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Keywords = parametric model order reduction

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19 pages, 4458 KB  
Article
Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of Viscoelastic Slurry Pipe Considering Fluid–Structure Interaction Effects
by Wenjing Hu, Jianyong Hu, Handan Zhang, Xiujun Hu, Rui Kong, Kai Peng, Delei Yu and Jinke Mao
Water 2025, 17(17), 2554; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172554 - 28 Aug 2025
Viewed by 956
Abstract
To study the vibration characteristics of viscoelastic slurry pipe structures under fluid–structure interaction (FSI), we constructed a three-dimensional FSI pipe model based on the finite element method to systematically investigate the effects of fluid effects, pipe length, and wall thickness on the vibrational [...] Read more.
To study the vibration characteristics of viscoelastic slurry pipe structures under fluid–structure interaction (FSI), we constructed a three-dimensional FSI pipe model based on the finite element method to systematically investigate the effects of fluid effects, pipe length, and wall thickness on the vibrational characteristics of viscoelastic slurry pipes. A modal analysis demonstrated that fluid effects not only significantly reduced the natural frequency of the pipe but also disrupted the symmetry of the vibration modes and eliminated the phenomenon of frequency degeneracy. The frequency reduction caused by FSI reached 54%, which was dominant compared with the water-attached effects, and its impact intensified with the increasing vibration order. The water-attached effect exhibited differences between odd and even orders, attributed to the influence of vibration modes on the distribution of fluid inertial forces, with a contribution of 45.07% to 55.24% in the odd orders and of only 37.69% to 38.93% in the even orders. When the FSI and water-attached effects acted together, the frequency reduction was further aggravated, but the reduction ratio did not follow a simple linear superposition. The parametric analysis of the pipe showed that when the pipe length increased from 1 m to 3 m, the growth rate of its natural frequency was only 26.52% that of the shorter pipe, indicating that the longer the pipes, the slower the growth rate of frequency. When the wall thickness increased from 5 mm to 11 mm, the growth rate of the first-order natural frequency decreased from 15.43% to 7.44%, suggesting that the frequency improvement effect caused by the stiffness augmentation diminished with the increase in wall thickness. The research results hold significant guiding significance for the structural design of slurry pipe systems in practical engineering and the safe operation of pipe systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Risk Assessment and Mitigation for Water Conservancy Projects)
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18 pages, 33450 KB  
Article
A Parametric Study of an Indirect Evaporative Cooler Using a Spray Dryer Model
by Torsten Berning, Tianbao Gu and Chungen Yin
Energies 2025, 18(16), 4345; https://doi.org/10.3390/en18164345 - 14 Aug 2025
Viewed by 569
Abstract
Indirect evaporative coolers (IECs) are becoming a viable alternative to the more energy-intensive traditional HVAC systems for space cooling, especially in arid regions. In this work, a recently developed computational model of an IEC was used to conduct a parametric study. The model [...] Read more.
Indirect evaporative coolers (IECs) are becoming a viable alternative to the more energy-intensive traditional HVAC systems for space cooling, especially in arid regions. In this work, a recently developed computational model of an IEC was used to conduct a parametric study. The model employs a spray dryer model to track the flow path and evaporation rate of droplets. The key parameters investigated were the temperature of the droplets, a bypass effect where the amount of exhaust air and water was reduced to as low as 10%, and the length of the heat exchanger. The results suggest that the wet bulb efficiency could be increased from the previously observed 35% to 72.5% if the water temperature is decreased to 16 °C. In order to drastically increase the performance, the heat exchanger length should be increased from 50 cm to 100 cm, which could still end up in a more compact design overall as fewer plates are required. The bypass study resulted in peak performance when 40% of the secondary air flow was used as working air in conjunction with a proportional reduction in water usage. Overall, the computational model has been employed in an attempt to reduce the bulkiness, increase the efficiency and reduce the water consumption of such a system. Full article
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20 pages, 1818 KB  
Article
Aeroelastic Oscillations of Cantilever Beams Reinforced by Carbon Nanotubes Based on a Modified Third-Order Piston Theory
by Mehdi Alimoradzadeh, Francesco Tornabene and Rossana Dimitri
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(15), 8700; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15158700 - 6 Aug 2025
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 345
Abstract
This work analyzes the aero-elastic oscillations of cantilever beams reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Four different distributions of single-walled CNTs are assumed as the reinforcing phase, in the thickness direction of the polymeric matrix. A modified third-order piston theory is used as an [...] Read more.
This work analyzes the aero-elastic oscillations of cantilever beams reinforced by carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Four different distributions of single-walled CNTs are assumed as the reinforcing phase, in the thickness direction of the polymeric matrix. A modified third-order piston theory is used as an accurate tool to model the supersonic air flow, rather than a first-order piston theory. The nonlinear dynamic equation governing the problem accounts for Von Kármán-type nonlinearities, and it is derived from Hamilton’s principle. Then, the Galerkin decomposition technique is adopted to discretize the nonlinear partial differential equation into a nonlinear ordinary differential equation. This is solved analytically according to a multiple time scale method. A comprehensive parametric analysis was conducted to assess the influence of CNT volume fraction, beam slenderness, Mach number, and thickness ratio on the fundamental frequency and lateral dynamic deflection. Results indicate that FG-X reinforcement yields the highest frequency response and lateral deflection, followed by UD and FG-A patterns, whereas FG-O consistently exhibits the lowest performance metrics. An increase in CNT volume fraction and a reduction in slenderness ratio enhance the system’s stiffness and frequency response up to a critical threshold, beyond which a damped beating phenomenon emerges. Moreover, higher Mach numbers and greater thickness ratios significantly amplify both frequency response and lateral deflections, although damping rates tend to decrease. These findings provide valuable insights into the optimization of CNTR composite structures for advanced aeroelastic applications under supersonic conditions, as useful for many engineering applications. Full article
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20 pages, 4809 KB  
Article
Design of a Bidirectional Veneer Defect Repair Method Based on Parametric Modeling and Multi-Objective Optimization
by Xingchen Ding, Jiuqing Liu, Xin Sun, Hao Chang, Jie Yan, Chengwen Sun and Chunmei Yang
Technologies 2025, 13(8), 324; https://doi.org/10.3390/technologies13080324 - 31 Jul 2025
Viewed by 426
Abstract
Repairing veneer defects is the key to ensuring the quality of plywood. In order to improve the maintenance quality and material utilization efficiency during the maintenance process, this paper proposes a bidirectional maintenance method based on gear rack transmission and its related equipment. [...] Read more.
Repairing veneer defects is the key to ensuring the quality of plywood. In order to improve the maintenance quality and material utilization efficiency during the maintenance process, this paper proposes a bidirectional maintenance method based on gear rack transmission and its related equipment. Based on the working principle, a geometric relationship model was established, which combines the structural parameters of the mold, punch, and gear system. Simultaneously, it solves the problem of motion attitude analysis of conjugate tooth profiles under non-standard meshing conditions, aiming to establish a constraint relationship between stamping motion and structural design parameters. On this basis, a constrained optimization model was developed by integrating multi-objective optimization theory to maximize maintenance efficiency. The NSGA-III algorithm is used to solve the model and obtain the Pareto front solution set. Subsequently, three optimal parameter configurations were selected for simulation analysis and experimental platform construction. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the veneer repair time ranges from 0.6 to 1.8 seconds, depending on the stamping speed. A reduction of 28 mm in die height decreases the repair time by approximately 0.1 seconds, resulting in an efficiency improvement of about 14%. The experimental results confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method in repairing veneer defects. Vibration measurements further verify the system’s stable operation under parametric modeling and optimization design. The main vibration response occurs during the meshing and disengagement phases between the gear and rack. Full article
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21 pages, 7734 KB  
Article
Parametric Finite Element Simulations of Different Configurations of Partial-Strength Exposed Column Base Plate Connections
by Reza Khani, Mario D’Aniello, Roberto Tartaglia and Yousef Hosseinzadeh
Buildings 2025, 15(13), 2255; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15132255 - 27 Jun 2025
Viewed by 492
Abstract
The present study investigates the influence of the configurations of anchor bolts and stiffeners on the monotonic response under moment conditions in the major axis and compression force of partial-strength exposed column base plate connections in order to ameliorate their response, limiting the [...] Read more.
The present study investigates the influence of the configurations of anchor bolts and stiffeners on the monotonic response under moment conditions in the major axis and compression force of partial-strength exposed column base plate connections in order to ameliorate their response, limiting the number of welded details. Parametric finite element simulations were performed based on models calibrated against experimental results available from the recent literature. The results show the efficiency of the investigated configurations, namely, (i) the presence of rib stiffener results in high stiffness and strength with a reduction in ductility; (ii) the linear pattern of anchor bolts (e.g., rectangular distribution) is characterized by the limited contribution of the outer anchor bolts to the overall resistance of the connection; (iii) the trapezoidal pattern of the anchor bolts exhibit a better mechanical performance as well as their efficiency; and (iv) the increase in compression force influences the mechanical response of the base connection with an increase in both resistance and rigidity until the column is stable against the moment–axial force interaction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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25 pages, 3473 KB  
Article
Stability-Preserving Model Reduction and Interpolation for Vibration Optimization in Beam-like Structures
by István Gozse and Róbert Szabolcsi
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(10), 5669; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15105669 - 19 May 2025
Viewed by 438
Abstract
High-fidelity finite element models offer precise vibration analysis. However, their use in iterative optimization is computationally demanding. To overcome this, a stability-preserving framework for parametric model reduction and interpolation is developed. The interpolation approach is based on geometrically interpolating the poles of a [...] Read more.
High-fidelity finite element models offer precise vibration analysis. However, their use in iterative optimization is computationally demanding. To overcome this, a stability-preserving framework for parametric model reduction and interpolation is developed. The interpolation approach is based on geometrically interpolating the poles of a system. As the scalar parameter varies, the poles follow specific trajectories, but their samples are only known at discrete points. Since the exact paths between these samples are unknown, a set of artificial trajectories is proposed. It is demonstrated that this set of trajectories guarantees stability and a bounded deviation in the H-infinite sense for multi-input multi-output linear time-invariant systems. Furthermore, all the trajectories that satisfy this bound are identified and presented. This approach introduces a new sampling criterion that assesses the parameter space sampling given on second-order models. In order to apply this criterion, a practical model order reduction strategy tailored to Bernoulli beam dynamics is presented. A numerical case study on a cantilever beam demonstrates the model order reduction method. Full article
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23 pages, 15421 KB  
Article
Evaluation of a Microporous Acoustic Liner Using Advanced Noise Control Fan Engine
by Bharath Kenchappa and Kunigal Shivakumar
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(9), 4734; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15094734 - 24 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1525
Abstract
A novel microstructurally controlled graded micro-porous material was developed and experimentally validated for noise reduction through a normal incidence impedance test. Extensive parametric studies were conducted to understand the influence of test specimen size, particle size, porosity, pore size, and its distribution on [...] Read more.
A novel microstructurally controlled graded micro-porous material was developed and experimentally validated for noise reduction through a normal incidence impedance test. Extensive parametric studies were conducted to understand the influence of test specimen size, particle size, porosity, pore size, and its distribution on acoustic absorption and transmission loss. Based on previous research, this study evaluates the application of graded microporous material as an acoustic liner technology for aircraft turbomachine engines. The liner was fabricated in eight 45° segments, assembled in an aluminum test rig, and tested on NASA Glenn Research Center’s Advanced Noise Control Fan (ANCF) low-speed test bed for tonal and broadband noise. The study demonstrates that microstructurally controlled graded microporous material is very effective in dissipating sound energy with reductions in tonal sound pressure level (SPL) of 2 to 13 dB at blade passing frequencies and reductions in broadband SPL of about 2 to 3 dB for the shaft order greater than 40. While the proposed two-layer graded liner model successfully validated the concept, additional design optimization is needed to enhance performance further. This work highlights the potential of graded microporous material as next-generation acoustic liners, offering lightweight, efficient, and scalable aircraft engine noise reduction solutions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Advances in Acoustic Materials: Design and Application)
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31 pages, 12491 KB  
Article
Nonlinear Adaptive Fuzzy Hybrid Sliding Mode Control Design for Trajectory Tracking of Autonomous Mobile Robots
by Yung-Hsiang Chen
Mathematics 2025, 13(8), 1329; https://doi.org/10.3390/math13081329 - 18 Apr 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 721
Abstract
This study proposes a novel nonlinear adaptive fuzzy hybrid sliding mode (AFHSM) control strategy for the precise trajectory tracking of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) equipped with four Mecanum wheels. The control design addresses the inherent complexities of such platforms, which include strong system [...] Read more.
This study proposes a novel nonlinear adaptive fuzzy hybrid sliding mode (AFHSM) control strategy for the precise trajectory tracking of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) equipped with four Mecanum wheels. The control design addresses the inherent complexities of such platforms, which include strong system nonlinearities, significant parametric uncertainties, torque saturation effects, and external disturbances that can adversely affect dynamic performance. Unlike conventional approaches that rely on model linearization or dimension reduction, the proposed AFHSM control retains the full nonlinear characteristics of the system to ensure accurate and robust control. The controller is systematically derived from the trajectory-tracking error dynamics between the AMR and the desired trajectory (DT). It integrates higher-order sliding mode (SM) control, fuzzy logic inference, and adaptive learning mechanisms to enable real-time compensation for model uncertainties and external perturbations. In addition, a saturation handling mechanism is incorporated to ensure that the control signals remain within feasible limits, thereby preserving actuator integrity and improving practical applicability. The stability of the closed-loop nonlinear system is rigorously established through the Lyapunov theory, guaranteeing the asymptotic convergence of tracking errors. Comprehensive simulation studies conducted under severe conditions with up to 60 percent model uncertainty confirm the superior performance of the proposed method compared to classical SM control. The AFHSM control consistently achieves lower trajectory and heading errors while generating smoother control signals with reduced torque demand. This improvement enhances tracking precision, suppresses chattering, and significantly increases energy efficiency. These results validate the effectiveness of the AFHSM control approach as a robust and energy-aware control solution for AMRs operating in highly uncertain and dynamically changing environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mathematical Optimization and Control: Methods and Applications)
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35 pages, 12447 KB  
Article
Effects of the Ductility Capacity on the Seismic Performance of Cross-Laminated Timber Structures Equipped with Frictional Isolators
by Gaspar Auad, Bastián Valdés, Víctor Contreras, José Colombo and José Almazán
Buildings 2025, 15(8), 1208; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15081208 - 8 Apr 2025
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 651
Abstract
In developing countries with high seismic activity, a need exists to construct resilient infrastructure and reduce the housing deficit. Industrialized timber construction and the implementation of seismic isolation interfaces may represent a good alternative to respond to these demands. This paper studies the [...] Read more.
In developing countries with high seismic activity, a need exists to construct resilient infrastructure and reduce the housing deficit. Industrialized timber construction and the implementation of seismic isolation interfaces may represent a good alternative to respond to these demands. This paper studies the feasibility of constructing cross-laminated timber (CLT) buildings equipped with frictional pendulum bearings in Chile or similar highly seismic regions. The first part of this study shows a first-order approach for modeling the highly nonlinear behavior of CLT walls using a Smooth Hysteretic Model (SHM). An equivalent model of a base-isolated building was developed using the SHM as well as a physical model of the Friction Pendulum System in order to assess the seismic performance of CLT buildings with frictional isolators. The second part of this research presents and discusses the results of a broad parametric analysis concerning the seismic performance of base-isolated CLT buildings. The seismic assessment was carried out by deriving fragility curves and including the uncertainty linked to the seismic input and the friction coefficient of the isolation system. Constructing lateral resistant systems based on CLT walls presents a feasible alternative for buildings in high seismic hazard areas. Excellent seismic performance is achieved if the superstructure’s is designed with a reduction factor of 1, or if the superstructure’s fundamental period ranges from 0.6 to 0.9 s and is designed with a reduction factor of 2 and ductility capacity of 6 or more. An excellent seismic performance can be obtained for larger reduction factor values if the superstructure has middle to high maximum ductility capacity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research on Timber and Timber–Concrete Buildings)
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27 pages, 6152 KB  
Article
Neural Network-Based Prediction of Amplification Factors for Nonlinear Soil Behaviour: Insights into Site Proxies
by Ahmed Boudghene Stambouli and Lotfi Guizani
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(7), 3618; https://doi.org/10.3390/app15073618 - 26 Mar 2025
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 745
Abstract
The identification of the most pertinent site parameters to classify soils in terms of their amplification of seismic ground motions is still of prime interest to earthquake engineering and codes. This study investigates many options for improving soil classifications in order to reduce [...] Read more.
The identification of the most pertinent site parameters to classify soils in terms of their amplification of seismic ground motions is still of prime interest to earthquake engineering and codes. This study investigates many options for improving soil classifications in order to reduce the deviation between “exact” predictions using wave propagation and the method used in seismic codes based on amplification (site) factors. To this end, an exhaustive parametric study is carried out to obtain nonlinear responses of sets of 324 clay and sand columns and to constitute the database for neuronal network methods used to predict the regression equations of the amplification factors in terms of seismic and site parameters. A wide variety of parameters and their combinations are considered in the study, namely, soil depth, shear wave velocity, the stiffness of the underlaying bedrock, and the intensity and frequency content of the seismic excitation. A database of AFs for 324 nonlinear soil profiles of sand and clay under multiple records with different intensities and frequency contents is obtained by wave propagation, where soil nonlinearity is accounted for through the equivalent linear model and an iterative procedure. Then, a Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) is used on the obtained database to determine the most significant parameters affecting the AFs. A second neural network, the Radial Basis Function (RBF) network, is used to develop simple and practical prediction equations. Both the whole period range and specific short-, mid-, and long-period ranges associated with the AFs, Fa, Fv, and Fl, respectively, are considered. The results indicate that the amplification factor of an arbitrary soil profile can be satisfactorily approximated with a limited number of sites and the seismic record parameters (two to six). The best parameter pair is (PGA; resonance frequency, f0), which leads to a standard deviation reduction of at least 65%. For improved performance, we propose the practical triplet PGA;Vs30;f0 with Vs30 being the average shear wave velocity within the upper 30 m of soil below the foundation. Most other relevant results include the fact that the AFs for long periods (Fl) can be significantly higher than those for short or mid periods for soft soils. Finally, it is recommended to further refine this study by including additional soil parameters such as spatial configuration and by adopting more refined soil models. Full article
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19 pages, 32930 KB  
Article
Shaking Table Tests and Numerical Analysis of a Steel Frame Employing Novel Variable-Coefficient Viscous Dampers
by Muhan Liu, Chuying Cao, Zhenyu Zhu, Weizhi Xu, Dongsheng Du, Shuguang Wang and Chuanzhi Sun
Buildings 2025, 15(7), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15071046 - 25 Mar 2025
Viewed by 618
Abstract
Variable-coefficient viscous dampers (VVDs) have a variable annular gap, allowing them to dynamically adjust the damping coefficient at different displacement stages and provide higher damping forces during large displacement phases. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a steel frame equipped with VVDs. [...] Read more.
Variable-coefficient viscous dampers (VVDs) have a variable annular gap, allowing them to dynamically adjust the damping coefficient at different displacement stages and provide higher damping forces during large displacement phases. This study evaluates the seismic performance of a steel frame equipped with VVDs. A shaking table test was conducted on a two-story, single-span steel frame with the VVDs to assess its seismic response, and the results were compared with those of the same frame equipped with conventional viscous dampers (VD). The experimental results demonstrated that the VVDs significantly reduced the structural dynamic response at various levels of earthquake intensity, consistently outperforming the VDs in terms of the seismic reduction effectiveness. Subsequently, a constitutive model for the VVD element was developed using the open-source finite element software OpenSees3.3.0. The accuracy of the developed element was validated by comparing the finite-element analysis results with mechanical performance tests of the VVD. Based on the developed VVD element, a numerical model of test structure was established in OpenSees for time–history analyses. The results showed good agreement between the numerical simulations and shaking table test data. Finally, a parametric study was conducted on the effects of the ratio r of the second-order damping coefficient to the first-order damping coefficient and the velocity index α of the VVD on the seismic response of the numerical model of the tested structure. The results indicated that the seismic reduction rate of the tested structure increased with r, with a maximum improvement of 24%, while it decreased with increasing α, with a maximum reduction of 27%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
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18 pages, 13100 KB  
Article
Enhancing Hydraulic Efficiency of Pelton Turbines Through Computational Fluid Dynamics and Metaheuristic Optimization
by Guillermo Barragan, Sebastian Atarihuana, Edgar Cando and Victor Hidalgo
Algorithms 2025, 18(1), 35; https://doi.org/10.3390/a18010035 - 9 Jan 2025
Viewed by 1999
Abstract
In this work, the NSGA-II multi objective genetic algorithm, numerical methods, and parametric design techniques found in the Autodesk Inventor professional 2023 CAD software were combined to perform the geometrical optimization of the Pelton bucket geometry. The validation of the proposed method was [...] Read more.
In this work, the NSGA-II multi objective genetic algorithm, numerical methods, and parametric design techniques found in the Autodesk Inventor professional 2023 CAD software were combined to perform the geometrical optimization of the Pelton bucket geometry. The validation of the proposed method was carried out with numerical simulations using the OpenFOAM CFD program and taking into account the case study turbine’s operating conditions, as well as the k-SST turbulence model. The CFD simulation results and operational data from the case study turbine from the “Illuchi N°2” hydrocenter have been compared in order to validate the proposed methodology. The implementation of the NSGA-II in the design process resulted in optimized bucket geometrical parameters: bucket length, width, inlet angle, and outlet angle. These parameters not only resulted in a 2.56% increase in hydraulic efficiency, but also led to a 0.1 [kPa] reduction in the maximum pressure at the bottom of the bucket. Further research will involve testing these parameters using 3D printing methods to validate their effectiveness. Full article
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32 pages, 23853 KB  
Article
Evaluation and Structural Optimisation of 0.6 m Impulse Turbine in Dolphin Wave Energy Conversion Device Through Computational Fluid Dynamics and Generative Design
by Szymon Szatkowski, Daniel Gonzalez Delgado, Pablo Jaen-Sola and Erkan Oterkus
J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2024, 12(12), 2259; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse12122259 - 9 Dec 2024
Viewed by 1304
Abstract
In this paper, the performance of an adapted design of a 0.6 m impulse turbine in a new wave energy conversion device—the Dolphin device—is evaluated. This study is focused on developing an optimised structure in order to maximise the potential of the device [...] Read more.
In this paper, the performance of an adapted design of a 0.6 m impulse turbine in a new wave energy conversion device—the Dolphin device—is evaluated. This study is focused on developing an optimised structure in order to maximise the potential of the device and provide a lightweight and robust novel design. For this purpose, initial studies on the system involved 2D CFD simulations combined with parametric optimisation, which validated the use of the turbine system with water as the working fluid. The obtained component geometries were then used for the creation of a 3D CFD model, which was tested in a set-up dynamic simulation environment. Subsequently, the performance of the system was evaluated through the use of referenced experimental analyses. By taking into account the loading conditions present at the blades, as well as the inherent typical loads caused by the rotational speed of the turbine, the system was then optimised using generative design processes. Through the applied methodology, the performance of the turbine was predicted to be 61.79%. Moreover, the generative design optimisation showed a reduction in mass of 60.226% for the blade structure and 69.523% for the rotor structure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Ships and Marine Structures)
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23 pages, 5576 KB  
Article
On the Numerical Investigation of Two-Phase Evaporative Spray Cooling Technology for Data Centre Applications
by Ning Gao, Syed Mughees Ali and Tim Persoons
Fluids 2024, 9(12), 284; https://doi.org/10.3390/fluids9120284 - 29 Nov 2024
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1291
Abstract
Two-phase evaporative spray cooling technology can significantly reduce power consumption in data centre cooling applications. However, the literature lacks an established methodology for assessing the overall performance of such evaporation systems in terms of the water-energy nexus. The current study develops a Lagrangian–Eulerian [...] Read more.
Two-phase evaporative spray cooling technology can significantly reduce power consumption in data centre cooling applications. However, the literature lacks an established methodology for assessing the overall performance of such evaporation systems in terms of the water-energy nexus. The current study develops a Lagrangian–Eulerian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modelling approach to examine the functionality of these two-phase evaporative spray cooling systems. To replicate a modular system, a hollow spray cone nozzle with Rosin–Rammler droplet size distribution is simulated in a turbulent convective natural-air environment. The model was validated against the available experimental data from the literature. Parametric studies on geometric, flow, and climatic conditions, namely, domain length, droplet size, water mass flow rate, temperature, and humidity, were performed. The findings indicate that at elevated temperatures and low humidity, evaporation results in a bulk temperature reduction of up to 12 °C. A specific focus on the climatic conditions of Dublin, Ireland, was used as an example to optimize the evaporative system. A new formulation for the coefficient of performance (COP) is established to assess the performance of the system. Results showed that doubling the injector water mass flow rate improved the evaporated mass flow rate by 188% but reduced the evaporation percentage by 28%, thus reducing the COP. Doubling the domain length improved the temperature drop by 175% and increased the relative humidity by 160%, thus improving the COP. The COP of the evaporation system showed a systematic improvement with a reduction in the droplet size and the mass flow rate for a fixed domain length. The evaporated system COP improves by two orders of magnitude (~90 to 9500) with the reduction in spray Sauter mean diameter (SMD) from 292 μm to 8–15 μm. Under this reduction, close to 100% evaporation rate was achieved in comparison to only a 1% evaporation rate for the largest SMD. It was concluded that the utilization of a fine droplet spray nozzle provides an effective solution for the reduction in water consumption (97% in our case) for data centres, whilst concomitantly augmenting the proportion of evaporation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Evaporation, Condensation and Heat Transfer)
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17 pages, 3407 KB  
Article
Medium- and Long-Term Power System Planning Method Based on Source-Load Uncertainty Modeling
by Wenfeng Yao, Ziyu Huo, Jin Zou, Chen Wu, Jiayang Wang, Xiang Wang, Siyu Lu, Yigong Xie, Yingjun Zhuo, Jinbing Liang, Run Huang, Ming Cheng and Zongxiang Lu
Energies 2024, 17(20), 5088; https://doi.org/10.3390/en17205088 - 13 Oct 2024
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1602
Abstract
In order to consider the impact of source-load uncertainty on traditional power system planning methods, a medium- and long-term optimization planning method based on source-load uncertainty modeling and time-series production simulation is proposed. First, a new energy output probability model is developed using [...] Read more.
In order to consider the impact of source-load uncertainty on traditional power system planning methods, a medium- and long-term optimization planning method based on source-load uncertainty modeling and time-series production simulation is proposed. First, a new energy output probability model is developed using non-parametric kernel density estimation, and the spatial correlation of the new energy output is described using pair-copula theory to model the uncertainty analysis of the new energy output. Secondly, a large number of source-load scenarios are generated using the Markov chain Monte Carlo simulation method, and the optimal selection method for discrete state numbers is provided, and then the scenario reduction is carried out using the fast forward elimination technology. Finally, the typical time-series curves of the source-load uncertainty characteristics obtained are incorporated into the optimization planning method together with various flexible resources, such as the demand-side response and energy storage, and the rationality of the planning scheme is judged and optimized based on key indicators such as the cost, wind–light abandonment rate, and loss-of-load rate. Based on the above methods, this paper offers an example of the power supply planning scheme for a certain region in the next 30 years, providing effective guidance for the development of new energy in the region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section F1: Electrical Power System)
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