain limited. This retrospective case series presents four clinically distinct injuries associated with recreational and sport angling. Methods: Four purposively selected patients were recruited between 6 November 2025 and 30 April 2026 through questionnaires, angling forums, events, and regional angling associations. All provided written informed consent and sufficient medical documentation. Clinical data were obtained from participant-provided medical documentation, imaging reports, and interviews, with follow-up varying according to the clinical course. Results: Cases included high-velocity open-globe ocular trauma, a penetrating palmar injury caused by a baiting needle, a penetrating finger injury caused by a large barbed double hook, and rotator-cuff tendinopathy with lateral epicondylitis in the context of high angling exposure. Management included surgery, antimicrobial treatment, rehabilitation, and load modification. Outcomes ranged from substantial visual recovery to persistent scar-related hand limitation and improvement in overuse symptoms. Conclusions: These cases illustrate projectile, penetrating, and repetitive-load injury mechanisms associated with angling and support clinical awareness, careful assessment of equipment-related trauma, and activity modification and rehabilitation in overuse conditions. Preventive measures discussed should be regarded as clinical considerations and hypotheses for further study rather than interventions of established effectiveness. Full article

Background and Clinical Significance: Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a common infection that rarely causes acute pancreatitis. EBV-associated acute pancreatitis is an uncommon but potentially serious complication that may result from direct viral invasion of pancreatic tissue or immune-mediated inflammation. Because its presentation can overlap with other causes of acute pancreatitis, EBV may be overlooked when common aetiologies are not identified. Recognising EBV as a potential cause is important for accurate diagnosis and appropriate management, particularly in patients presenting with pancreatitis alongside features of acute EBV infection; Case Presentation: We report a case of 58-year-old female with EBV-induced acute pancreatitis. She had a flu like illness two weeks prior to hospital admission, tested positive for EBV IgM antibodies and received supportive treatment by her general practitioner. However, her condition deteriorated, leading to hospital admission. She developed epigastric pain and investigations showed elevated serum lipase, impaired liver function tests and acute kidney injury. CT abdomen showed hepatosplenomegaly, lymphadenopathy and peripancreatic oedema consistent with acute pancreatitis. She was initially treated with antibiotics, however; her condition worsened and she developed severe hypotension requiring intensive care admission. Aggressive fluid resuscitation, inotropic support and continuous veno-venous haemofiltration (CVVH) were required. She gradually improved and subsequently was stepped down to the medical ward for supportive care and rehabilitation. She made full recovery and was discharged home after a 6-week length of stay; Conclusions: EBV-associated acute pancreatitis is an uncommon but potentially severe complication of EBV infection. EBV should be considered in patients with acute pancreatitis when common aetiologies have been excluded, particularly when pancreatitis occurs alongside features of acute viral infection. Early recognition and appropriate supportive management may be important in preventing or limiting severe complications. Full article

Digital twins (DTs) based on agent-based artificial intelligence (Agentic AI) provide a transformative framework for streamlining nondestructive testing (NDT) of 3D-printed rehabilitation equipment. This study applies a conceptual research methodology based on the integration and analysis of recent advances in Agentic AI, digital twin architectures, additive manufacturing, NDT technologies, and intelligent rehabilitation systems to establish a framework for autonomous quality monitoring and lifecycle management of 3D-printed medical devices. By creating intelligent virtual replicas of physical devices, these systems enable continuous monitoring of structural integrity, functional performance, and degradation mechanisms throughout the product lifecycle. Unlike conventional AI-based DTs, Agentic AI-driven DTs can autonomously perceive, reason, plan, and execute corrective actions based on real-time sensor data, NDT results, manufacturing information, and historical knowledge. The main conclusion of this work is that Agentic AI-enhanced DTs have the potential to transform NDT from a passive inspection approach into an intelligent, predictive, and autonomous decision-support system for rehabilitation equipment. Advanced machine learning and autonomous decision-making algorithms enable the identification of early signs of material degradation, manufacturing defects, fatigue accumulation, and performance anomalies, supporting predictive maintenance and proactive quality assurance. Integrating Agentic AI DTs with additive manufacturing processes enables real-time optimization of printing parameters, adaptive process control, and continuous refinement of inspection strategies without production interruption or destructive sampling, thereby supporting Industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing principles. The main innovation of this research lies in proposing an autonomous closed-loop framework that combines Agentic AI, DTs, additive manufacturing, and NDT into a unified system capable of continuous learning, reasoning, and operational optimization. Compared with existing studies that mainly focus on AI-assisted defect detection or static digital twin models, this approach introduces autonomous agents capable of coordinating sensing, simulation, diagnosis, prediction, and corrective actions across the entire lifecycle of 3D-printed rehabilitation devices. The proposed concept extends current digital twin applications by incorporating virtual stress testing, autonomous simulation, patient-specific customization, and adaptive device management, reducing dependence on physical prototypes, minimizing material waste, and accelerating design validation. By combining autonomous reasoning with predictive analytics, Agentic AI-based DTs represent a next-generation solution for intelligent, adaptive, and sustainable nondestructive testing, advancing both additive manufacturing technologies and personalized rehabilitation engineering. Full article

Colles fracture is a common type of wrist fracture, typically resulting from falling onto an outstretched hand. Postoperative patients often require long-term self-rehabilitation to restore wrist function. However, traditional rehabilitation relies on medical personnel and lacks real-time feedback and progress tracking, which may lead to poor rehabilitation or even deterioration of the condition. This article proposes an intelligent wearable system based on edge computing to enhance the efficiency of self-rehabilitation, improve system portability, and ensure comprehensive recording of rehabilitation data. The system performs real-time data processing and feedback to assist patients and healthcare providers in monitoring rehabilitation progress and optimizing recovery outcomes. The proposed system integrates an STM32 microcontroller, NanoEdge AI, and a 9-axis inertial sensor to detect and evaluate the accuracy of hand rehabilitation movements, ensuring the precision of self-rehabilitation. All rehabilitation movements are schemed under the guidance of professional physicians to ensure correctness and minimize the risk of secondary injuries caused by improper rehabilitation. Data such as motion records, training duration, and count are transmitted via Bluetooth to the Local database for further analysis. A custom web interface allows healthcare providers to monitor and analyze collected data. This approach improves diagnostic accuracy, supports personalized rehabilitation recommendations, and improves treatment outcomes and patient recovery success rates. Full article

Background/Objectives: Electrotherapy encompasses diverse therapeutic modalities used in Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine, but pediatric evidence varies substantially across modality–indication pairs. This structured narrative review mapped the available pediatric clinical evidence and provided a clinically structured synthesis of clinical applications, treatment parameters, reported therapeutic outcomes, safety, and evidence gaps in pediatric rehabilitation. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science were searched for publications from 1 January 2000 to 17 July 2026. Evidence was synthesized by electrotherapy modality and clinical indication and classified using Oxford Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine (OCEBM) Levels of Evidence. Formal methodological quality and risk-of-bias appraisal using A Measurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews 2 (AMSTAR 2) and Risk of Bias 2 (RoB 2) was performed for the evidence underpinning OCEBM Level 1 classifications; no formal GRADE certainty-of-evidence assessment was performed. Results: A comparatively more developed pediatric evidence base was identified for radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) in cerebral palsy-related spasticity; transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) and interferential current therapy (IFC) in bladder and bowel dysfunction; and neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES)/functional electrical stimulation (FES), repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for selected motor rehabilitation outcomes. Photobiomodulation (PBM)/low-level laser therapy (LLLT), pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF), and high-intensity laser therapy (HILT) showed promising but indication-specific evidence, whereas Transfer of Energy Capacitive and Resistive (TECAR) had preliminary adjunctive evidence. Therapeutic ultrasound and Deep Oscillation Therapy were supported by insufficient pediatric clinical evidence, while several modalities lacked eligible pediatric clinical studies. Short-term tolerability was generally favorable, but long-term safety data remain limited. Conclusions: Electrotherapy has an adjunctive role in selected pediatric rehabilitation indications, but prescription should be based on specific modality–indication pairs. The available evidence does not support comparative effectiveness conclusions between modalities. Standardized multicenter trials and long-term safety studies are required. Full article

Cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of global mortality, yet conventional diagnostics are episodic and clinic-centered, missing the dynamic physiological events that unfold between encounters. Wearable devices offer continuous, real-world monitoring and, together with artificial intelligence, digital biomarkers, and telecardiology, increasingly support a shift toward predictive, preventive, personalized, and participatory (P4) cardiovascular care. This narrative review synthesizes the contemporary evidence base for wearable cardiovascular technology and organizes it around the four pillars of P4 medicine, with the explicit aim of distinguishing what is clinically proven from what remains aspirational. The wearable ecosystem now spans consumer smartwatches, medical-grade ECG patches, smart textiles, and emerging soft bioelectronics, generating an expanding repertoire of digital biomarkers. Evidence is strongest where validation is most mature: atrial fibrillation screening, supported by large-scale studies, and structured heart-failure telemonitoring, associated with reductions in heart-failure hospitalization of 18–32% in structured programs. For acute coronary syndrome triage, cuffless blood pressure, cardiac rehabilitation, and AI-derived prognostic markers, the supporting evidence is growing but rests largely on analytical and early clinical validation rather than on demonstrated improvements in hard cardiovascular outcomes. Across all four pillars, translation is constrained by accuracy variability across demographic subgroups, regulatory fragmentation, data privacy concerns, interoperability deficits, and inequitable access for elderly, low-income, and low- and middle-income populations. Realizing the P4 promise will require harmonized validation standards, demographic-stratified accuracy reporting, equitable access strategies, and a clinical infrastructure capable of converting continuous wearable data into actionable decisions. Full article

Background: Wrist joint position and hand anthropometric measurements may affect grip strength and hand performance. This pilot, analytical cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between different wrist positions and grip strength, as well as the association between grip strength and hand size in healthy individuals. Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted with undergraduate medical students. We assessed grip strength using a hand dynamometer in different wrist positions, including wrist flexion, extension, ulnar deviation, and radial deviation. Hand anthropometric measurements, including HB, MHB, PL, TFL, IFL, MFL, RFL, and LFL, were performed using a sliding digital caliper. Results: Grip strength varied significantly across wrist positions, with the highest mean value observed in the neutral position (30.53 kg), followed by ulnar deviation (28.94 kg), radial deviation (18.02 kg), extension (14.75 kg), and flexion (14.67 kg). The repeated-measures ANOVA demonstrated significant main effects of wrist position and sex, as well as a significant interaction between wrist position and sex (all p < 0.001). Males demonstrated higher mean grip strength than females in the neutral position (42.56 ± 8.98 kg vs. 18.54 ± 4.20 kg, respectively). Grip strength measurements across wrist positions showed strong positive correlations, with the strongest associations observed between flexion and neutral grip strength (ρ = 0.84) and between ulnar deviation and neutral grip strength (ρ = 0.81). The wrist angle was negatively correlated with grip strength during flexion (ρ = −0.24, p < 0.05) and extension (ρ = −0.41, p < 0.05), representing weak and moderate associations, respectively. Females demonstrated greater mean flexion and extension than males, whereas males demonstrated higher mean values for ulnar and radial deviation. Among males, grip strength was significantly positively correlated with maximum hand breadth (ρ = 0.365, p = 0.001), hand breadth (ρ = 0.326, p = 0.003), palm length (ρ = 0.304, p = 0.006), thumb length (ρ = 0.289, p = 0.009), and index finger length (ρ = 0.229, p = 0.039). No statistically significant associations were observed between grip strength and the assessed hand anthropometric measurements among females. Conclusions: Grip strength is markedly influenced by wrist position, with the highest grip strength measured in the neutral position and decreased in flexion, extension, or radial deviation. The results of this study may have implications for rehabilitation, ergonomic design, and sports performance in the future. Full article

Background: Stroke is the third leading cause of death and a major cause of long-term disability in Malaysia, where the continuity of post-stroke care depends heavily on unpaid, untrained informal family caregivers. These caregivers face a well-documented “discharge cliff,” assuming complex medical and rehabilitative responsibilities with minimal preparation. The locally developed “CaknaStrok” mobile health (mHealth) application was designed to bridge this support gap. However, the existence of a tool does not guarantee its use; sustained adoption depends on whether caregivers find the application acceptable and are willing to integrate it into an already demanding caregiving routine. Objectives: This protocol describes a study designed to determine the levels of acceptability and willingness to use the CaknaStrok application, to examine the associated predictors (effort expectancy, ability, digital health literacy, and intervention coherence), and to test the central mediating role of acceptability through a novel Integrated Acceptability–Willingness (IAW) Framework. Methods: An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design will be conducted at the Stroke Ward of Hospital Canselor Tuanku Muhriz (HCTM), a World Stroke Organization-certified Advanced Stroke Centre. In Phase I, a target of 200 informal primary caregivers will be recruited through consecutive sampling and surveyed using a validated, bilingual (Malay/English) self-administered questionnaire that operationalises the IAW constructs through three established instruments (UTAUT, the Digital Health Literacy Instrument, and the Theoretical Framework of Acceptability). Following a standardised facilitated onboarding, caregivers use the application ad libitum for four to six weeks before completing the questionnaire. Expected Results: The study will quantify caregiver acceptability and willingness to use, identify which factors most strongly drive acceptance, and empirically test whether acceptability mediates the relationship between the predictors and willingness to use. Qualitative themes will contextualise the statistical pathways, surfacing culturally specific mechanisms of adoption that single-method designs typically miss. Ethical approval was obtained from the UKM Research Ethics Committee (JEP-2024-392). Conclusions: This study is expected to generate context-sensitive evidence to guide the design of caregiver-facing mHealth interventions and inform future multi-site implementation and policy development efforts within the Malaysian stroke-care pathway. Full article

Background/Objectives: Bacterial wound infections remain a significant clinical burden because of prolonged healing and the increasing prevalence of multidrug-resistant bacteria. This study aimed to develop a curcumin-loaded liposomal nanosystem (Lipo-Cur) for light-triggered photodynamic antibacterial therapy and enhanced wound repair. Methods: Lipo -Cur was prepared and characterized in terms of morphology, particle size, dispersibility, drug en-capsulation, curcumin solubility, and photostability. Reactive oxygen species generation under 430 nm blue-light irradiation was evaluated. The antibacterial activity of Lipo-Cur against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli was assessed in vitro. Its effects on the proliferation, migration, and colony formation of L929 and HaCaT cells were also examined. Therapeutic efficacy and biosafety were further evaluated in a murine S. aureus-infected wound model. Results: Lipo-Cur exhibited a near-spherical morphology with an average diameter of 134.8 nm, excellent dispersibility, high drug encapsulation, and improved curcumin solubility and photostability. Under 430 nm blue-light irradiation, Lipo-Cur efficiently generated reactive oxygen species. It exhibited minimum inhibitory concentrations of 100 and 125 μg/mL against S. aureus and E. coli, respectively, and achieved bactericidal rates exceeding 95%, outperforming free curcumin. Lipo-Cur also significantly enhanced L929 and HaCaT cell proliferation, migration, and colony formation, indicating favorable biocompatibility. In the murine infect-ed-wound model, Lipo-Cur combined with blue-light irradiation (Lipo-Cur-BL⁺) achieved 93.76 ± 1.56% wound closure by day 12, accelerated tissue regeneration, reduced inflammation, and caused no evident systemic toxicity or hemolysis. Conclusions: These findings demonstrate that Lipo-Cur is a safe and effective photodynamic antibacterial platform with considerable potential for treating bacterially infected wounds and promoting wound healing. Full article

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) was once considered rare in the young, but it has become an increasingly important complication of contemporary pediatric care, driven by the improved survival of children with complex chronic illness and by the expanding use of central venous catheters. This narrative review synthesizes current evidence on VTE across the entire pediatric age range, from the critically ill neonate to the injured adolescent. We first examine noncerebral VTE in children beyond the newborn period, describing an incidence that is far lower than in adults yet rising among hospitalized patients, the multifactorial risk factors dominated by central venous catheters, and the age-dependent protection conferred by developmental hemostasis. We outline a diagnostic approach centered on compression ultrasonography and computed tomography pulmonary angiography, and a treatment paradigm that increasingly favors direct oral anticoagulants and shorter, six-week courses for low-risk provoked events. Dedicated sections address the distinct biology, presentation, and management of neonatal thrombosis, including renal vein thrombosis, portal vein thrombosis, and purpura fulminans, for which low-molecular-weight heparin is preferred and warfarin is generally avoided. We review the heightened, malignancy-specific risk of cancer-associated thrombosis, the difficulty of anticoagulating the thrombocytopenic child, and the consistent evidence against routine primary thromboprophylaxis. Cerebral sinovenous thrombosis is considered in depth, emphasizing its age-dependent triggers, the central role of magnetic resonance venography, and the safety of anticoagulation. Finally, we summarize the comparatively low but age-graded risk of VTE after major pediatric trauma and the puberty-based approach to prophylaxis. Throughout, we highlight the continued reliance on extrapolated adult data, the emergence of pediatric randomized trials and multicenter registries, and the unmet need for prospectively validated risk-prediction tools. The review offers clinicians an integrated, contemporary framework for recognizing, diagnosing, treating, and preventing thrombosis from the neonate to the adolescent. Full article

Background/Objectives: Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is associated not only with structural spinal deformities but also with alterations in postural control and sensorimotor integration. Objective assessment of balance and plantar-load distribution may provide additional insight into functional impairments, particularly in patients with mild and moderate curves. The aim of this study was to compare static plantar-load distribution and stabilometry parameters in children and adolescents with idiopathic scoliosis under different sensory and postural conditions. Methods: This pilot study included 19 children and adolescents (18 female, 1 male) diagnosed with mild and moderate AIS. Load distribution and stabilometric parameters were assessed using a capacitive platform under three testing conditions: eyes open, eyes closed, and head extension. Parameters evaluated included load distribution across plantar regions and center-of-pressure-related stability measures. Comparisons were performed between conditions to evaluate the influence of visual and vestibular modulation on postural control. Results: Total plantar load did not differ between the right and left foot, and global relative plantar-load distribution remained stable across the three testing conditions. A consistent side-to-side asymmetry was present at the fifth metatarsal head, where load on the left side was significantly lower than on the right in every condition and remained significant after Holm correction for multiple comparisons (p = 0.001–0.002; |r| = 0.94–0.99). Higher left-sided load was also observed at the first metatarsal head and heel; the heel asymmetry remained significant after correction only in the eyes-open condition (Holm p = 0.044), whereas the remaining differences did not survive correction and are reported as exploratory. The left side corresponded to the side of lumbar convexity. Postural stability differed markedly between conditions: center-of-pressure path length, 90% confidence-ellipse area and maximum center-of-pressure speed were greater under the eyes-closed and head-extension conditions than with eyes open, indicating reduced postural stability when visual input was removed or head position was altered. The two challenge conditions did not differ significantly from each other. Conclusions: In this uncontrolled pilot study, children and adolescents with mild-to-moderate idiopathic scoliosis showed a consistent reduction in load under the left fifth metatarsal head, whereas, apart from a higher left heel load that was significant only with eyes open, other regional asymmetries were exploratory. Stabilometric parameters deteriorated under both visual deprivation and head extension, with no statistically significant difference between the two challenge conditions. Because postural changes became apparent mainly when visual or head-position conditions were altered, assessment under such conditions may reveal condition-related changes in postural control within this AIS cohort. However, because no healthy control group was included, these findings should not be interpreted as evidence of AIS-specific sensory-integration deficits. These preliminary findings require confirmation in larger controlled studies including healthy age-matched participants. Full article

Background: Road traffic accidents (RTAs) present a significant public health problem and economic burden. The aim of the study was to determine mental health outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of RTA victims 6 months following a road trauma and factors associated with mental and physical components of HRQOL; Methods: A cohort of 200 RTA victims was followed during a 6-month period and a wide range of sociodemographic, health-related, RTA-related, injury-related, psychological and victim-related factors associated with the HRQOL scores were explored using multiple regression analyses; Results: Lower physical component summary score was associated with pre-existing chronic disease, self-perceived life threat, surgical treatment, amnesia following an RTA, permanent pain, increase in pain intensity or frequency and depression symptoms (p < 0.05); lower mental component summary score was associated with irreligiousness, rehabilitation procedure, depression symptoms, anxiety symptoms, permanent pain and increase in medication use (p < 0.05); Conclusions: HRQOL measurement after an RTA should provide holistic assessment of physical, mental and social consequences throughout an extended period of recovery. Together with evaluation of predictors of poorer HRQOL and recovery, this could enable an individual approach to individual needs of RTA victims. Full article

Objective: Modern high-intensity warfare, such as the Russo-Ukrainian conflict, generates a high incidence of multisystem polytrauma, blast-induced traumatic brain injury, and limb amputations often complicated by post-traumatic stress disorder and chronic pain. Traditional specialised rehabilitation protocols are structurally inadequate for these co-occurring symptoms and rely heavily on medical treatments, increasing the risk of opioid dependency. The primary aim of this review is to conceptualise a multidimensional integrative framework for war-related polytrauma; a secondary aim is to evaluate and summarise the evidence underpinning its key rehabilitation strategies for limited-resource, post-conflict environments. Methods: This narrative review synthesises evidence identified through targeted database searches and purposive selection guided by clinical relevance, methodological quality, and applicability to war-related polytrauma across physical, technological, and non-pharmacological rehabilitation domains. Evidence was evaluated using a four-tier (A–D) hierarchy, comprising Tier A (systematic reviews and RCTs), Tier B (prospective cohort studies and non-randomised controlled trials), Tier C (descriptive, case-series, and retrospective studies), and Tier D (exploratory, mechanism-based, or expert opinion evidence). No systematic inclusion/exclusion protocol was applied, and no claims of comprehensive search coverage are made. Results: Concurrent physical and trauma-focused psychological rehabilitation, evidenced by reduced pain and psychological symptom burden alongside improved functional independence, is supported by high-quality evidence (Tier A) for managing comorbid polytrauma. Robotic exoskeletons and AI-supported tele-rehabilitation demonstrate dose-dependent motor benefits in selected rehabilitation populations (Tier A–B), but their scalability in wartime settings is contingent on electricity supply, connectivity, equipment maintenance, and trained personnel. Acupuncture shows Tier A evidence for neuropathic pain and Tier B cost-effectiveness; evidence for phantom limb pain and PTSD is preliminary (Tier C–D) and requires dedicated RCTs in veteran populations. Ayurvedic herbal interventions are exploratory (Tier C–D) with no war-specific clinical trials; mechanistic plausibility is discussed as hypothesis-generating only. Conclusions: Addressing the war-related rehabilitation gap requires integration of biomedical care, technology-assisted rehabilitation, and evidence-graded non-pharmacological adjuncts within a structured biopsychosocial framework. Future priorities include pragmatic, adapted trial designs (e.g., stepped-wedge or cohort-embedded designs, which are more feasible than classical RCTs under wartime conditions) for acupuncture in phantom limb pain, feasibility trials for robotic rehabilitation in frontline-adjacent facilities, and health-economic modelling adapted to the Ukrainian context. Full article

Background/Objectives: Running is widely promoted for its health benefits, but it is also associated with a substantial burden of musculoskeletal injuries, particularly affecting the lower extremities. In Saudi Arabia, participation in recreational running has increased substantially in recent years. This review synthesizes global evidence on running-related musculoskeletal injuries and critically examines its applicability to the Saudi context, with emphasis on regional evidence gaps and research priorities. Methods: A narrative literature search of PubMed/MEDLINE and Scopus was conducted from database inception to August 2026 using predefined search concepts and eligibility criteria related to running, musculoskeletal injury, biomechanics, training load, and Saudi Arabia, with reporting guided by the SANRA criteria for narrative reviews. Results: Global evidence indicates that running-related injuries reflect complex interactions among training load, biomechanics, tissue capacity, and environmental factors. Injury prevalence and incidence vary considerably across studies because of methodological heterogeneity, although novice runners generally experience greater injury risk and the knee, lower leg, ankle, and foot are frequently affected. Saudi runner-specific evidence remains limited, with much of the available regional literature derived from cross-sectional, self-reported, or broader physically active populations. Conclusions: In Saudi Arabia, runner-specific injury data remain limited. Existing studies mainly concentrate on general physically active populations and lack standardized injury definitions, exposure-adjusted incidence measures, and prospective designs. Future research should prioritize prospective biomechanical surveillance using wearable sensor technology to capture real-world running mechanics and training loads. Full article

Background/Objectives: Contemporary sport-related concussion management has shifted from prolonged rest toward early, symptom-limited activity and a staged return-to-sport strategy. The Amsterdam framework provides an essential safety hierarchy but does not fully operationalize how clinicians should manipulate exercise dose, task complexity, recovery, and interacting rehabilitation domains within each stage. This Perspective proposes neuroperiodization as a constrained, criterion-based load-prescription framework nested within the Amsterdam strategy. Framework Development: The framework distinguishes prescribed external load from internal response, including symptom change and duration, heart rate, rating of perceived exertion, task quality, confidence, and delayed recovery. Clinical decision-making is organized through a repeated cycle of assessment, prescription, monitoring, adaptation, and reassessment. Proposed Framework: Neuroperiodization supports the concurrent but controlled development of aerobic, cervical, vestibular–ocular, neuromotor, cognitive–motor, and sport-specific capacities. Progression remains subordinate to medical clearance, clinical findings, symptom response, and sport-specific risk. Conclusions: Neuroperiodization should be regarded as a conceptual clinical framework rather than a validated rehabilitation protocol or an alternative return-to-sport clearance pathway. It integrates Amsterdam consensus recommendations, evidence-informed extrapolations, and author-proposed elements and requires population-specific adaptation and prospective evaluation. Full article