Search Results (201)

Background: Frailty is a key predictor of adverse surgical outcomes in older adults. However, the prognostic utility of the 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) for short- and long-term outcomes following total hip arthroplasty (THA) remains inadequately defined. This study assessed the association between frailty severity, measured by the mFI-5, and postoperative complications, implant survivorship, and mortality following primary THA in a large national cohort. Methods: This retrospective cohort study included 90,660 patients aged ≥50 years undergoing primary THA for osteoarthritis from 2003 to 2020 using the TriNetX research network. Patients were stratified by frailty severity based on mFI-5 scores: non-frail (0–1), moderately frail (2), and severely frail (≥3). Cases of fractures, polytrauma, or falls were excluded. Pairwise propensity score matching was adjusted for age, sex, race, and BMI. Outcomes included 90-day medical and surgical complications, healthcare utilization, and 2- and 5-year THA revision and mortality rates. Risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) and Bonferroni-corrected significance thresholds (p < 0.0167) were reported. Results: Severely frail patients had significantly increased risks of 90-day mortality (RR 4.41, 95% CI 2.22–8.74), acute kidney injury (RR 2.92), myocardial infarction (RR 3.61), and periprosthetic joint infection (RR 2.02) compared to non-frail patients. At five years, severely frail patients demonstrated a 58% higher revision risk (RR 1.58) and 23.0% mortality versus 6.9% in the non-frail cohort. A dose-dependent risk gradient was observed, with moderately frail patients exhibiting intermediate risks across all outcomes. Conclusions: Frailty severity, as measured by the mFI-5, was associated with a stepwise increase in short- and long-term complications and mortality following THA. The mFI-5 may serve as a practical, scalable tool for preoperative risk stratification, counseling, and resource planning in older adults undergoing primary THA. Full article

Background: Traumatic head injury (THI) includes a diverse range of hemorrhagic brain lesions (HBL), which are distinct phenotypes with characteristic pathophysiological mechanisms. Computed tomography (CT) is the cornerstone of the initial assessment and diagnosis; however, its sensitivity is limited, especially in mild head injury. Blood-derived biomarkers, including Neuron-Specific Enolase (NSE) and S-100B, have been extensively studied; however, their efficacy in distinguishing HBL subtypes remains unclear. We evaluated whether circulating serum levels of S-100B and NSE can discriminate between distinct intracranial HBLs and extracranial hemorrhagic lesions (ECH). Methods: This is an interim analysis of a prospective, randomized, double-blind clinical trial including 434 adult patients with blunt THI. HBL phenotypes identified by CT scan included subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), subdural hematoma (SDH), epidural hematoma (EDH), and brain contusion (BC). Unique lesions were considered while overlapping lesions were excluded. Subgaleal hematoma (SGH) was included as an example of ECH. Serum S-100B was assessed within 6 h post-injury, while serum NSE was evaluated at admission, 24 h, and 48 h thereafter. Serum NSE and inflammatory cytokines were quantified in duplicates using a Human Magnetic Luminex 5-plex assay, while serum S-100B concentrations were measured separately. Serum epinephrine concentrations were quantified using an ELISA. Biomarker profiles were analyzed based on lesion phenotype, lesion multiplicity, injury pattern, and clinical outcomes, including hospital length of stay (HLOS) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale—Extended (GOSE). Results: Admission median S-100B levels were higher in patients with SAH (495 pg/mL) and lower in those with SGH (191 pg/mL); however, they did not show statistically significant difference among HBL phenotypes. They were significantly higher in patients with polytrauma TBI (420 pg/mL) compared to isolated TBI (258 pg/mL). Baseline and 48 h NSE concentrations were significantly higher in SDH (25,089 and 28,438 pg/mL) than in other THI lesions (p = 0.04). There were no statistically significant changes in NSE values over time across all THI lesions except for SDH in which they raised more after 48 h (p = 0.02). They had a significant drop in polytrauma over the time (p = 0.001). Compared to intracranial lesions, S-100 B levels were significantly lower in SGH and in skull fractures without intracranial hematomas. Both S-100B and NSE levels were elevated in individuals with unfavorable GOSE scores. Conclusions: In this secondary exploratory analysis, elevated serum NSE and S-100B levels discriminate between extra- and intracranial lesions and appear to represent distinct but complementary aspects of THI, indicating neuronal damage and its temporal evolution, and predicting clinical and functional outcomes. The present findings reflect association and not causation. Future studies incorporating larger or multicenter cohorts, volumetric imaging, and long-term outcomes are required to validate and refine biomarker-guided algorithms for personalized THI care. Full article

Introduction: Severe traumatic brain injury (sTBI) frequently coexists with polytrauma and often necessitates damage control neurosurgery (DCNS), where rapid decompression and temporary stabilization take precedence over definitive reconstruction. Within this context, anesthetic management must balance cerebral protection with ongoing resuscitation, yet high-quality DCNS-specific evidence remains limited. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar (2015–2025) was conducted using MeSH terms and keywords related to neurotrauma, anesthesia, intracranial pressure, and perioperative management. Studies were included if they examined anesthetic or hemodynamic strategies in severe TBI or DCNS and reported relevant clinical or physiologic outcomes. Results: Nineteen articles addressing perioperative strategies for optimizing DCNS outcomes were analyzed. Discussion: Preoperative care emphasizes hemodynamic stabilization and permissive hypertension, damage control resuscitation including massive transfusion protocols, optimization of cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and neuromonitoring, and the use of hyperosmolar therapy. Transexamic acid can be used in sTBI safely but with unclear improvement in outcomes. Intraoperatively, propofol-based total intravenous anesthesia is generally preferred over volatile agents due to favorable effects on intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebral blood flow (CBF), autoregulation, and emergence. While historically contraindicated, ketamine and etomidate are now increasingly used as hemodynamically protective induction agents. Analgesic and sedative strategies prioritize dexmedetomidine and carefully titrated opioids to minimize respiratory depression and reduce postoperative complications. CPP and ICP-directed management relies on individualized blood pressure targets, vasopressor selection, lung-protective ventilation, and strict temperature control. Conclusions: Emerging evidence has suggested the benefit of DCNS for patient survival. Overall, perioperative care is guided largely by physiology and extrapolation, highlighting the need for standardized protocols. Full article

Background: Assessment and treatment of brachial plexus injury in polytrauma patients is often challenging due to concomitant injuries requiring life-saving interventions. Furthermore, the role of immediate nerve exploration in closed postganglionic nerve injuries remains debated. Case presentation: We present the case of a 21-year-old male with an infraclavicular brachial plexus injury, floating shoulder and axillary artery rupture following a motorcycle accident. Early multidisciplinary intervention included vascular repair, bone stabilization and brachial plexus exploration. Nerve reconstruction using grafts and transfers led to significant functional recovery, preventing degenerative changes, and facilitating early rehabilitation. Conclusions: This case highlights the benefits of early exploration and management of complex brachial plexus injuries in polytrauma patients to improve functional outcomes and quality of life. Full article

Background: A major challenge in developing effective immunological damage-control therapies for traumatic hemorrhage (TH) is the lack of animal models that accurately reproduce the immune and pathophysiological responses observed in humans. In this study, we established a clinically relevant rat model that combines blast injury with hemorrhagic shock in a simulated prolonged damage control resuscitation environment. Methods: Male Sprague Dawley rats were anesthetized and subjected to moderate blast overpressure, followed by controlled hemorrhage equivalent to 40% of the estimated total blood volume. Animals then received hypotensive resuscitation with Plasma-Lyte A at twice the shed blood volume. Plasma-Lyte A was used in our study to correct hypovolemia and electrolyte imbalances, thereby helping to standardize the traumatic hemorrhage model. Results: Four of six rats in the blast-plus-hemorrhage (B + H) group survived the 25 h observation period. During resuscitation, mean arterial pressure remained markedly below baseline for at least 4 h. The B + H insult triggered a rapid innate immune response, characterized by elevated circulating HMGB1, terminal complement activation, and increased myeloperoxidase levels. Complement deposition (C4d, C5a, and C5b-9) was evident in lung tissue, accompanied by multi-organ histopathological injury, including pronounced inflammatory cell infiltration, hemorrhage, and cellular degeneration, apoptosis, or necrosis. Metabolic disturbances, including acidosis, hyperkalemia, and dilutional anemia, were also observed. Conclusions: Overall, this model reproduced key features of inflammation-driven multi-organ dysfunction syndrome seen in human polytrauma, supporting its utility for studying TH-related immunopathology and therapeutic interventions during prolonged damage control resuscitation. Full article

Background/Objectives: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) represents a critical complication in polytrauma patients, characterized by diffuse lung inflammation and bilateral pulmonary infiltrates with mortality rates reaching 45% in intensive care units (ICU). The heterogeneous nature of ARDS and complex clinical presentation in severely injured patients poses substantial diagnostic challenges, necessitating early prediction tools to guide timely interventions. Machine learning (ML) algorithms have emerged as promising approaches for clinical decision support, demonstrating superior performance compared to traditional scoring systems in capturing complex patterns within high-dimensional medical data. Based on the identified research gaps in early ARDS prediction for polytrauma populations, our study aimed to: (i) develop a balanced random forest (BRF) ML model for early ARDS prediction in critically ill polytrauma patients, (ii) identify the most predictive clinical features using ANOVA-based feature selection, and (iii) evaluate model performance using comprehensive metrics addressing class imbalance challenges. Methods: This retrospective cohort study analyzed 407 polytrauma patients admitted to the ICU of the Center of Traumatology and Major Burns of Ben Arous, Tunisia, between 2017 and 2021. We implemented a comprehensive ML pipeline that incorporates Tomek Links undersampling, ANOVA F-test feature selection for the top 10 predictive variables, and SMOTE oversampling with a conservative sampling rate of 0.3. The BRF classifier was trained with class weighting and evaluated using stratified 5-fold cross-validation. Performance metrics included AUROC, PR-AUC, sensitivity, specificity, F1-score, and Matthews correlation coefficient. Results: Among 407 patients, 43 developed ARDS according to the Berlin definition, representing a 10.57% incidence. The BRF model demonstrated exceptional predictive performance with an AUROC of 0.98, a sensitivity of 0.91, a specificity of 0.80, an F1-score of 0.84, and an MCC of 0.70. Precision–recall AUC reached 0.86, demonstrating robust performance despite class imbalance. During stratified cross-validation, AUROC values ranged from 0.93 to 0.99 across folds, indicating consistent model stability. The top 10 selected features included procalcitonin, PaO₂ at ICU admission, 24-h pH, massive transfusion, total fluid resuscitation, presence of pneumothorax, alveolar hemorrhage, pulmonary contusion, hemothorax, and flail chest injury. Conclusions: Our BRF model provides a robust, clinically applicable tool for early prediction of ARDS in polytrauma patients using readily available clinical parameters. The comprehensive two-step resampling approach, combined with ANOVA-based feature selection, successfully addressed class imbalance while maintaining high predictive accuracy. These findings support integrating ML approaches into critical care decision-making to improve patient outcomes and resource allocation. External validation in diverse populations remains essential for confirming generalizability and clinical implementation. Full article

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains the third leading cause of mortality among cancer patients in developed countries. Each new study in this field can contribute to better detection, diagnosis, and treatment of this disease. Our study aimed to assess transcriptional activity of genes associated with the biotransformation of xenobiotics and endobiotics in all three phases in the CRC adenocarcinoma, including correlations between them, as well as the aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) pathways. Based on transcriptome analysis (1252 mRNAs) of the CRC tissue and healthy colon, the upregulation or downregulation of 46 significant mRNAs was presented. The study also revealed the downregulation of AKR7A2 and upregulation of SLC5A6 and SLC29A2, previously undistinguished and potentially therapeutically valuable in CRC. The diagnostic potential of ADH1C, GGT5, NQO2, and SLC25A5 was demonstrated. It was stated that the AHR, EPHX1, GSTP1, and SLC25A32 did not correlate in healthy intestinal tissue whereas AHCY, ALDH1A1, NNMT, GSTM4, UGT2B17, and SLCO1B3 did not correlate in CRC. The disturbed transcriptional activity of genes related to the biotransformation process at all stages of CRC suggests that this may be the cause of its occurrence; the genes ought to be taken into account in preventive strategies and the treatment of patients. Full article

Background: Preventing postoperative infections in hand surgery is an important factor for achieving sustainable results of surgical procedures. To prevent infections, especially when implants are used, preoperative prophylactic antibiotics are applied in adherence to predominantly national guidelines, which are not specifically tailored to hand surgery. However, several studies related to elective soft tissue hand surgery indicate that the preoperative use of antibiotics does not reduce the incidence of postoperative infections. Evidence regarding their efficacy in osteosynthesis of the hand and wrist remains limited. Methods: In this retrospective study, we analyzed 542 adult patients who underwent hand or wrist osteosynthesis between 2016 and 2019 at our university center. They were enrolled in an antibiotic treatment group and a control group without antibiotic treatment. The prophylaxis group (P) underwent surgery in the main operating theater under intravenous anesthesia, whereas the non-prophylaxis group (NP) was treated under WALANT (Wide Awake Local Anesthetic No Tourniquet) in an outpatient operating theater without receiving preoperative antibiotics. Theater construction and installation were otherwise similar, and both were classified as grade 1 theaters. We applied propensity modeling and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) to achieve balanced treatment groups with respect to risk factors for infection, and we calculated the odds ratio of prophylaxis and infection. Inclusion factors for risk of infection were age, female sex, smoking, diabetes, metabolic disease, inflammatory disease, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, hepatopathy, renal disease, polytrauma, open fracture, being a manual worker, and occupational accidents. To assess the severity of the cases, we considered whether the fractures were intraarticular, multi-fragmentary, or open, and we collected data on the types of surgical implants that were used. Results: No significant association was found between antibiotic prophylaxis and postoperative infection rate (infection rate P: 3.86%; NP: 3.27%; unadjusted OR: 1.19; adjusted OR after IPTW: 1.09). In terms of risk factors, there was an insignificant trend of higher infection rates in the subgroups smoking, cardiovascular disease, open fracture, occupational accident, and open fixations. Conclusions: In this cohort, routine use of preoperative antibiotics in hand osteosynthesis did not reduce infection rates. The effectiveness of the widespread standardized application of prophylactic antibiotics to reduce the risk of postoperative infections in osteosynthesis of the hand and wrist remains debatable. Our findings set the basis for further prospective studies aiming at clearer guidelines for evidence-based perioperative patient care. Full article

Background: Vulnerable road users (VRUs), including children and older adults, face a high risk of fatal road traffic accidents (RTAs) due to limited protection and greater injury susceptibility. Romania reports some of the highest child and elderly RTA mortality rates in the European Union. This study analyzed medico-legal autopsies from the Timisoara Institute of Legal Medicine (TILM) between 2017 and 2021 to compare fatalities in these two groups and identify key risk factors. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on autopsy records of children (0–17 years) and older adults (>70 years) who died in RTAs during the study period. Data on demographics, type of road user, traumatic injuries, cause of death, and accident circumstances were extracted and supplemented by police reports. Comparative statistical analyses were performed for categorical and continuous variables. Results: Among 395 RTA autopsies, 23 (5.8%) involved children and 51 (12.9%) older adults. Most child victims were passengers (56.5%), whereas elderly fatalities occurred mainly among pedestrians (33.3%) and cyclists (25.5%), with statistically significant differences between age groups. Polytrauma was the leading cause of death in both categories, though isolated cranio-cerebral trauma was proportionally more frequent in children. Crash circumstances also showed age-related patterns, with children more involved in high-energy collisions and older adults more frequently struck as pedestrians. Survival intervals showed a similar distribution across groups. Conclusions: Child and elderly RTA fatalities in Romania share common determinants, primarily driver-related behaviors and insufficient safety measures, while also exhibiting distinct age-related vulnerabilities. Autopsy-based data highlights these patterns and can guide targeted interventions such as stricter law enforcement, public education, and infrastructure improvements. Full article

Trauma is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dogs and cats. While prognostic tools are well-established in human medicine, few guidelines exist in veterinary trauma care. The Animal Trauma Triage (ATT) score and modified Glasgow Coma Scale (mGCS) are used to assess illness severity, but their clinical utility in veterinary patients remains undervalued. This study aimed to evaluate the prognostic value of ATT and mGCS scores and their association with organ dysfunction and survival in polytraumatized veterinary patients. We hypothesized that multi-organ failure (MOF) is more prevalent in non-survivors and correlates with higher ATT and lower mGCS scores. A prospective observational study was conducted for 30 patients (20 dogs and 10 cats) admitted to two veterinary hospitals. Clinical data, trauma scores, and outcomes were collected and analyzed. The overall survival rate was 83.3%; blunt trauma accounted for 80% of cases. Non-survivors (n = 5) had higher respiratory rates at admission (p = 0.01). The ATT score accurately predicted all fatalities, while the mGCS score showed limited prognostic value. MOF was the leading cause of death in 60% of non-survivors. ATT appears to be a more reliable tool for outcome prediction, enabling improved triage, resource allocation, and early intervention in veterinary trauma cases. Full article

Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating complication of trauma, causing long-term disability and significant socioeconomic burden. Beyond the primary mechanical insult, secondary injury cascades involving apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammation amplify tissue damage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate these processes at the post-transcriptional level, yet data on circulating miRNAs in human SCI remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize acute plasma miRNA expression patterns in isolated traumatic SCI that may indicate SCI-specific signatures. Plasma was collected from five SCI patients at admission and 48 h post-injury and five healthy controls (HCs), and next-generation sequencing (NGS) was performed on plasma RNAs. Differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and selected candidate miRNAs were validated by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) in an expanded cohort of SCI patients, polytrauma patients without neurotrauma (PT), and HC (each n = 8). Pathway enrichment and validated target analysis were performed to assess biological relevance of candidate miRNAs. At emergency room admission, 46 miRNAs were differentially expressed in SCI plasma (18 upregulated, 28 downregulated). By 48 h, a global downregulation was observed, with 47 miRNAs significantly decreased compared with HC. ddPCR validation revealed markedly stronger suppression of miR-182-5p, miR-190a-5p, miR-144-5p, and miR-30c-5p expression levels in SCI compared with PT. Pathway analysis indicated enrichment of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation pathways, and target prediction suggested that the identified miRNAs may be linked to neuroprotective and regenerative functions. Our findings demonstrate early and profound alterations in circulating miRNAs after acute SCI. The downregulation of the identified miRNAs may reflect maladaptive changes that promote neuroinflammation and hinder axonal regeneration, although the exact functional consequences remain to be clarified. These data suggest that circulating miRNAs could hold promise as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers and, potentially, as therapeutic targets to influence secondary injury processes. However, given the exploratory nature and limited sample size of this study, the findings should be validated in larger, sufficiently powered cohorts to robustly delineate differences between patient groups. Full article

Background: The purpose of this study was to quantify the incidence of polytrauma cases at a single-center county hospital in Croatia and evaluate the therapeutic approaches currently in use. Methods: Patient data for 54 individuals diagnosed with polytrauma between 2019 and 2022 were retrospectively reviewed using the hospital’s medical records system. The analysis encompassed several aspects, including injury mechanisms, injury timing, Glasgow Coma Scale scores, alcohol levels, therapies, triage classifications, and hospital stay durations. Results: In this study, patient age was not significantly associated with clinical presentation, treatment approach, or outcomes. However, gender showed significant associations with GCS, triage category, and discharge status, with female patients presenting more frequently with severe impairment (GCS 3–8) and higher triage urgency. Blood alcohol levels were more frequently elevated in male patients but showed no association with clinical severity or outcomes. Additionally, lower GCS scores were significantly linked to poorer outcomes, including higher in-hospital mortality, while surgical intervention was associated with longer hospital stays. Conclusions: Collectively, gender and level of consciousness significantly influenced triage urgency and outcomes, highlighting the need for targeted prevention and management strategies. Full article

Background: Polytrauma remains a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. Although trauma-related deaths have declined in recent decades, the drivers of this trend remain incompletely understood. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the principal cause of death and long-term disability in polytrauma, making it a critical determinant of outcomes. This study aimed to examine long-term trends in clinical characteristics, management strategies, and outcomes of polytraumatized patients with TBI (PTBI), with a particular focus on factors influencing overall and cause-specific mortality. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of a prospectively maintained trauma registry over a 25-year period (1993–2018) at the Gregorio Marañón University General Hospital (Madrid, Spain). Adult patients with PTBI were included. Epidemiological, clinical, and outcome data were analyzed globally and across four time periods. Results: Among 768 patients with PTBI, mean age was 43 years (±20), and 29% were female. Most sustained closed TBIs (96%) with concomitant severe injuries to the head, chest, and extremities (median Injury Severity Score [ISS] 27; median New Injury Severity Score [NISS] 34). Emergency surgery was required in 51%, and 84% were admitted to intensive care. Over time, the incidence of polytrauma decreased, mainly reflecting fewer traffic-related injuries following advances in prevention and legislation. Despite an increasingly older and comorbid population, ISS/NISS and early mortality declined, largely due to improvements in prehospital care and hemorrhage control. Although crude TBI-related mortality appeared unchanged (28%), this pattern likely reflects offsetting influences, including an older and more comorbid patient population, a higher relative burden of severe cases, and the limitations of mortality alone to capture gains in functional outcomes. Conclusions: Advances in trauma systems and preventive policies have substantially reduced the burden of polytrauma and improved survival. However, severe TBI remains the principal unresolved challenge, highlighting the urgent need for innovative neuroprotective strategies and greater emphasis on functional recovery. Full article

Background: Pilon fractures are severe distal tibia injuries from high-energy trauma, often involving joint and soft tissue damage. Despite surgical advances, long-term outcomes remain poor. This study compared quality of life and functional limitations after surgical treatment of pilon versus tibial shaft fractures using validated PROMs. Methods: This case–control study was conducted at a Level I Trauma Center. Between 2016 and 2019, 84 patients with lower leg fractures were included: 38 pilon and 46 tibial shaft fractures. Inclusion criteria were AO type 42 or 43 fractures and follow-up of ≥24 months; exclusion criteria were polytrauma (ISS > 15), ASA ≥ 3, and incomplete consent. Outcomes were assessed with SF-12, EQ-5D-5L, and VAS-FA. Data were collected 36–48 months postoperatively. Analyses included t-tests, chi-square tests, linear regression. Results: Patients with pilon fractures had significantly poorer physical quality of life than tibial shaft fractures (SF-12 physical: 39 vs. 42, p < 0.05). Mental quality of life showed no significant difference. EQ-5D-5L scores were lower in the pilon group (70% vs. 79%). VAS-FA indicated higher pain and reduced function (total: 64 vs. 76, p = 0.009). Rehabilitation duration correlated with improved VAS outcomes in pilon fractures (p = 0.008), while physiotherapy reduced pain in tibial shaft fractures (p = 0.030). Conclusions: Pilon fractures substantially impair physical quality of life and long-term function, while mental well-being remains unaffected. PROMs provide insights beyond radiological findings and should be integrated into follow-up. Further multicenter studies are required to validate these results and optimize rehabilitation strategies. Full article

Background/Objectives: Blunt trauma injury of the diaphragm is uncommon. Even after imaging examination, accurate diagnosis remains difficult. We sought to identify clinical factors that raise suspicion of such injuries, which can be applied during the initial evaluation of trauma patients. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed patients with blunt trauma who were diagnosed with diaphragmatic injury between January 2015 and July 2025. Demographic variables, clinical findings, operative records, and imaging findings were reviewed. Results: The most common mechanism of injury in patients with diaphragmatic injury was traffic accidents (64.2%), and 77.4% were identified as severe injuries with an Injury Severity Score (ISS) ≥ 16. Computed tomography (CT) scans of these patients frequently showed hemothorax, hemoperitoneum, and pneumothorax, but 49.1% of cases did not show diaphragmatic injury on preoperative imaging. In these patients, pneumothorax, lower rib fractures, and liver injury were more common. Notably, pneumothorax strongly suggested the possibility of diaphragmatic injury in patients where intrathoracic herniation was not clear. Conclusions: In patients with polytrauma and unstable vital signs, CT evaluation of torso injuries and careful interpretation are essential. Even when CT does not reveal diaphragmatic injury, suspicion should be elevated in cases with high ISS accompanied by pneumothorax, hemoperitoneum, hemothorax, lower rib fractures, or extremity injuries. If the injury mechanism further raises clinical suspicion, repeated physical examinations and imaging studies should be performed. When suspicion remains high, surgical intervention should be considered to confirm the diagnosis. Full article