Search Results (369)

Previous studies suggest that representational gestures support divergent thinking and that mental imagery is necessary for gestures to aid convergent thinking. However, less is known about non-representational gesture use (i.e., beat and palm-revealing) during creative thinking. Across two experiments, we examined whether these gestures supported or hindered creativity and the effects of mental imagery on creative thinking. In Experiment 1, we tested both gesture-spontaneous and gesture-encouraged conditions during divergent thinking. Beat gestures, irrespective of condition, were negatively associated with originality in divergent thinking for individuals with high mental imagery. Encouraged palm-revealing gestures were negatively associated with fluency, flexibility, and elaboration in divergent thinking, regardless of mental imagery. In Experiment 2, we examined spontaneous gestures during both divergent and convergent thinking and assessed mental imagery vividness and skills. Beat gestures were negatively associated with convergent thinking for individuals with low or average imagery vividness. Similarly, palm-revealing gestures were negatively associated with convergent thinking for individuals with low mental imagery skills. Vividness of imagery was the only consistent positive predictor of divergent thinking. Spontaneous gestures were not associated with divergent thinking. These findings show that, unlike representational, non-representational gesture use does not facilitate and might even hurt creativity, depending on individual differences in mental imagery. Full article

Classical social cognitive conceptions suppose that the existence of common representations between agents constitutes the basis that represents the world from others’ perspectives. Alternatively, recent contributions support that the ability to distinguish self- from other’s representation would rather be at the origins of social inferences abilities. In the present study we compared the effects of two types of imitation training: mirror imitation (for which gesture could be represented in common referential) and anatomically congruent imitation (which requires not only a representation of the gesture of the model but also distinguishing between one’s own and others’ representations). We observed that a 4 min training of anatomically congruent imitation, but not of mirror imitation, improved performance on a visual perspective-taking test. This short training did not significantly impact self-reported measures of social cognitive skills. These results suggest that a unique transversal cognitive mechanism of co-representing and switching between self-related and other-related representations could be involved at both the motor and the mental-state levels. Opportunities for innovative social cognitive interventions at the motor level are discussed. Full article

Eurocentric portrayals of Africa remain entrenched in European educational systems, perpetuating stereotypes of poverty, primitiveness, and exoticism. This study investigates how such representations are mirrored in German students’ mental conceptions and how they are interpreted by future educators. Using an interpretivist qualitative design, the study analyzes open-ended responses from 41 Grade 5 and 7 pupils at a lower secondary school in Münster, Germany, and written reflections from 17 teacher trainees enrolled in a master’s course in geography education. Thematic analysis reveals five dominant pupil schemas: poverty and deprivation, environmental determinism, racialization and othering, infrastructural deficit, and the wildlife-tourism gaze, rooted in media, textbooks, teachers, and social networks. Teacher trainees’ reflections ranged from emotional discomfort to critical awareness, with many advocating pedagogical pluralism, the normalization of African modernity, and the cultivation of critical consciousness. However, most proposals remained reformist, lacking a deep epistemological critique. The findings highlight the urgency of integrating decolonial theory, postcolonial critique, and epistemic justice into teacher education. Without such structural reorientation, schools will risk reproducing the very global hierarchies they purport to challenge. Full article

Background/Objectives: Parental mental representations play a crucial role in shaping early parent–child relationships, particularly during the perinatal period. These internal models influence caregiving behaviors, emotional attunement, and the intergenerational transmission of attachment. The present systematic review aims to address this gap by examining the nature of both maternal and paternal mental representations in the perinatal period (involving pregnancy and the first postnatal time), with a particular emphasis on reflective functioning, and by outlining the variables that are influenced by these representations. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, eligible peer-reviewed studies were identified through a comprehensive literature search of major scientific databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PsychArticle/PsycInfo). Qualitative assessment and detailed description were carried out. Results: In total, 28 studies were selected and analyzed. Findings reveal that while representations tend to organize around shared psychological domains—such as expectations regarding the child, parental identity, and the anticipated relationship—there is significant heterogeneity in how these are conceptualized and measured across studies. Risk factors such as maternal depression, low social support, and adverse life experiences were consistently linked to disengaged or distorted representations, whereas balanced representations were associated with greater RF, emotional availability, and protective relational contexts. Conclusions: Overall, the review highlights the clinical relevance of assessing parental mental representations and RF during the perinatal period, suggesting that early, targeted interventions may enhance parental sensitivity and promote secure parent–infant bonds. Future research should adopt integrated theoretical models, include diverse family configurations, and evaluate the efficacy of preventive programs that support reflective and adaptive representations. Full article

Mental stress is a psychological or emotional strain that typically occurs because of threatening, challenging, and overwhelming conditions and affects human behavior. Various factors, such as professional, environmental, and personal pressures, often trigger it. In recent years, various deep learning (DL)-based schemes using electroencephalograms (EEGs) have been proposed. However, the effectiveness of DL-based schemes is challenging because of the intricate DL structure, class imbalance problems, poor feature representation, low-frequency resolution problems, and complexity of multi-channel signal processing. This paper presents a novel hybrid DL framework, BDDNet, which combines a deep convolutional neural network (DCNN), bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM), and deep belief network (DBN). BDDNet provides superior spectral–temporal feature depiction and better long-term dependency on the local and global features of EEGs. BDDNet accepts multiple EEG features (MEFs) that provide the spectral and time-domain features of EEGs. A novel improved crow search algorithm (ICSA) was presented for channel selection to minimize the computational complexity of multichannel stress detection. Further, the novel employee optimization algorithm (EOA) is utilized for the hyper-parameter optimization of hybrid BDDNet to enhance the training performance. The outcomes of the novel BDDNet were assessed using a public DEAP dataset. The BDDNet-ICSA offers improved recall of 97.6%, precision of 97.6%, F1-score of 97.6%, selectivity of 96.9%, negative predictive value NPV of 96.9%, and accuracy of 97.3% to traditional techniques. Full article

High-quality green gardens can markedly enhance the quality of life and mental well-being of their users. However, health and lifestyle constraints make it difficult for people to enjoy urban gardens, and traditional methods struggle to offer the high-fidelity experiences they need. This study introduces a 3D scene reconstruction and rendering strategy based on implicit neural representation through the efficient and removable neural radiation fields model (NeRF-RE). Leveraging neural radiance fields (NeRF), the model incorporates a multi-resolution hash grid and proposal network to improve training efficiency and modeling accuracy, while integrating a segment-anything model to safeguard public privacy. Take the crabapple tree, extensively utilized in urban garden design across temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere. A dataset comprising 660 images of crabapple trees exhibiting three distinct geometric forms is collected to assess the NeRF-RE model’s performance. The results demonstrated that the ‘harvest gold’ crabapple scene had the highest reconstruction accuracy, with PSNR, LPIPS and SSIM of 24.80 dB, 0.34 and 0.74, respectively. Compared to the Mip-NeRF 360 model, the NeRF-RE model not only showed an up to 21-fold increase in training efficiency for three types of crabapple trees, but also exhibited a less pronounced impact of dataset size on reconstruction accuracy. This study reconstructs real scenes with high fidelity using virtual reality technology. It not only facilitates people’s personal enjoyment of the beauty of natural gardens at home, but also makes certain contributions to the publicity and promotion of urban landscapes. Full article

Background/Objectives: According to Embodied Cognition theories, motor skills in early childhood are closely interconnected with various cognitive abilities, including working memory, cognitive flexibility, and theory of mind. These processes are integral components of the multicomponent model of narrative comprehension, which posits that higher-order cognitive functions support the construction of coherent mental representations of narrative meaning. This study aimed to examine whether motor skills directly contribute to narrative comprehension in preschool children or whether this relationship is mediated by cognitive skills. Methods: Seventy-four typically developing children aged 3 to 6 years (47.2% female) participated in this study. Motor skills were assessed using standardized measures, and cognitive abilities were evaluated through tasks targeting working memory, cognitive flexibility, and theory of mind. Narrative comprehension was measured with age-appropriate tasks requiring the understanding and retelling of stories. A structural equation model (SEM) was conducted to test the direct and indirect effects of motor skills on narrative comprehension via cognitive skills. Results: The SEM results indicated a significant direct effect of motor skills on cognitive skills and an indirect effect on narrative comprehension mediated by cognitive abilities. No evidence was found for a direct pathway from motor skills to narrative comprehension independent of cognitive processes. Conclusions: These findings underscore the complex interplay between motor, cognitive, and language development in early childhood. The results suggest that motor skills contribute to narrative comprehension indirectly by enhancing core cognitive abilities, offering novel insights into the developmental mechanisms that support language acquisition and understanding. Full article

This study presents a systematic review regarding the use of augmented reality and virtual reality in exergaming by analyzing studies published during 2010–2025. This study focuses on providing an overview of the field and on examining and synthesizing the findings of related studies to identify the contexts, applications, and domains in which extended reality exergames are being used and the related implications, benefits, and challenges. Based on the results, augmented reality and virtual reality exergames offer immersive, enjoyable, engaging, and personalized experiences that support physical, cognitive, and emotional well-being, while enhancing physical performance, cognitive functioning, psychological outcomes, and mental health. They promote motivation, active lifestyles, and sustainable health behaviors across diverse populations, including older adults, individuals with disabilities, and neurological groups, as well as the general adult and youth populations. Although emphasis is placed on their use in physical and cognitive rehabilitation and treatment, they also show great potential to be effectively used in different domains, including education. Among the technologies examined, the significant majority of studies focused on virtual reality exergames, a limited number of studies involved augmented reality, and only a few studies examined mixed reality, extended reality, and the metaverse. Finally, nine main topics were identified through topic modeling, providing a clear representation of the core themes within the literature. Full article

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a complex and heterogeneous condition characterized by emotional instability, impulsivity, and impaired regulation of interpersonal relationships. This narrative review integrates findings from recent neuroimaging, neurochemical, and treatment studies to identify core neurobiological mechanisms and highlight translational potential. Evidence from 112 studies published up to 2025 is synthesized, encompassing structural MRI, resting-state and task-based functional MRI, EEG, PET, and emerging machine learning applications. Consistent disruptions are observed across the prefrontal–amygdala circuitry, the default mode network (DMN), and mentalization-related regions. BPD shows a dominant and stable pattern of hyperconnectivity in the precuneus. Transdiagnostic comparisons with PTSD and cocaine use disorder (CUD) suggest partial overlap in DMN dysregulation, though BPD-specific traits emerge in network topology. Machine learning models achieve a classification accuracy of 70–88% and may support the tracking of early treatment responses. Longitudinal fMRI studies indicate that psychodynamic therapy facilitates the progressive normalization of dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) activity and reductions in alexithymia. We discuss the role of phenotypic heterogeneity (internalizing versus externalizing profiles), the potential of neuromodulation guided by biomarkers, and the need for standardized imaging protocols. Limitations include small sample sizes, a lack of effective connectivity analyses, and minimal multicenter cohort representation. Future research should focus on constructing multimodal biomarker panels that integrate functional connectivity, epigenetics, and computational phenotyping. This review supports the use of a precision psychiatry approach for BPD by aligning neuroscience with scalable clinical tools. Full article

This paper presents an analysis of G. P. Telemann’s Sonata in C Major for Recorder and Basso Continuo (TWV 41:C2, Allegro), with the aim of investigating the occurrence of perceptual streams. The presence of perceptual streams in musical works helps to organise the sound stimuli received by the listener in a specific manner. This enables each listener to perceive the piece in an individual and distinctive manner, granting primacy to selected sounds over others. Directing the listener’s attention to particular elements of the auditory image leads to the formation of specific mental representations. This, in turn, results in distinctive interpretations of the acoustic stimuli. All of these processes are explored and illustrated in this analysis. Full article

Introduction: Home-based cardiac telerehabilitation (HBCTR) is a multidisciplinary intervention aimed at optimizing functional, psychological, and social recovery in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). This rehabilitation model serves as an effective alternative to traditional center-based rehabilitation, providing a cost-effective and clinically advantageous approach. Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a systematic literature search across multiple databases (PubMed, CINAHL, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science). We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort, and observational studies assessing telerehabilitation in post-PCI patients. Primary outcomes focused on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and adherence, while secondary outcomes included functional capacity (6 min walk test, VO₂max), cardiovascular risk factor control, and psychological well-being. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane RoB 2.0 and ROBINS-I tools. Results: A total of 3575 articles were identified after removing duplicates, of which 877 were selected based on title and abstract, and 17 met the inclusion criteria, with strong RCT representation ensuring robust evidence synthesis. HBCTR was associated with significant improvements in exercise capacity, with increases in VO₂max ranging from +1.6 to +3.5 mL/kg/min and in 6 min walk distance from +34.7 to +116.6 m. HRQoL scores improved significantly, with physical and mental component scores increasing by +6.75 to +14.18 and +4.27 to +11.39 points, respectively. Adherence to telerehabilitation programs was consistently high, often exceeding 80%, and some studies reported reductions in hospital readmissions of up to 40%. Wearable devices and smartphone applications facilitated self-monitoring, enhancing adherence and reducing readmissions. Several studies also highlighted improvements in anxiety and depression scores ranging from 10% to 35%. Conclusions: HBCTR is a promising strategy for rehabilitation and quality-of-life improvement after PCI. It offers a patient-centered solution that leverages technology to enhance long-term outcomes. By integrating structured telerehabilitation programs, healthcare systems can expand accessibility, promote adherence, and improve equity in cardiovascular care. Full article

Global data reveal ongoing inequalities faced by minorities, often reinforced by media portrayals that depict them as threats, victims, or passive individuals without agency. While media framing has been extensively studied, especially in terms of media content and representation, few studies have examined how journalists perceive and navigate the coverage of minorities. This study addresses that gap by examining how Greek journalists perceive mainstream media coverage of refugees and migrants, LGBTQ+ individuals, and people with mental health challenges, with particular attention to their sourcing practices and sense of ethical responsibility. Fourteen journalists participated in semi-structured interviews, and thematic analysis was applied to identify key patterns. Journalists described dominant media narratives as fragmented, stereotypical, and dehumanizing, noting the frequent use of linguistic inaccuracies, misinformation, and the absence of personal stories. At the same time, they reported opportunities within their own sourcing practices to promote more inclusive and accurate coverage. Ethical concerns were expressed on three levels—union; corporate; and personal—with calls for clearer editorial guidelines and dedicated training. Many participants emphasized the role of personal ethics as a guiding compass in navigating complex newsroom pressures. Full article

Background/Objectives: The potential advantages of robotic assistance in spinal procedures are a growing area of interest, and patient perception plays a key role in its broader acceptance. However, public perception of robotic surgery in spinal operations remains unexplored. This study aims to assess the general public’s perceptions, expectations, and concerns regarding robot-assisted spine surgery. Methods: In the fall of 2024, a questionnaire was distributed to attendees at a public open day at the Neurocenter of Southern Switzerland, where the Globus ExcelsiusGPS™ spine surgery robot was demonstrated live on a mannequin. The 15-item questionnaire assessed demographic data, prior knowledge of medical robots, mental representations of surgical robots, expectations, and emotions after witnessing the demonstration. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square, Wilcoxon, McNemar tests, and logistic regression analysis. Results: A total of 109 questionnaires were collected. Most participants were female (64.4%) and had no direct experience with spinal pathology (79.8%). While 87.2% were aware of robotic surgery in general, only 65.1% specifically knew about its use in spine surgery. After witnessing the live demonstration, 81.9% felt reassured by the robot′s presence in surgery, compared to 61.3% before the demonstration (p = 0.007). Preference for robot-assisted surgery increased from 50.5% to 64.5% (p < 0.001). Notably, individuals with back-related issues showed greater confidence in the robot’s capabilities (p = 0.032). Conclusions: The general public perceives robotic spine surgery positively, viewing it as faster, more precise, and capable of performing tasks not readily performed by humans. The study highlights the importance of live demonstrations in enhancing trust and acceptance of robotic systems. Its findings have economic implications, as patients may be more likely to choose hospitals offering robot-assisted spine surgery. However, it is essential to also acknowledge alternative methods, such as computer-assisted navigation, which has demonstrated efficacy in spine surgery. Full article

Headache represents one of the most prevalent and disabling conditions in the pediatric population, with significant repercussions on mental and psychological well-being, as well as on academic achievement and social functioning, ultimately leading to a marked reduction in quality of life. Currently, the diagnosis of headache is based on the clinical criteria of the third edition of the International Classification of Headache Disorders (ICHD-3). However, the characteristics of headache may differ between adults and children, as well as the ability of children to provide a complete description of the pain and associated symptoms. The immature narrative skills of children can represent a limitation in defining the clinical phenotype of headache, making the diagnosis more complex. This is even more challenging when extracting information about the characteristics of the headache in children whose verbal expression is poorly developed or completely absent. Given these limitations, clinical psychology has long used drawing as an effective diagnostic instrument to bypass verbal communication barriers. This tool provides unique access to children’s psychological and emotional states, as a direct window into their inner world and as an expressive medium that often generates more detailed, accurate, and clinically actionable information, compared to verbal reports alone. For these reasons, drawing has been recognized as a valuable diagnostic tool for decades, with multiple studies demonstrating specificity and accuracy rates comparable to standard clinical assessments. Particularly for young children, drawings may give access to fundamental information that might otherwise remain inaccessible, thereby allowing both accurate diagnosis and individualized treatment planning. Multiple studies have highlighted and confirmed the graphic differences between representations of various types of headaches and the undeniable utility of an “artistic diagnosis” alongside the clinical one. Furthermore, the literature suggests and encourages the use of drawing in clinical practice, both in the diagnostic process and during subsequent follow-up, as an effective, enjoyable, easy-to-use, and low-cost resource. Accordingly, we propose a narrative review accompanied by a curated collection of drawings that may help identify and categorize specific correlations between graphic representations and clinical phenotypes, such as pain location, quality, intensity, association with nausea and vomiting, photophobia and phonophobia, and types of migraine aura. Our goal is to create a visual reference that can aid clinicians in the accurate interpretation of children’s drawings. Additionally, we aim to promote the integration of this method into routine clinical practice to improve diagnostic precision and support a more child-centered model of care. We also hope to propose new iconographic models to further enrich the diagnostic framework. Full article

The ability of a fire extinguisher to suppress fires varies by the rated performance of the unit. Safety guidance in the United States indicates that the occupant should consider the performance rating of the extinguisher when deciding to use it with a fire. The present study investigated whether individuals are aware of the connection between the suppression performance of fire extinguishers and the intensity of fires the unit can extinguish. Across five experiments, participants were presented with fire extinguishers that varied in suppression performance (smaller, medium, and larger) and judged whether the extinguisher could extinguish a developing room fire that increased in intensity. The fire intensity at which they stopped attempting to use the extinguisher (threshold) was calculated. No significant differences in threshold were observed by suppression performance condition when suppression information about the single extinguisher at hand was presented. This included when information was provided about the amount of agent, the distance and duration of discharge, and with the water equivalent the extinguisher was rated. However, when trained on the differences in suppression performance between extinguishers and provided with corresponding containers of water, thresholds did vary by performance rating. We discuss how providing information about variations in suppression performance may be necessary to highlight differences in extinguisher ratings. Full article