Search Results (235)

Pocket parks, recognized globally as compact yet multifunctional green spaces, promise a range of urban benefits. To realize these effectively, planners must understand the factors that drive park usage. However, development priorities vary across regions, necessitating analysis tailored to specific contexts. Existing research on park usage predominantly focuses on factors either external (factors outside the park’s boundaries, such as location and surrounding urban fabric) or internal (factors within the park’s boundaries, pertaining to design, amenities, and management), leaving room for refinement in indicator selection and model construction. To address this, we developed a comprehensive analytical framework incorporating 22 macro-, meso-, and micro-level factors spanning internal and external influences. This study investigated 40 pocket parks in Nanjing’s main urban area, employing visitor frequency and activity type diversity as quantitative indicators of usage efficiency. Park usage efficiency was compared for weekdays and weekends. Using correlation and regression models, we examined primary factors including accessibility, surrounding environment, layout, landscape features, amenities, and maintenance. The results showed that weekday and weekend patterns vary significantly in terms of visitor frequency and activity type diversity. The key determinants of pocket park usage efficiency were identified: proportion of recreational space (r = 0.609 on weekdays, r = 0.573 on weekends), plant species richness (r = 0.699 on weekdays, r = 0.761 on weekends), seat facility density (r = 0.645 on weekdays, r = 0.654 on weekends), and maintenance quality (r = 0.630 on weekdays, r = 0.667 on weekends). Service area coverage, green space ratio, and garbage bin density showed weaker but significant correlations. Based on these findings, targeted strategies were proposed to better accommodate diverse regional land-use demands. Full article

Urban expressway interchanges, though primarily engineered for traffic efficiency, also serve as crucial ecological nodes within urban landscapes. This study evaluates the ecological functions of arborous vegetation across four typical interchange configurations—cloverleaf, single trumpet, double trumpet, and irregular—along the Nanjing Ring Expressway. Using the i-Tree Eco model, we quantified key ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration and storage, air pollutant removal, and stormwater mitigation. Field surveys documented 7985 trees from 45 species, with the 10 most abundant accounting for over two-thirds of total individuals. Results revealed that the trees sequester around 115 tons of carbon annually and store nearly 1850 tons in total, equivalent to an estimated economic benefit of ¥5.8 million. Trees also removed more than 1.5 tons of air pollutants and intercepted nearly 2400 cubic meters of stormwater each year. Species such as Sophora japonica, Phoebe zhennan, and Cinnamomum camphora emerged as key contributors to ecological performance. Among interchange types, double trumpet configurations yielded the highest overall service value, while single trumpet interchanges demonstrated superior efficiency per unit area. These findings highlight the underutilized ecological potential of transport-adjacent green spaces and underscore the importance of species selection and spatial design in maximizing multifunctional benefits. Full article

Establishing a sustainable framework for remediating environmental degradation caused by historical mining operations in the Sierra Minera of Cartagena-La Unión, southeastern Spain, is a critical imperative. When the reclamation requirements of the post-mining district are considered in the context of its critical location, nested among conflicting land uses, the development of practical solutions to restore ecological and cultural functions emerge as a landscape planning challenge. The greenway approach emphasizes the primary ecological and functional corridors that sustain the vitality of the region; therefore, it is essential to preserve and enhance these critical lifelines. This study aimed to design a localized greenway network to support the conservation of key ecological, agricultural, and cultural resources within the area, while simultaneously promoting reclamation activities in degraded zones. The greenway corridor is built upon key elements: conservation areas, post-mining cultural resources, dry riverbeds, and agricultural zones. In the light of greenway approach, planners and land managers can make their decisions more judiciously by considering the priority zones. The protection, leveraging, and reclamation of significant resources can be provided through a multifunctional greenway approach as seen in the case of Cartagena-La Unión Post-Mining District. Full article

Once confined to mourning and burial, urban cemeteries are now being reimagined as multifunctional public spaces integrated into everyday urban life. Responding to this evolving role, this study investigates how metropolitan cemeteries in Tokyo are used, perceived, and socially negotiated. Although institutional initiatives have promoted the integration of cemeteries into green infrastructure, empirical research on user behavior, perception, and willingness remains limited—particularly in East Asian contexts. To address this gap, the study combines unstructured user-generated data (Google Maps reviews and images) with structured questionnaire responses to examine behavioral patterns, emotional responses, perceived landscape elements, and behavioral intentions across both urban and suburban cemeteries. Findings reveal that non-commemorative uses—ranging from nature appreciation and cultural engagement to recreational walking—are common in urban cemeteries and are closely associated with positive sentiment and seasonal perception. Factor analysis identifies two dimensions of behavioral intention—active and passive engagement—and reveals group-level differences: commemorative visitors show greater inclination toward active engagement, whereas multi-purpose visitors tend toward passive forms. Urban cemeteries are more frequently associated with non-commemorative behaviors and higher willingness to engage than suburban sites. These results underscore the role of cultural norms, prior experience, and spatial typology in shaping cemetery use, and offer practical insights for managing cemeteries as inclusive and culturally meaningful components of the urban landscape. Full article

Maximizing hydrocarbon recovery from mature and complex reservoirs is constrained by heterogeneity, sand production, and harsh operational conditions. While polyacrylamide (PAM)-based systems are pivotal in addressing these challenges, a comprehensive synthesis of their transformative evolution and multifunctional capabilities remains overdue. This review critically analyzes advancements in PAM-based materials for enhanced oil recovery (EOR), conformance control, and sand management. We show that nanomaterial integration (e.g., magnetic NPs, nanoclays) significantly augments PAM’s rheological control, thermal and salinity stability, interfacial properties, and wettability alteration. Furthermore, the emergence of supramolecular chemistry has endowed PAM systems with unprecedented resilience, enabling self-healing and adaptive performance under extreme subsurface conditions. The review highlights a crucial paradigm shift towards integrated reservoir management, synergizing these advanced chemical designs with mechanical strategies and leveraging sophisticated monitoring and predictive analytics. Critically, innovations in sustainable and bio-inspired PAM materials offer environmentally responsible solutions with enhanced biodegradability. This synthesis provides a holistic understanding of the state of the art. Despite persistent challenges in scalability and predictability, continually re-engineered PAM systems are positioned as an indispensable and increasingly sustainable cornerstone for future hydrocarbon recovery in the complex energy landscape. Full article

Atherosclerosis is a progressive, multifactorial disease driven by the interplay of lipid dysregulation, chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and maladaptive vascular remodeling. Despite advances in systemic lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory therapies, residual cardiovascular risk persists, highlighting the need for more precise interventions. Targeted drug delivery represents a transformative strategy, offering the potential to modulate key pathogenic processes within atherosclerotic plaques while minimizing systemic exposure and off-target effects. Recent innovations span a diverse array of platforms, including nanoparticles, liposomes, exosomes, polymeric carriers, and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), engineered to engage distinct pathological features such as inflamed endothelium, dysfunctional macrophages, oxidative microenvironments, and aberrant lipid metabolism. Ligand-based, biomimetic, and stimuli-responsive delivery systems further enhance spatial and temporal precision. In parallel, advances in in-silico modeling and imaging-guided approaches are accelerating the rational design of multifunctional nanotherapeutics with theranostic capabilities. Beyond targeting lipids and inflammation, emerging strategies seek to modulate immune checkpoints, restore endothelial homeostasis, and reprogram plaque-resident macrophages. This review provides an integrated overview of the mechanistic underpinnings of atherogenesis and highlights state-of-the-art targeted delivery systems under preclinical and clinical investigation. By synthesizing recent advances, we aim to elucidate how precision-guided drug delivery is reshaping the therapeutic landscape of atherosclerosis and to chart future directions toward clinical translation and personalized vascular medicine. Full article

Tumor immunotherapy has revolutionized cancer treatment by harnessing the immune system to recognize and eliminate malignant cells, with immune checkpoint inhibitors targeting programmed death receptor 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein-4 (CTLA-4) demonstrating remarkable clinical success. However, challenges such as treatment resistance, immune-related adverse effects, and high costs highlight the need for novel therapeutic approaches. Aptamers, short, single-stranded oligonucleotides with high specificity and affinity for target molecules, have emerged as promising alternatives to conventional antibody-based therapies. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of aptamer-based strategies targeting immune checkpoints, with a particular focus on PD-1/PD-L1 and CTLA-4. We summarize recent advances in aptamer design, including bispecific and multifunctional aptamers, and explore their potential in overcoming immune resistance and improving therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, we discuss strategies to enhance aptamer stability, bioavailability, and tumor penetration through chemical modifications and nanoparticle conjugation. Preclinical and early clinical studies have demonstrated that aptamers can effectively block immune checkpoint pathways, restore T-cell activity, and synergize with other immunotherapeutic agents to achieve superior anti-tumor responses. By systematically reviewing the current research landscape and identifying key challenges, this review aims to provide valuable insights into the future directions of aptamer-based cancer immunotherapy, paving the way for more effective and personalized treatment strategies. Full article

Gastric cancer remains a major global health challenge, largely due to its biological heterogeneity and limited treatment options for advanced stages. Among the numerous molecular players involved in its pathogenesis, galectins—β-galactoside-binding lectins—have emerged as key modulators of tumor behavior. These multifunctional proteins influence diverse processes including cell proliferation, invasion, immune evasion, stromal remodeling, and therapy resistance. Recent advances in experimental and clinical research have shed light on the complex roles of galectin family members—particularly Galectin-1, -3, and -9—in shaping the tumor microenvironment and driving disease progression. This review highlights the current understanding of galectin biology in gastric cancer, with emphasis on their structural characteristics, cellular localization, functional diversity, and translational relevance. By synthesizing insights from molecular studies and clinicopathological observations, we explore the potential of galectins as biomarkers and therapeutic targets in the evolving landscape of gastric cancer research. Full article

Background/Objectives: The integration of natural compounds in cancer research marked a crucial shift in the modern medical landscape, through a growing acknowledgment of their potential as efficient, less toxic, and cost-effective alternatives to contemporary chemotherapeutics. Liquiritigenin (LIQ) is a compound obtained from different plants, the most important being the Glycyrrhiza species, commonly known as licorice. Methods: This review compiles findings from previously published preclinical studies and experimental research articles focusing on LIQ’s pharmacological effects, with particular attention to its anticancer potential. The relevant literature was identified using established scientific databases and selected based on relevance to cancer biology and LIQ-associated signaling pathways. Results: LIQ demonstrates anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. It exerts its potential anticancer activities by inducing apoptosis, preventing cell proliferation, and modulating various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), phosphoinositide 3 kinase (PI3K)/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), and so on. Conclusions: LIQ represents a promising natural agent for cancer therapy, with evidence supporting its multifunctional role in targeting tumor growth and survival mechanisms. By providing a detailed analysis of LIQ, this review aims to highlight its therapeutic efficacy across various cancer types and emphasize its importance as a promising compound in cancer research. In addition, this review seeks to bridge the gap between traditional medicine and modern pharmacology and paves the way for LIQ’s clinical application in cancer therapy. Full article

Tainan’s Cigu, located on Taiwan’s southwestern coast, is a prominent aquaculture hub known for its extensive ponds, tidal flats, and lagoons. This study explored the novel integration of kayaking within aquavoltaic (APV) aquaculture ponds, creating a unique hybrid tourism landscape that merges industrial land use (aquaculture and energy production) with nature-based recreation. We investigated the relationships among facility maintenance and safety professionalism (FM), the perceived value of kayaking training (PV), and green energy and sustainable development recognition (GS) within these APV systems in Cigu, Taiwan. While integrating recreation with renewable energy and aquaculture is an emerging approach to multifunctional land use, the mechanisms influencing visitors’ sustainability perceptions remain underexplored. Using data from 613 kayaking participants and structural equation modeling, we tested a theoretical framework encompassing direct, mediated, and moderated relationships. Our findings reveal that FM significantly influences both PV (β = 0.68, p < 0.001) and GS (β = 0.29, p < 0.001). Furthermore, PV strongly affects GS (β = 0.56, p < 0.001). Importantly, PV partially mediates the relationship between FM and GS, with the indirect effect (0.38) accounting for 57% of the total effect. We also identified significant moderating effects of APV coverage, guide expertise, and operational visibility. Complementary observational data obtained with underwater cameras confirm that non-motorized kayaking causes minimal ecological disturbance to cultured species, exhibiting significantly lower behavioral impacts than motorized alternatives. These findings advance the theoretical understanding of experiential learning in novel technological landscapes and provide evidence-based guidelines for optimizing recreational integration within production environments. Full article

Psoriasis is a chronic, immune-mediated inflammatory skin disease with complex genetic, environmental, and immunological determinants. Beyond the skin, it affects multiple systems, including the joints and cardiovascular system. A hallmark of psoriasis is an overactivation of the innate and adaptive immune responses, leading to dysregulated cytokine signaling, altered keratinocyte function, and aberrant expression of structural and regulatory proteins. In recent years, growing attention has been given to the skin as a neuro–immuno–endocrine organ, with evidence showing the role of stress-related neuropeptides, UVB-induced immune modulation, and vitamin D signaling in the disease pathogenesis. This review highlights emerging evidence on key multifunctional proteins—elafin, chemerin, and NAMPT (visfatin)—that exert both pro- and anti-inflammatory actions. Although still underexplored, these molecules appear to contribute significantly to the psoriatic microenvironment by modulating inflammation, immunity, and skin barrier function. Their dual roles suggest complex interactions within the cutaneous immune–neuroendocrine network, positioning them as potential biomarkers or therapeutic targets in psoriasis. By integrating insights into classical and emerging mediators, this review aims to provide a comprehensive perspective on the evolving landscape of psoriasis pathophysiology. Full article

Isolated wetlands, as a unique type of wetland, play a key ecological role in hydrological regulation, carbon storage, and biodiversity conservation. Although many studies have been conducted on the monitoring and ecological function assessment of isolated wetlands, a comprehensive and critical review is still lacking. Through a systematic analysis of the literature from the past two decades, we found despite the large number of existing studies on isolated wetlands, direct comparison between them is often difficult due to differences in definitions. Second, human activities and climate change are the primary factors affecting wetland hydrology and leading to wetland isolation in the short term. Third, remote sensing and landscape models serve as basic tools for monitoring and analyzing isolated wetlands, but the low temporal and spatial accuracy of relevant data, along with the short research time spans, limit in-depth studies. Finally, isolated wetlands have multiple ecological functions that exhibit spatial heterogeneity and change over time. In summary, isolated wetlands have indispensable ecological functions that are currently underestimated. It is necessary to scientifically define the concept of isolated wetlands, improve the capability and accuracy of long-term dynamic monitoring, and conduct multi-functional coupling research in the future. Additionally, when formulating future wetland protection and management strategies, attention should be paid to isolated wetlands, and the temporal and spatial differences in their ecological benefits should be considered. Full article

Urban forests have a definition that has developed over time. Initially defined as urban greenery or as a measure of human impacts from urbanisation on forest systems, urban forests have varying definitions and are more often referred to for urban greenery. This urban greenery and measures of outcomes in sustainability terms are in urban landscapes and surroundings. With more specific definitions according to forest system definitions the complexity, multiple functions and advanced outcomes and functions of urban forest systems compared to other urban green space (UGS) types is more clearly understood. This article, using a literature review, discusses the definition of urban forests influencing how their impacts are measured, expected, and optimised. With clarified definitions, urban forest quality is considered in the literature review by search terms and topics of selected articles. Examples of selected indicators of the quality of urban forests and then of software and metrics used to plan and design urban greenery are presented. Refined wilding as a concept for urban functional biodiversity is then compared and used as a conceptual frame to analyse findings and prove the relevance and contribution of knowledge of the concept itself. Indicators of measures are provided, and they lead to a suggestion for clearer defining of urban forests. The findings can influence planning, design, implementation, and evaluation of urban forests as a higher-quality UGS type with multiple functions. Urban forests require improved defining of the value, quality, and coverage of their UGS type to be optimised. Refined wilding can give conceptual guidance for understanding the multiple and advanced functions that urban forest biodiversity provides for urban landscapes and populations. Urban tree canopy and urban forest systems in an urban landscape, as compared to other UGSs that connect to forested areas, either urban or peri-urban, are important differentiating definitional factors. Different metrics encourage a measure of this difference. The human realities of an urban landscape and population will determine whether and how a forest system can exist in a suburban landscape and are influential as to whether an urban tree canopy compared to a multifunctional diverse stratified semi-natural system of wild native and non-native varieties is established and can be maintained. The importance of maintaining newly established and existing urban forests and trees is a significant factor. Full article

Urbanisation and land-use change are among the main pressures on soil health in periurban areas, but the multifunctionality of grassland soils is still not sufficiently recognised. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of soils under grassland, forest and croplands in the periurban area of Zagreb were investigated in a two-year period. Grasslands consistently exhibited multifunctional benefits, including high organic matter content (4.68% vs. 2.24% in cropland), improved bulk density (1.14 vs. 1.24 g cm⁻³) and an active carbon cycle indicated by increased CO₂ emissions (up to 1403 kg ha⁻¹ day⁻¹ in 2021). Forest soils showed the highest aggregate stability (91.4%) and infiltration (0.0006 cm s⁻¹), while croplands showed signs of structural degradation with the highest bulk density and lowest water retention (39.9%). Temporal variation showed that grassland was particularly responsive to favourable climatic conditions, with soil porosity and water content improving yearly. Principal component analysis showed that soil structure, biological activity and moisture regulation were linked, with grassland plots favourably positioned along the axes of resilience. The absence of tillage and the presence of permanent vegetation cover contributed to their high capacity for climate and water regulation and carbon sequestration. These results emphasise the importance of protecting and managing grasslands as an important component of urban green areas. Practices such as mulching, minimal disturbance and continuous cover can maximise the ecosystem services of grassland soils. In addition, the results highlight the potential risk of trace metal accumulation in cropland and grassland soils located near urban and farming infrastructure, underlining the need for regular monitoring in periurban environments. Integrating grassland functions into urban planning and policy is essential for improving the sustainability and resilience of periurban landscapes. Full article

The sole function of cultivated land of agricultural production is insufficient to meet the diverse demands of modern agriculture. To address land-use conflicts and achieve the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of zero hunger and reduced carbon emissions by 2030, this study introduces the theory of land sparing and sharing, uses landscape indices to identify spatially fragmented areas, employs a four-quadrant model to assess the matching status of functional supply and demand, and applies correlation analysis to determine the trade-off/synergy relationships between functions. The results indicate the following: (1) Zhengzhou’s farmland landscape exhibits characteristics of low density, low continuity, and high aggregation, with separation zones and sharing zones accounting for 77% and 23% of the total farmland area, respectively. (2) The multifunctional supply (high in the northeast, low in the southwest) and demand (high in the west, low in the east) of farmland show significant mismatches, with PF and EF exhibiting the most pronounced supply–demand mismatches. The “LS-LD and HS-LD” types of farmland account for the largest proportions, at 39% and 35%, respectively. (3) The study area is divided into four primary types: “PCZ, RLZ, BDZ, and MAZ” to optimize supply–demand relationships and utilization patterns. This study enriches the application of land sparing and sharing in related fields, providing important references for policymakers in optimizing land-use allocation and balancing food and ecological security. Full article