Search Results (38)

Phytostabilization of metals involves the inactivation of metals in the soil through the use of various materials as soil amendments, which reduces the bioavailability of metals, and then the introduction of vegetation. There are limited data comparing the effectiveness of different phytostabilization amendments under the same soil and environmental conditions. Therefore, the aim of this research was to compare the effectiveness of a range of soil amendments on reducing the extractability of metals, metal uptake by plants, microbial activity in soil and nutrient availability to plants. Eight materials potentially limiting metal availability were used in a pot experiment: two composts (CG, CM), municipal biosolids (SB), bentonite (BEN), phosphorus fertilizer (PF), amorphous iron oxide (FE), waste rock material (WR), calcium carbonate (LM); and these materials were compared with typical fertilization (NPK) and an untreated soil as the control (CTL). The following trace metal-contaminated soils were used in the pot experiment: soil taken from the area of strong dust fall from the zinc and lead smelter (soil P); soil taken from an outcrop of ore-bearing rocks near a smelter waste heap (soil H); soil artificially polluted through smelter dust spill in the 1990s (soil S). In general, the greatest yields of plants (oat and white mustard) were recorded for compost-treated soils. Changes in the solubility of zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) after the application of various amendments largely reflected changes in soil pH. Biosolids caused a significant increase in extractable Zn and Cd, which was related to the decrease in soil pH, while a significant reduction in Cd extractability was observed across soils after the application of both composts, especially the compost characterized by alkaline pH. Interestingly, low extractability of Cd in the soil with the addition of another compost was observed, despite the pH decrease, as compared to the control pots. This fact proves the high sorption capacity of the compost towards Cd. The microbiological analyses revealed the highly beneficial effect of composts for dehydrogenases and nitrification activities, and for soil respiration, whereas soil amendment with iron oxide caused an increase in respiration activity across soils. Full article

Phosphorus (P) is a crucial factor influencing both plant growth and the enrichment of the aquatic environment. Agriculture is the primary sector of the economy where the demand for phosphorus is the highest. Due to the depletion of P, more and more attention is being paid to the possibility of recovering and reusing P through the idea of a circular economy (CE). The main objective of this study was to compare raw eggshells (R-ESs) and calcined eggshells (C-ESs) for P removal from wastewater and assess the possible use of agro-waste materials according to CE requirements in non-flow conditions. A synthetic indicator, the zeroed unitarization method, was calculated to evaluate the critical aspects of materials according to the CE. The sorption of R-ESs and C-ESs equaled 0.90 and 1.66 mgP-PO₄/g for an initial concentration of 17.3 mgP-PO₄/L. The C-ESs were characterized by an almost two times higher reduction rate than R-ESs. The calculated indicator for the CE requirements equaled 0.89 and 0.72 for R-ESs and C-ESs, respectively. This means that R-ESs are more sustainable than C-ESs. Although C-ESs potentially have a more significant environmental impact, it is worth considering that this method of P elimination is beneficial from an ecological perspective. Full article

In this study, we aimed to develop a mathematical description of the process of phosphate sorption on Rockfos^® material using the Langmuir isotherm and determine the basic parameters for modeling this process. The Rockfos^® material was formed through the thermal treatment of opoka at 980 °C and is highly reactive due to its significant calcium and silicon compound content. This study included an evaluation of the phosphate retention efficiency on the material as a function of the phosphate concentration in the initial solution (0.5 mg/L, 1.0 mg/L, and 2.0 mg/L), sorbent grain size (1.0–1.6 mm, 1.6–2.5 mm, and 2.0–5.0 mm), and process temperature (5 °C, 10 °C, 15 °C, 20 °C, and 25 °C). It was found that an increase in the process temperature and the phosphate concentration in the solution favored sorption, while the effect of the sorbent grain size was ambiguous. It was determined that sorption can be described well using the Langmuir linearization of the Langmuir model. Thermodynamic analysis and the separation coefficient suggest that phosphorus sorption on Rockfos^® material is primarily based on chemisorption, and the process is endothermic and spontaneous over the entire temperature range. The determined parameters of the tested material, especially the qmax (maximum sorption capacity), provide a basis for the design of a filter for removing phosphate from wastewater, assuming that the load is equal to the inflow to the filter and adheres to the specified requirements for treated wastewater. Full article

The effect of organic matter (OM) on soil phosphorus (P) sorption is controversial, as there is still no clear answer whether organic matter inhibits or increases P sorption. Despite the great need for renewable sources of available P and OM in agricultural soils, little is known about the interaction between P and dissolved organic matter (DOM) in natural soil systems. The aim of this research was to uncover if and how soil saturation with DOM derived from different types of abundant agricultural wastes (cattle manure, horse manure, biogas digestate, compost) affects the phosphate sorption. We examined the P sorption process in control and DOM-saturated sandy soils. The results indicated that OM introduced with agricultural waste did not always reduce P sorption, but certainly had an effect on impairing P fixation, and thus, may result in potentially greater P mobility in the soil, including P availability. Among these waste materials, DOM from horse manure had the most positive effect on P mobilization; thus, horse manure—if available—is recommended for spreading on soils with low P mobility. Full article

In recent years, in order to improve the rural living environment, rural domestic sewage treatment has received more and more attention in China. However, the standard compliance rate of total phosphorus (TP) in rural domestic sewage after treatment is very low, and TP has become the main pollutant that prevents rural domestic sewage treatment facilities from meeting water pollutants discharge standards. In this study, to prepare calcium-modified biochar composites (E-BC) by one-step pyrolysis, waste eggshell (E) was employed as a calcium source and waste pine sawdust (BC) was employed as a carbon source. The E-BC composites produced were effective in adsorbing phosphate (P) from aqueous solutions in a broad pH range of 3–11, with good adsorption selectivity. E-BC’s adsorption capacity for P increased as the pyrolysis temperature increased from 700 °C to 900 °C, which was attributed to the higher specific surface area and calcium oxide content at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The E-BC sample, which was made from eggshell (filtered through 100 mesh sieves) and pine sawdust (filtered through 100 mesh sieves) with a mass ratio of 2:1 and a pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C, had a maximum adsorption capacity of 301 mg/g. The Langmuir model and pseudo second-order model were the best at describing the adsorption process, and the predominant sorption mechanism for P is the chemisorption reaction of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide with phosphate to create hydroxyapatite. E-BC can effectively remove P from rural domestic sewage. The total phosphorus (TP) removal rate in rural domestic sewage ranges from 95.3 to 99.5%. After adsorption treatment, the discharge of TP in rural sewage meets the second-grade (TP < 3 mg/L) or even the first-grade (TP < 2 mg/L). This study provides an experimental basis for efficient P removal using E-BC adsorbent materials and suggests possible applications in rural domestic sewage. Full article

In order to promote the improvement of rural living environments, the treatment of rural domestic sewage has attracted much attention in China. Meanwhile, the rural regions’ sewage discharge standards are becoming increasingly stringent. However, the standard compliance rate of the total phosphorus (TP) is very low, and the TP has become the main limiting pollutant for the water pollutant discharge standards of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities. In this study, oyster shell waste was employed as a calcium source, and agricultural waste–rice husk was used as a carbon source to synthesize calcium-modified biochar adsorbent materials (Ca-BC) by a simple one-step pyrolysis method. The resultant Ca-BC adsorbent materials demonstrated efficient phosphate (P) adsorption from aqueous solutions over a wide pH range (3–11) and adsorption selectivity. Ca-BC’s adsorption capacity for P increased with the pyrolysis temperature, increasing from 700 °C to 900 °C, which was attributed to the higher specific surface area and calcium oxide content at higher pyrolysis temperatures. The Ca-BC sample, which was made from oyster shells and rice husks with a mass ratio of 2:1 and a pyrolysis temperature of 900 °C, had a maximum adsorption capacity of 196.2 mg/g. The Langmuir model and pseudo-second-order model were the best at describing the adsorption process, and the predominant sorption mechanism for P is the precipitation of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide with phosphate to create hydroxyapatite. Ca-BC can effectively remove P from rural domestic sewage. The removal rate of the total phosphorus (TP) in rural domestic sewage is 93.9–99.4%. After the adsorption treatment, the discharge of the TP in the rural sewage met the second-grade (TP < 3 mg/L) or even the first-grade (TP < 2 mg/L) Discharge Standard of Water Pollutants for Centralized Rural Sewage Treatment Facilities (DB33/973-2021). This study provides an experimental basis for efficient P removal by Ca-BC adsorbent materials and suggests possible applications in rural domestic sewage. Full article

In order to promote the improvement of the rural living environment, the treatment of rural domestic sewage has attracted much attention in China. Meanwhile, the rural regions’ sewage discharge standards are becoming increasingly stringent. However, the standard compliance rate of total phosphorus (TP) is very low, and TP has become the main limiting pollutant for the water pollutants discharge standards of rural domestic sewage treatment facilities. In this study, waste eggshell (E) was employed as a calcium source, and waste peanut shell (C) was employed as a carbon source to prepare calcium-modified biochar adsorbent materials (E-C). The resulting E-C adsorbent materials demonstrated efficient phosphate (P) adsorption from aqueous solutions over the initial pH range of 6–9 and had adsorption selectivity. At an eggshell and peanut shell mass ratio of 1:1 and a pyrolysis temperature of 800 °C, the experimental maximum adsorption capacity was 191.1 mg/g. The pseudo second-order model and Langmuir model were best at describing the adsorption process. The dominant sorption mechanism for P is that Ca(OH)₂ is loaded on biochar with P to form Ca₅(PO₄)₃OH precipitate. E-C was found to be very effective for the treatment of rural domestic sewage. The removal rate of TP in rural domestic sewage was 91–95.9%. After adsorption treatment, the discharge of TP in rural sewage met the second-grade (TP < 3 mg/L) and even first-grade (TP < 2 mg/L). This study provides an experimental basis for efficient P removal by E-C adsorbent materials and suggests possible applications in rural domestic sewage. Full article

Chemical phosphorus removal in wastewater treatment plants can be carried out by precipitation with iron or aluminum salts or by filtering wastewater through a bed of active sorptive material. This work aimed to investigate whether using a meander flow filter filled with the sorption material Rockfos^® would improve phosphorus removal efficiency in a selected wastewater treatment plant. Tests were performed under laboratory conditions using a model of a meander flow filter and a similar filter under field conditions at full technical scale. This filter was the final element of a hybrid constructed wetland located in the village of Białka in the municipality of Dębowa Kłoda in southeastern Poland. A laboratory model of a phosphorus removal filter with vertical incomplete baffles forcing a meandering water flow was constructed to determine the hydraulic conditions of the flow. After one year of operation, the filter with horizontal wastewater flow operating at its full technical scale (without meanders) was modified by inserting appropriate baffles that were analogous to those in the laboratory model. The analysis of the hydraulic conditions in the laboratory model showed that, under the assumed conditions, wastewater flows through the filter layer in a laminar motion, so such filters can be modeled using the Kozeny–Carman formula. It was shown that, after approximately a year of operation in a filter operating at full technical scale, before modification, dead spaces formed, thus causing the channel and primarily surface flow of wastewater. The phosphorus removal efficiency during this test period averaged 9.4%. After introducing baffles and forcing meander flow in the filter chamber, the efficiency increased to 40.6%. The results indicate that meander flow filters can improve phosphorus removal efficiency in small wastewater treatment plants. Full article

A new low-cost material with a polymeric base formed from sodium silicate was developed. The material presents a nanostructured, highly rich iron surface with a large phosphorus retention capacity and potential reuse as a crop fertilizer. In the present study, we demonstrate that iron is the element that acts as an adsorbent for phosphate, while the polymeric base functions exclusively as a support for iron. The iron is uniformly adsorbed on the surface of the material, forming nanostructures, which ensure that iron works similarly to nanoparticles in solution but avoid other problems, such as particle agglomeration or the difficulty of separating them after the removal process. Materials were characterised by SEM, EDS, N₂ sorption, and image processing, and the effect of pH, ionic strength, and temperature was studied. Sorption kinetics were analysed using Boyd’s diffusion model, and adsorption equilibria were studied using several adsorption models. A maximum iron adsorption on the polymeric base of 23.9 ± 0.3 mg Fe∙g⁻¹ was found, while maximum phosphorus adsorption was 366 ± 21 mg P∙g⁻¹ Fe. Thus, phosphorus is recovered from the aqueous medium with an inexpensive material that has the potential to be used directly as a fertilizer. Full article

The paper presents new reactive materials, namely marl and travertine, and their thermal modifications and the Polonite^® material, analyzing their phosphorus removal from water and wastewater by sorption. Based on the experimental data, an analysis of the factors influencing the sorption capacity of the materials, such as the material dose, pH of the initial solution, process temperature, surface structure, and morphology, was performed. Adsorption isotherms and maximum sorption capacities were determined with the use of the Langmuir, Freundlich, Langmuir–Freundlich, Tóth, Radke–Praunitz, and Marczewski–Jaroniec models. The kinetics of the phosphorus sorption process of the tested materials were described using reversible and irreversible pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, and mixed models. The natural materials were the most sensitive to changes in the process conditions, such as temperature and pH. The thermal treatment process stabilizes the marl and travertine towards materials with a more homogeneous surface in terms of energy and structure. The fitted models of the adsorption isotherms and kinetic models allowed for an indication of a possible phosphorus-binding mechanism, as well as the maximum amount of this element that can be retained on the materials’ surface under given conditions—raw marl (43.89 mg P/g), raw travertine (140.48 mg P/g), heated marl (80.44 mg P/g), heated travertine (282.34 mg P/g), and Polonite^® (54.33 mg P/g). Full article

The main concern of materials designed for firefighting protective clothing applications is heat protection, which can be experienced from any uncomfortably hot objects or inner spaces, as well as direct contact with flame. While textile fibers are one of the most important components of clothing, there is a constant need for the development of innovative fire-retardant textile fibers with improved thermal characteristics. Lately, inherently fire-resistant fibers have become very popular to provide better protection for firefighters. In the current study, the electrospinning technique was applied as a versatile method to produce micro-/nano-scaled non-woven fibrous membranes based on various ratios of a poly(ether-ether-ketone) (PEEK) and a phosphorus-containing polyimide. Rheological measurements have been performed on solutions of certain ratios of these components in order to optimize the electrospinning process. FTIR spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to investigate the chemical structure and morphology of electrospun nanofiber membranes, while thermogravimetric analysis, heat transfer measurements and differential scanning calorimetry were used to determine their thermal properties. The water vapor sorption behavior and mechanical properties of the optimized electrospun nanofiber membranes were also evaluated. Full article

The presence of uranium-containing wastes from large provinces in the Republic of Kazakhstan significantly complicates the ecological situation, causing damage to the soil and hydrosphere due to the uncontrolled spread of large volumes of natural waters contaminated with radionuclides. They are usually utilized by the sorption method; however, the use of synthesized sorption materials is limited by their high price, and natural minerals are limited by low sorption characteristics. Many modification options are used in order to improve the sorption characteristics, but only a few methods have been found applied in industry. The main disadvantages include the complexity in the application and modification of reagents rarely used in industrial practice, which increases their cost, and is an obstacle to their widespread use. The authors of this research have studied the possibility of using technogenic raw materials—slags of phosphorus production—as a modifier of natural minerals. The methods of slag activation are investigated, the optimal conditions for the modification of the natural minerals zeolite and shungite by activated slag are determined, and the sorption properties of modified sorbents are studied. Full article

The paper investigates the physicochemical regularities (kinetics and isotherm) of phosphorus and beryllium recovery by sorbents based on polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fiber and Fe(OH)₃ obtained by various methods: PAN or pre-hydrolyzed PAN with precipitation of FeCl₃ with ammonia, using ready-made or electrochemically generated Na₂FeO₄, pre-hydrolyzed PAN treated with an alkaline solution of Na₂FeO₄, as well as their comparison with granular aluminum oxide. The Langmuir, Freudlich and Dubinin–Radushkevich models show high performance of materials for sorption of stable P and Be used as tracers for the release of ⁷Be, ³²P, and ³³P from seawater. The obtained kinetic data are processed using kinetic models of intraparticle diffusion and the pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order, and Elovich models. Optimal conditions for obtaining sorbents are established, namely, the effect of NaOH concentration at the stages of preparation on the properties of sorbents based on the PAN fiber and Fe(OH)₃ obtained by various methods. Full article

Urbanization and climate change affecting water quality are the most critical problems that humanity has to encounter globally. Undoubtedly, urban water bodies are heavily contaminated by phosphorus (P). This study aims to identify the mechanisms and efficiency of the P sorption process for selected reactive materials (Autoclaved Aerated Concrete (AAC), Filtralite^® Nature P, lightweight expanded clay aggregate (Leca^®), limestone, opoka, and zeolite) with surface water as adsorbate and dimension of P-reactive reactive layer supported with economic analysis. Four kinetic models were used to know the sorption mechanism: pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order, Elovich, and intra-particle diffusion model. Calculating the P-reactive layer was based on dimensioning rain retention spaces standards. The pseudo-second model provided the best description of the adsorption kinetics of most materials. The sorption properties obtained after 72 h showed the reduction of 83, 81, 59, 53, 37, and 36% for AAC, opoka, Filtralite^® Nature P; limestone, Leca^®, and zeolite, respectively. Depending on the volume, the P-reactive layer can remove 29–77 or 61–163 g of P-PO₄. The unit cost of removing P-PO₄ by the P-reactive layer range from 49.57 to 85.53 €/P-PO₄ g. For these reasons, reactive materials seem to be an effective way of removing P from the urban water environment worldwide from both environmental and economic points of view. Full article

This paper presents the results of the evaluation of the possibility of using a selected sorbent of natural origin, mineral (opoka rock), for the removal of biogenic compounds from aqueous solutions. The analyzed opoka rock contains approximately 70% calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) and from 26 to 27% silicon dioxide (SiO₂) and has been classified as heavy opoka rock. The experiment focused on the sorption of organic components, including phosphorus (P), nitrogen (N) and carbon (C). It was carried out for two treatment systems, column tests and batch tests, for three samples of water—water from a water supply system, water from a fish pond and water from a garden pond—located in the region of Silesia (Poland). The results showed that the P removal efficiency was equal to 96.6% for the fine-grained sorbent (grain size <2 mm) and 90.8% for the coarse-grained sorbent (2–4 mm) in the batch tests, while lower effectiveness was observed for the column tests, reaching 67.8% and 54%, respectively. The efficiency of N (NH₄⁺) removal was equal to 84% for both types of sorbents in the batch tests, while it was 47.7% for the fine-grained sorbent and 26.3% for the coarse-grained sorbent in the column tests. The efficiency of the removal of nitrate-nitrogen (NO₃⁻) was higher for the fine-grained sorbent in all analyzed water samples. The use of materials of natural origin in industrial applications is a recommended direction, part of the green transition. The analyzed samples of opoka rock come from deposits, and opoka rock has so far not been analyzed in terms of its possible use in water and sewage treatment technology. Therefore, further research is recommended for this low-cost sorbent, which may be a competitive material for commercial products. Full article