Search Results (155)

Background: Active video games (AVG) may offer an alternative strategy to increase physical activity in adults with obesity. This study compared the acute effects of AVG, moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT), and a seated control condition on capillary blood glucose, physiological responses, and exercise enjoyment in sedentary office workers with overweight or obesity. Methods: Seventeen sedentary middle-aged adults with obesity (41 ± 8 years; BMI: 30.6 ± 5.3 kg/m²) participated in this randomized crossover study conducted at the Human Movement Biosciences Laboratory of the Autonomous University of Baja California, Mexico. Participants completed three conditions: 30 min of AVG, 30 min of treadmill-based MICT, and a seated control session. Capillary blood glucose was measured at baseline, immediately post-exercise, and 24 h post-exercise. Heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and exercise enjoyment were also assessed. Results: A significant main effect of time on capillary blood glucose was observed (p = 0.003), with reductions observed immediately and 24 h post-exercise. No significant condition or interaction effects were found. Significant reductions were observed in the AVG condition from baseline to 24 h post-exercise (p = 0.004). AVG and MICT elicited similar moderate-intensity physiological responses (HR and RPE), while AVG produced greater exercise enjoyment than MICT (p = 0.026). Conclusions: AVG appeared to elicit similar moderate-intensity physiological responses in sedentary office workers with overweight or obesity. Additionally, AVG was associated with greater exercise enjoyment and reductions in capillary blood glucose over time, suggesting that AVG could represent a feasible and engaging alternative strategy for promoting physical activity and supporting metabolic health in workplace settings. Full article

Background/Objectives: Regular physical exercise is strongly recommended for individuals with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) because of its beneficial effects on cardiovascular fitness, insulin sensitivity, metabolic control, and overall health. Nevertheless, participation in physical activity remains limited, largely due to the fear of exercise-induced hypoglycemia and glycemic instability. Glycemic responses to exercise in T1DM are influenced by the interaction between exercise modality, circulating insulin levels, nutritional status, and diabetes technologies. Continuous aerobic exercise, resistance training, high-intensity interval exercise, and mixed intermittent activities elicit distinct metabolic and hormonal responses, resulting in heterogeneous glycemic trajectories. This narrative review aimed to provide a clinically oriented synthesis of the physiological mechanisms underlying exercise-related glycemic fluctuations in T1DM and to discuss integrated insulin- and carbohydrate-based strategies to support safer participation in physical activity in the context of modern diabetes technologies. Methods: A structured narrative review was conducted using PubMed/MEDLINE, Scopus, and complementary searches in Google Scholar to identify experimental studies, observational studies, systematic reviews, consensus statements, and clinical guidelines focused on exercise-related glycemic responses in individuals with T1DM. Only articles published in English were considered. Evidence was selected and synthesized according to relevance to exercise modality, insulin therapy strategies, carbohydrate management, and diabetes technologies, including continuous glucose monitoring, continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion, and automated insulin delivery systems. The final narrative synthesis was based on 44 selected studies, reviews, consensus statements, and guidance documents considered most relevant to the objectives of this narrative review. Results: Available evidence indicates that continuous moderate-intensity aerobic exercise is most consistently associated with progressive glucose declines and increased risk of hypoglycemia, particularly when performed in the presence of elevated insulin on board. In contrast, resistance exercise and short-duration high-intensity or anaerobic exercise more frequently induce stable glycemia or transient hyperglycemia through adrenergic stimulation and increased hepatic glucose output. Mixed and intermittent exercise modalities often produce more variable responses depending on exercise sequencing, nutritional status, and insulin exposure. Across studies, integrated adjustment of basal and prandial insulin doses together with individualized carbohydrate supplementation emerged as the most effective strategy to reduce exercise-related glycemic instability. Continuous glucose monitoring and insulin pump technologies improved glucose trend awareness and management flexibility; however, physical exercise remains a challenging condition for current automated insulin delivery algorithms and still requires active user-driven decision-making. Conclusions: Exercise management in T1DM should be based on an individualized interpretation of exercise modality, glucose trends, insulin exposure, and nutritional context rather than on fixed glucose thresholds alone. Combining anticipatory insulin adjustments, tailored carbohydrate strategies, and appropriate use of diabetes technologies may substantially reduce glycemic variability and improve confidence toward physical activity participation. Structured education and individualized clinical guidance remain essential to translate physiological knowledge into effective real-world exercise management. Full article

Background: Evidence comparing high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) for obesity remains inconsistent, particularly with respect to cycling-based protocols. Therefore, this meta-analysis aimed to evaluate randomized controlled trials comparing bicycle-ergometer HIIT with cycling-based MICT in adults with overweight or obesity. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar were searched from January 2015 to September 2025; Google Scholar was used as a supplementary source. Eligible studies included adults aged 18–60 years and compared cycling-based HIIT with MICT interventions conducted over a minimum duration of 5 weeks. The primary outcomes were changes in body mass and fat mass. Between-group standardized mean differences (SMDs) were pooled using random-effects models. Results: Nine RCTs involving 394 enrolled participants were included, although analyzable samples varied by outcome. No significant between-group difference was observed for body mass (SMD: 0.04; 95% CI: −0.19 to 0.27; p = 0.710; I² = 0%; τ² = 0.00) or fat mass (SMD: 0.01; 95% CI: −0.23 to 0.26; p = 0.810; I² = 0%; τ² = 0.00). The pooled effects were close to zero and should be interpreted as short-term findings because interventions lasted 5–12 weeks. Conclusion: Current evidence from randomized controlled trials does not demonstrate the superiority of either cycling-based HIIT or MICT for reducing body mass or fat mass in adults with overweight or obesity. These findings do not establish equivalence and should therefore be interpreted with caution, given the small sample sizes, short follow-up, limited dietary control, and possible measurement error in body-composition outcomes. Full article

Background/Objectives: The gut microbiome is a critical regulator of host metabolism, immunity, and the gut–brain axis. Exercise is a promising non-pharmacological modulator of microbial ecology, yet human evidence remains heterogeneous and the translational gap persists. This narrative review synthesizes mechanisms, human and animal evidence, and future directions for the exercise–gut microbiome axis. Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and SID were searched for articles published between January 2000 and February 2025. Keywords included exercise, physical activity, gut microbiome, gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, and gut–muscle axis. From 218 initial records, 89 original studies (47 human, 42 animal) met inclusion criteria and were critically appraised. Results: Exercise modulates the gut microbiome via splanchnic hypoperfusion, hyperthermia, altered transit time, and immune-mediated barrier regulation. Moderate-intensity continuous training consistently increases alpha diversity and enriches butyrate-producing taxa (Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Roseburia hominis) and mucin-degrading Akkermansia muciniphila. High-intensity interval training transiently increases intestinal permeability in untrained individuals but, following adaptation, stimulates butyrate production via lactate cross-feeding metabolism—a recent breakthrough. Effects are transient and reversible upon detraining. Animal models establish causality through fecal microbiota transplantation; human randomized controlled trials demonstrate modest, intensity-dependent, and highly individualistic responses. Emerging evidence supports the gut–muscle axis in sarcopenia and personalized exercise prescription guided by microbiome profiling. Conclusion: Exercise shows promise as a low-cost modulator of the gut microbiome for enriching health-associated taxa and improving metabolic outcomes. Definitive evidence linking exercise-induced microbial shifts to enhanced athletic performance in humans remains lacking. Future research requires diet-controlled randomized controlled trials with ≥12-week interventions, shotgun metagenomics, and mechanistic validation of the gut–muscle axis in humans. Full article

Objectives: Ensuring an effective triage to treat patients with chest pain in emergency settings is critical, but it can often be challenging, particularly when patients wear face masks or are unable to clearly communicate their pain. To address this limitation, this study presents a real-time facial expression–based system for chest pain intensity assessment as an initial step toward realizing intelligent emergency triage. The proposed system integrates deep learning with real-time video analysis to provide objective and rapid pain level recognition. Methods: A YOLOv12-based facial expression recognition model was trained using annotated facial images of patients experiencing chest pain, and the model categorizes pain into three intensity levels: no pain, slight pain, and moderate to severe pain. Multiple YOLOv12 variants were systematically evaluated to identify an optimal configuration for potential clinical use. The developed system supports two operational modes: real-time recognition, which analyzes continuous video streams and delivers immediate visual feedback through an interactive interface, and a manual upload mode for offline video analysis, review of results, and playback. Additional usability features, including error prompts and data reset functions, were implemented to enhance system stability and user experience. Results: Among the evaluated models, the YOLOv12-L model achieved the best performance with an accuracy of 98.81%, sensitivity of 98.76%, specificity of 98.79%, precision of 98.04%, and an F1-score of 98.41%, demonstrating stable and accurate recognition. The proposed system is designed to support the triage process of assessing patients with chest pain, particularly in cases where patients wear masks or cannot clearly express their pain. By providing real-time and objective pain intensity assessment, the system shows potential to assist healthcare professionals in identifying patients who may require priority attention and to serve as a supportive tool for emergency triage workflows. Conclusions: Future work will incorporate edge computing with a lightweight model to enable real-time pain assessment in ambulances, facilitating faster intervention and treatment. Full article

Automated pig-welfare monitoring needs scalable, non-invasive signals that work across ages and individuals. A key methodological contribution of this study is the use of subject-wise validation, which ensures generalization to unseen animals and prevents inflated accuracy caused by growth-related and individual ‘voice’ differences. Vocalizations can help, but growth and individual “voice” differences can confound distress patterns and overstate accuracy without subject-wise validation. In our study, we explicitly accounted for individual variability by including animal identity as a random effect in mixed models and by using grouped cross-validation, where models were tested only on pigs not seen during training. This approach ensures that the reported accuracy reflects generalization across different individuals rather than memorization of specific vocal signatures. We analyzed 2221 vocal samples from 40 pigs (20 males, 20 females) recorded across four growth phases (farrowing, nursery, growing, finishing) under six conditions (pain, hunger, thirst, cold stress, heat stress, normal). Acoustic features extracted in Praat included energy, duration, intensity, pitch, and formants (F1–F4). Using blockwise variance decomposition, we quantified contributions of distress exposure, growth phase, and sex, and estimated the additional variance explained by animal identity. Distress exposure dominated intensity and spectral traits, particularly Formant 2, whereas the growth phase produced systematic shifts in duration and pitch. Animal identity added a modest but consistent increment in explained variance (~+0.02–0.03 R² beyond sex, phase, and distress). For prediction, we used 5-fold cross-validation grouped by animal. A Random Forest achieved a modest balanced accuracy of 0.609 and macro-F1 of 0.597; pain was most separable (recall 0.825), while other states showed moderate recall, indicating overlap. These results support hierarchical acoustic encoding of distress and establish a benchmark for precision welfare monitoring. Furthermore, they highlight that resolving complex physiological overlaps, such as heat stress and resource competition, requires a shift from unimodal acoustic models to multimodal Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) systems that integrate bioacoustics with continuous environmental and behavioral data streams. Full article

Background: Kitesurfing is a wind-propelled water sport performed in highly variable environmental conditions. Scientific evidence describing internal load under standardized ecological sea constraints remains limited. Aim: This study aimed to characterize cardiovascular and perceptual responses during a standardized kitesurfing session and to examine associations among heart rate-based internal load indices, session rating of perceived exertion, and global navigation satellite system-derived external output variables. Methods: A total of 112 male recreational kitesurfers (32.1 ± 6.8 years) completed a 40–50 min standardized session under monitored wind conditions (17–22 knots) along a predefined approximately 800 m course. Heart rate was continuously recorded, and session rating of perceived exertion (Borg Category-Ratio 10 scale) was collected 30 ± 5 min post-session. Training impulse, mean percentage of maximal heart rate, and session rating of perceived exertion load were calculated. Pearson correlation analyses with bootstrapping (1000 resamples) and five percent trimming were performed, with statistical significance set at 0.05. Results: Sessions were performed at 78.4 ± 9.1 percent of maximal heart rate. Training impulse and mean percentage of maximal heart rate were strongly associated (correlation coefficient = 0.90, probability value < 0.001), reflecting the shared heart rate-based structure of these metrics. Training impulse showed a moderate association with session rating of perceived exertion load (correlation coefficient = 0.46, probability value < 0.001). No significant associations were observed between internal load indices and global navigation satellite system-derived mean speed (correlation coefficient = −0.14, probability value = 0.149) or distance (correlation coefficient = 0.06, probability value = 0.555). Sensitivity analyses confirmed the stability of the observed associations. Conclusions: Under standardized ecological sea conditions, kitesurfing sessions were characterized by sustained high submaximal cardiovascular intensity. Heart rate-based and perceptual measures showed consistent associations within this protocol, whereas global navigation satellite system-derived external outputs were not significantly related to internal load indices. Within the limits of this cross-sectional ecological design, the combined use of one heart rate-based indicator and session rating of perceived exertion offers a coherent and practically interpretable description of session internal load in open-water kitesurfing. Full article

3 × 3 basketball is a high-intensity intermittent sport practiced by both professional and recreational athletes. However, the use of predefined absolute thresholds to quantify external load may overlook meaningful inter-individual differences in movement intensity. This study examined internal and external load demands during official 3 × 3 match play using individualized, performance-based load zones. Seventeen male players were monitored across 38 valid match observations during a two-day tournament. External load was collected via inertial measurement units, while internal load was assessed through continuous heart-rate monitoring. Raw triaxial accelerometer data were processed in Python to remove gravitational components and reconstruct speed–acceleration profiles, allowing identification of individual acceleration, deceleration, and jump events. Statistical analyses were conducted using linear mixed-effects models with Bonferroni-adjusted post hoc comparisons to evaluate differences between absolute and individualized zones. Players sustained high physiological strain, operating at approximately 85–90% of HRmax, and performed frequent high-intensity mechanical actions. Individualized acceleration, deceleration, and jump zones yielded a more even dispersion of events across low-, moderate-, and high-intensity categories. In contrast, predefined absolute thresholds classified over 90% of events as low intensity, masking meaningful variability. These findings highlight substantial inter-individual differences in 3 × 3 match demands and support the use of individualized load profiling for accurate monitoring, performance evaluation, and training prescription. Full article

Maximal aerobic capacity (VO_2max) is a well-established predictor of cardiovascular health, morbidity, and all-cause mortality. While many systematic reviews and meta-analyses have characterized the effects of aerobic exercise training on VO_2max, they fail to capture the state of the literature as a whole. This scoping review aims to summarize the populations and training protocols used in the current literature and highlight gaps in our current understanding of the VO_2max response to aerobic training. A total of 617 studies were selected and analyzed in this review. The majority of exercise protocols used were moderate intensity continuous training (MICT; n = 363). Few studies employed high-intensity interval training (HIIT; n = 102), sprint interval training (SIT; n = 70), or a combination of exercise modalities (n = 82). A large number of studies only included male participants (n = 264), while a few studies only included female participants (n = 83). The majority of training interventions were shorter than three months (n = 399). Many studies failed to report information regarding participant health (n = 169) and physical activity status (n = 290). Exercise modality, sex representation, the effects of long-term training, and reporting practices represent key gaps within the literature that should be further explored in the future. Full article

Background/Objectives: Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) is a major cause of poor outcome after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH). Beyond large-vessel vasospasm, DCI reflects a systemic, multifactorial process involving inflammation, hematologic dysregulation, and organ dysfunction. Stroke-associated pneumonia (SAP), a frequent aSAH complication linked to stroke-induced immunodepression, may aggravate secondary ischemic injury. Unlike prior studies focusing on classical predictors alone, we included pneumonia and longitudinal respiratory parameters alongside inflammatory, hematologic, and renal markers. Using machine learning, this study aimed to identify predictors of DCI and functional outcome from routinely collected intensive care data. Methods: In this retrospective single-center study, 182 aSAH patients treated in a neurosurgical intensive care unit were included. Clinical data, SAP status, and longitudinal inflammatory, hematologic, renal, and respiratory parameters were extracted. DCI and functional outcome were assessed. Continuous variables were summarized as minimum, maximum, and mean values. Supervised machine learning models combining 12 feature selection methods and 12 classifiers were trained using five-fold cross-validation and evaluated by accuracy, F1-score, and AUC. Results: DCI occurred in 22% of patients, and SAP in 27%. The machine learning models achieved a mean accuracy of 59.7% (F1-score 58.8%, AUC 59.7%) for DCI prediction. No single dominant feature emerged; predictive patterns included leukocyte counts, CRP, erythrocyte indices, platelet variability, renal function, and oxygenation metrics. Functional outcome prediction performed moderately better (mean AUC 65.7%) and shared overlapping predictors. Conclusions: DCI reflects systemic instability in aSAH, with longitudinal inflammatory and respiratory variability outperforming static thresholds. Dynamic risk stratification may enable earlier detection of deterioration, supporting future time-series modeling and external validation. Full article

Sleep is a fundamental aspect of physiological and psychological functioning, and the beneficial effect of exercise on sleep quality and quantity, depending on training modality, remains underexplored. This study compared the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus a moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) regime on sleep quality. Twenty-five participants (sixteen men, nine women) were randomly assigned to 8-week HIIT or MICT programs. Anthropometric data, blood pressure, and maximal exercise tests (VO_2max, lactate, heart rate) were conducted one week before and after training. Sleep quality was evaluated daily through self-reported perception and duration and via the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) at baseline, one week, and two weeks post-intervention. Data were analyzed in SPSS version 29 using repeated-measures ANOVA. PSQI scores improved significantly over time (p = 0.013), regardless of modality, with no significant group or interaction effects. Cardiorespiratory fitness improved for all participants, with significant gains in VO_2max (p = 0.009), maximal aerobic speed (p < 0.001), and reduced maximal heart rate (HIIT: p = 0.003; MICT: p = 0.021). Sleep perception showed no significant change during training (p = 0.063), with a slight improvement trend. In conclusion, exercise training improves sleep quality regardless of modality. Running three sessions per week for eight weeks enhances both aerobic and cardiorespiratory fitness, along with sleep quality. Physical activity is therefore an effective non-pharmacological strategy to improve sleep. Full article

Cyberattacks in education are a serious concern (e.g., breaches and system intrusions) that teachers need to respond to by cultivating cybersecurity awareness, engaging in continuous professional development, and modeling safe digital practices in their daily work, while technical prevention and mitigation are primarily the responsibility of institutional IT services and system-level governance. Strengthening cybersecurity depends on fostering awareness of how information is collected, analyzed, and used, thereby enabling users to take proactive steps to protect data, which are key components of teachers’ professional media literacy, particularly in managing personal and student information across social media, email, and cloud platforms. This quantitative study was conducted in Hong Kong with 120 early childhood, primary, secondary, and tertiary education teachers (88.3% female, age range = 18–54, Mage = 23.76) via an online survey. The study focused on social media, email, and cloud storage, and administered the Perceived Severity, Perceived Vulnerability, and Self-Efficacy Scales; the Data Protection Strategies Scale; and the Data Fabrication Strategies Scale, along with questions assessing awareness of data protection. Results revealed significant positive relationships among data protection awareness, psychological factors, and use of protection strategies. Awareness and protection strategies were also moderately linked to data fabrication behaviors. The findings indicate concerning gaps in teachers’ awareness of cyberattacks and their limited understanding of media literacy concepts, highlighting the need to integrate comprehensive media literacy training into teacher education programs and also provide intensive, mandatory on-site training for in-service early childhood, primary, secondary, and tertiary education teachers. Full article

Sedentary behavior contributes to obesity and metabolic dysfunction, yet few interventions individualize exercise intensity using fuel-based metrics such as the respiratory exchange ratio (RER; VCO₂/VO₂). This study investigated the effects of metabolically guided walking combined with whole-food, plant-based nutrition on body composition and metabolic outcomes in sedentary overweight and obese women. Forty-four women mean age 43 years; BMI 30.1 kg·m⁻²) were randomized to low-intensity continuous training (LICT; RER ≈ 0.75), moderate-intensity intermittent training (MIIT; RER ≈ 0.85), or high-intensity continuous training (HICT; RER ≈ 0.95). Following a 2-week dietary lead-in with an individualized ~200 kcal·day⁻¹ energy deficit, participants completed an 8-week RER-guided walking program (5 sessions·week⁻¹; 15–50 min·session⁻¹). Assessments included air-displacement plethysmography (BodPod) body composition, resting metabolic rate and substrate utilization, and oxygen uptake at the first ventilatory threshold (VT1). Data were analyzed using ANCOVA, mixed-factorial ANOVA, and Pearson correlations. Percent body fat decreased significantly across participants (p < 0.0001, η² = 0.827), with MIIT demonstrating the most favorable integrated outcomes. MIIT elicited the largest reductions in total body mass (−11.2%), fat mass (−25.9%), and percent body fat (−17.1%), alongside improvements in VT1 VO₂ (Δ = 1.487 ± 0.895 L·min⁻¹; p = 0.038). Resting respiratory quotient (RQ) declined in LICT and MIIT but increased in HICT, corresponding with increased fat oxidation in LICT and MIIT and reduced fat oxidation in HICT. Changes in RQ were significantly associated with changes in percent body fat (r = 0.316, p = 0.039). Metabolically guided moderate-intensity intermittent walking combined with whole-food, plant-based nutrition produced the most consistent improvements in adiposity, substrate utilization, and submaximal fitness, supporting the public-health feasibility of a community-deliverable, substrate-informed walking prescription. Full article

Background and Objectives: Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is a prevalent condition that impairs quality of life, functionality, and work productivity. While most acute episodes of back pain resolve, 4–25% become chronic due to factors such as high pain intensity, psychological distress, and maladaptive behaviors. Nonspecific CLBP is best understood through the biopsychosocial model, encompassing biological, psychological, and social influences, including kinesiophobia. Management relies on physical activity, pain education, and psychological interventions, with therapist knowledge and attitudes affecting outcomes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of CLBP among healthcare workers, examine their knowledge of pain neurophysiology, evaluate kinesiophobia, and explore how personal experience with CLBP influences their beliefs, attitudes, and interactions with patients. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted from January to May 2025 among healthcare professionals. A total of 50 participants completed an online questionnaire, of which 42 were valid and included in the analysis. The questionnaire collected demographic and professional data, determined the presence of CLBP, and included three standardized instruments: the Revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (rNPQ) to assess knowledge of pain mechanisms, the Health Care Providers’ Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (HC-PAIRS) to evaluate beliefs about pain and disability, and the Tampa Scale of Kinesiophobia (TSK-11) to measure fear of movement. Data were analyzed using SPSS and Microsoft Excel. Results: Among the 42 participants, 11 demonstrated low, 28 moderate, and 3 high knowledge of pain neurophysiology (rNPQ), with a mean score of 5.66. On the HC-PAIRS, the majority (30 participants) scored above 60, indicating beliefs that pain leads to disability, while 12 scored below 60, reflecting a biopsychosocial perspective; gender did not significantly affect HC-PAIRS scores (p = 0.213). As for kinesiophobia (TSK-11), 24 participants had low, 17 moderate, and 1 clinically significant fear of movement. Correlation analysis revealed that younger participants had higher rNPQ scores (r = −0.358, p = 0.020) and lower TSK-11 scores (r = −0.389, p = 0.011). TSK-11 scores increased with age (r = 0.432, p = 0.004), while HC-PAIRS scores showed no significant correlations. Conclusions: Healthcare professionals, particularly physiotherapists, show gaps in knowledge of pain neurophysiology and a tendency toward biomedical beliefs regarding chronic low back pain. This cross-sectional study indicates that a greater understanding of pain mechanisms is associated with lower kinesiophobia, emphasizing the importance of education. Integrating the biopsychosocial model into undergraduate and continuing professional training, through interdisciplinary and practical modules, may improve knowledge, reduce maladaptive fear-avoidance behaviors, and enhance patient care. Future studies should include larger, more diverse samples and assess the long-term impact of educational interventions on clinical practice. Full article

Background/Objectives: Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) involves dysregulated mitochondrial dynamics. This review systematically integrates the specific mechanisms by which exercise modulates mitochondrial fusion, fission, and mass control in the liver within MASLD and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH) models. Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed and Web of Science identified 11 animal studies investigating exercise and mitochondrial dynamics markers. Results: MASLD generally exhibited a “pro-fission” phenotype. Exercise, particularly moderate-intensity continuous training (MICT) and high-intensity interval training (HIIT), reversed these alterations via “pro-fusion, anti-fission” effects and restored biogenesis and mitophagy. Crucially, effects appeared to be “modality-specific” and “intensity-dependent.” Current evidence suggests that reversing severe fission and restoring inner-membrane may require a specific “intensity threshold,” with voluntary wheel running showing limited efficacy in steatohepatitis. Notably, resistance exercise seemed to display a distinct profile, effectively curbing fission but diverging in fusion/biogenesis regulation. Conclusions: Synthesizing preclinical evidence, this review suggests that exercise ameliorates hepatic mitochondrial dysregulation in MASLD and appears to exhibit characteristics of “modality specificity” and “intensity dependence.” Specifically, an “intensity threshold” may be critical for profound structural remodeling, while resistance exercise exhibits a distinct regulatory profile. Future long-term clinical trials are warranted to validate these animal-derived findings and develop stage-specific “precision exercise prescriptions” for patients. Full article