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Background/Objectives: A central question in cognitive neuroscience is how information is transferred from working memory to long-term memory, and what factors influence this process. This study aimed to explore the role of cognitive load in the consolidation of information into long-term memory within the framework of the Time-Based Resource Sharing model of working memory. Methods: An exploratory study was conducted using a reading digit span task with delayed response, in which cognitive load was manipulated through Hebb repetition learning. Results: An improvement in the ability to remember the order of the elements was found with the decrease in cognitive load, consistent with the hypothesis that the transfer of information to long-term memory occurs during the maintenance process and involves cognitive load. However, no improvement in the recall of the total number of elements emerged, suggesting that different mechanisms and factors are at play in the process of information transfer. Conclusions: These findings shed new light on the complexity of interactions between working memory and long-term memory, paving the way for further systematic investigations into the nature of mechanisms responsible for transferring information from the former toward the latter. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Cognitive, Social and Affective Neuroscience)

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19 pages, 567 KB

Open AccessArticle

When Employee Mental Health Deteriorates: Examining the Relationship Between Health-Oriented Leadership, Disclosure, and Sickness Absence

by Sarah Pischel, Jörg Felfe and Lene S. Fröhlich

Healthcare 2025, 13(21), 2759; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13212759 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Given the high prevalence of mental health problems in the workplace, fostering disclosure and reducing sickness absence are critical for ensuring timely support and sustaining employees’ work ability. Drawing on the health-oriented riented leadership (HoL) model, this paper examines the associations between staff care, disclosure, and sickness absence, and addresses the underexplored question of whether staff care continues to show beneficial relationships when employees experience acute health deterioration. To account for differing perspectives, we included samples with employees and with leaders. Methods: We conducted three distinct cross-sectional studies with (1) predominantly healthy employees (N₁ = 148), (2) employees with severe mental health issues or a diagnosis (N₂ = 338), and (3) leaders (N₃ = 91). Results: Staff care is positively related to disclosure across all studies. In study 1, this relationship was unexpectedly stronger for low than for high health deterioration, though still significant for high deterioration. In studies 2 and 3, the interaction was non-significant. However, a perceptual gap emerged: simple slopes showed that leaders with low staff care still expected disclosure from employees with high health deterioration (study 3), whereas employees reported higher concealment intentions (study 1). Staff care was negatively related to sickness absence only in study 2, with this relationship strengthened under high health deterioration. Conclusions: Staff care seems particularly relevant for supporting disclosure during early health declines and for mitigating sickness absence during acute deterioration among those already affected. Divergent leader–employee perceptions may hinder timely support. We provide practical recommendations for organizations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Effective Strategies for Promoting Mental Health: Global Perspectives and Innovations)

19 pages, 1705 KB

Open AccessReview

Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Transfer Through TNTs: From Organelle Dynamics to Cellular Crosstalk

by Margherita Zamberlan and Martina Semenzato

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(21), 10581; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262110581 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Tunneling nanotubes (TNTs) are dynamic, actin-based intercellular structures that facilitate the transfer of organelles, including mitochondria, between cells. Unlike other protrusive structures such as filopodia and cytonemes, TNTs exhibit structural heterogeneity and functional versatility, enabling both short- and long-range cargo transport. This review explores the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial transfer via TNTs, with a particular focus on cytoskeletal dynamics and the role of key regulatory proteins such as Miro1, GFAP, MICAL2PV, CD38, Connexin 43, M-Sec, thymosin β4, and Talin 2. Miro1 emerges as a central mediator of mitochondrial trafficking, linking organelle motility to cellular stress responses and tissue repair. We delve into the translational implications of TNTs-mediated mitochondrial exchange in regenerative medicine and oncology, highlighting its potential to restore bioenergetics, mitigate oxidative stress, and reprogram cellular states. Despite growing interest, critical gaps remain in understanding the molecular determinants of TNT formation, the quality and fate of transferred mitochondria, and the optimal sources for mitochondrial isolation. Addressing these questions will be essential for harnessing TNTs and mitochondrial transplantation as therapeutic tools. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Impact of Mitochondria on Human Disease and Health)

33 pages, 5710 KB

Open AccessReview

Beyond Processing: Furin as a Central Hub in Viral Pathogenesis and Genetic Susceptibility

by Adrián Alejandro Silva-Ríos, Carlos Ernesto Mora-Ornelas, Luna Galilea Flores-Medina, José Francisco Muñoz-Valle, Carlos Daniel Díaz-Palomera, Mariel García-Chagollan, Alexis Missael Vizcaíno-Quirarte and Oliver Viera-Segura

Biomolecules 2025, 15(11), 1530; https://doi.org/10.3390/biom15111530 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Furin, a calcium-dependent serine endoprotease of the proprotein convertase family, plays a pivotal role in both physiological homeostasis and viral pathogenesis. By cleaving polybasic motifs within viral glycoproteins, furin enables the maturation of structural proteins essential for viral entry, fusion, and replication. This mechanism has been documented across a broad spectrum of human pathogens, including SARS-CoV-2, influenza virus, human immunodeficiency virus, human papilloma virus, hepatitis B virus, flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and paramyxoviruses, highlighting furin as a conserved molecular hub in host–virus interactions. Genetic variability within the FURIN gene further modulates infection outcomes. Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), such as rs6226 and rs1981458, are associated with altered COVID-19 severity, whereas variants like rs17514846 confer protection against human papilloma virus infection. Conversely, mutations predicted to reduce enzymatic activity have been linked to attenuated SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis in certain populations. These findings underscore the importance of considering population genetics when evaluating viral susceptibility and disease progression. Despite advances, unresolved questions remain regarding furin’s non-canonical roles in viral life cycles, tissue-specific regulation, and interactions with other host proteases and immune modulators. Targeted inhibition of furin and related convertases represents a promising avenue for broad-spectrum antiviral interventions. Collectively, current evidence positions furin as a central node at the intersection of viral pathogenesis, host genetic variability, and translational therapeutic potential. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Enzymology)

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27 pages, 1590 KB

Open AccessArticle

Assessing AI-Generated Autism Information for Healthcare Use: A Cross-Linguistic and Cross-Geographic Evaluation of ChatGPT, Gemini, and Copilot

by Salih Rakap, Emrah Gulboy, Uygar Bayrakdar, Goksel Cure, Busra Besdere and Burak Aydin

Healthcare 2025, 13(21), 2758; https://doi.org/10.3390/healthcare13212758 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: Autism is one of the most prevalent neurodevelopmental conditions globally, and healthcare professionals including pediatricians, developmental specialists, and speech–language pathologists, play a central role in guiding families through diagnosis, treatment, and support. As caregivers increasingly turn to digital platforms for autism-related information, artificial intelligence (AI) tools such as ChatGPT, Gemini, and Microsoft Copilot are emerging as popular sources of guidance. However, little is known about the quality, readability, and reliability of information these tools provide. This study conducted a detailed comparative analysis of three widely used AI models within defined linguistic and geographic contexts to examine the quality of autism-related information they generate. Methods: Responses to 44 caregiver-focused questions spanning two key domains—foundational knowledge and practical supports—were evaluated across three countries (USA, England, and Türkiye) and two languages (English and Turkish). Responses were coded for accuracy, readability, actionability, language framing, and reference quality. Results: Results showed that ChatGPT generated the most accurate content but lacked reference transparency; Gemini produced the most actionable and well-referenced responses, particularly in Turkish; and Copilot used more accessible language but demonstrated lower overall accuracy. Across tools, responses often used medicalized language and exceeded recommended readability levels for health communication. Conclusions: These findings have critical implications for healthcare providers, who are increasingly tasked with helping families evaluate and navigate AI-generated information. This study offers practical recommendations for how providers can leverage the strengths and mitigate the limitations of AI tools when supporting families in autism care, especially across linguistic and cultural contexts. Full article

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34 pages, 3333 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Systematic Evaluation of Large Language Models and Retrieval-Augmented Generation for the Task of Kazakh Question Answering

by Aigerim Mansurova, Arailym Tleubayeva, Aliya Nugumanova, Adai Shomanov and Sadi Evren Seker

Information 2025, 16(11), 943; https://doi.org/10.3390/info16110943 (registering DOI) - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper presents a systematic evaluation of large language models (LLMs) and retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) approaches for question answering (QA) in the low-resource Kazakh language. We assess the performance of existing proprietary (GPT-4o, Gemini 2.5-flash) and open-source Kazakh-oriented models (KazLLM-8B, Sherkala-8B, Irbis-7B) across closed-book and RAG settings. Within a three-stage evaluation framework we benchmark retriever quality, examine LLM abilities such as knowledge-gap detection, external truth integration and context grounding, and measures gains from realistic end-to-end RAG pipelines. Our results show a clear pattern: proprietary models lead in closed-book QA, but RAG narrows the gap substantially. Under the Ideal RAG setting, KazLLM-8B improves from its closed-book baseline of 0.427 to reach answer correctness of 0.867, closely matching GPT-4o’s score of 0.869. In the end-to-end RAG setup, KazLLM-8B paired with Snowflake retriever achieved answer correctness up to 0.754, surpassing GPT-4o’s best score of 0.632. Despite improvements, RAG outcomes show an inconsistency: high retrieval metrics do not guarantee high QA system accuracy. The findings highlight the importance of retrievers and context grounding strategies in enabling open-source Kazakh models to deliver competitive QA performance in a low-resource setting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Retrieval-Augmented Generation Systems Based on Large Language Models)

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23 pages, 2758 KB

Open AccessReview

Reliability Assessment of Marine Propulsion Systems for MASS: A Bibliometric Analysis and Literature Review

by Rabiul Islam, Yueting Guo, Sidum Adumene and Nagi Abdussamie

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2025, 13(11), 2070; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse13112070 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

The maritime industry is rapidly advancing towards Industry 4.0 and the integration of autonomous shipping technologies. As the main propulsion system for autonomous vessels, marine engines play a critical role in ensuring the safety and reliability of operations at sea. Therefore, assessing the reliability and associated risks of marine engine systems is essential to prevent failures that could compromise autonomous navigation. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric analysis to provide up-to-date insights into the reliability assessment of marine engine machinery in the context of autonomous shipping. A total of 139 publications were retrieved from Web of Science and 133 from the Scopus database. The analysis addresses the key questions like (i) Which countries are leading research in this field? (ii) Which sources are most active in publishing this research? (iii) Which articles have had the greatest impact? (iv) Who are the most influential authors? (v) What keywords appear most frequently? (vi) What methodologies are commonly used? The findings indicate that this research area has attracted global attention, with Norway, the United States, Finland, Poland, and China being the most active contributors. However, Norway is leading in total output. Among the methodologies employed, the Bayesian network has been identified as the most widely used approach for reliability assessment of marine propulsion systems in MASS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Ocean Engineering)

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21 pages, 791 KB

Open AccessArticle

Negative Emotions and Decision-Making Paralysis Among Individual Investors: A Qualitative Approach

by Alain Finet, Kevin Kristoforidis and Julie Laznicka

Risks 2025, 13(11), 209; https://doi.org/10.3390/risks13110209 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

The association between emotions and decision-making is evident. Our article aims to demonstrate, for individual investors, the development of negative emotional charges on stock markets in a perceived negative trend. The research question concerns how negative emotions may be associated with specific behavioral responses. Our results indicate a four-phase process involving, first, decisional “nonchalance”; second, decisional hesitation; third, partial disengagement; and, finally, decisional paralysis. The first phase appears related to the lack of experience of the individual investor, the second phase corresponds to the uncertainty related to stock market operations, while the last two phases seem to coincide with a deteriorating decision-making environment and the accumulation of negative experiences, resulting from financial expectations not being met. Emotional paralysis raises questions about the possibility of individual investors renewing their investment strategies. These results come from a qualitative approach based on experimental finance and supported by the analysis of data from semi-structured interviews. Our study proposes a new four-phase model (nonchalance, hesitation, partial disengagement, and paralysis) that delineates the emotional and behavioral trajectories of individual investors during a perceived bear market. Our qualitative perspective also contributes to existing literature by highlighting the underexplored phase of “nonchalance”. Full article

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31 pages, 767 KB

Open AccessArticle

From Offloading to Engagement: An Experimental Study on Structured Prompting and Critical Reasoning with Generative AI

by Michael Gerlich

Data 2025, 10(11), 172; https://doi.org/10.3390/data10110172 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

The rapid adoption of generative AI raises questions not only about its transformative potential but also about its cognitive and societal risks. This study contributes to the debate by presenting cross-country experimental data (n = 150; Germany, Switzerland, United Kingdom) on how individuals engage with generative AI under different conditions: human-only, human + AI (unguided), human + AI (guided with structured prompting), and AI-only benchmarks. Across 450 evaluated responses, critical reasoning was assessed via expert rubric ratings, while perceived reflective engagement was captured through self-report indices. Results show that unguided AI use fosters cognitive offloading without improving reasoning quality, whereas structured prompting significantly reduces offloading and enhances both critical reasoning and reflective engagement. Mediation and latent class analyses reveal that guided AI use supports deeper human involvement and mitigates demographic disparities in performance. Beyond theoretical contributions, this study offers practical implications for business and society. As organisations integrate AI into workflows, unstructured use risks undermining workforce decision making and critical engagement. Structured prompting, by contrast, provides a scalable and low-cost governance tool that fosters responsible adoption, supports equitable access to technological benefits, and aligns with societal calls for human-centric AI. These findings highlight the dual nature of AI as both a productivity enabler and a cognitive risk, and position structured prompting as a promising intervention to navigate the emerging challenges of AI adoption in business and society. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Navigating Emerging Advancements and Challenges in AI and Big Data Technologies for Business and Society)

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19 pages, 650 KB

Open AccessArticle

Searching for the Park Effect: An Analysis of Land Use Change and Ecosystem Service Flows in National Parks in Italy

by Davide Marino, Antonio Barone, Margherita Palmieri, Angelo Marucci, Vincenzo Giaccio and Silvia Pili

Land 2025, 14(11), 2163; https://doi.org/10.3390/land14112163 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Protected areas play a fundamental role in the implementation of international environmental strategies in order to ensure effective management systems that support the conservation of biodiversity and the provision of ecosystem services. However, the actual capacity of national parks to generate a specific “park effect” remains an open question. This study aims to assess whether the transformations observed in Italian national parks between 1960 and 2018 can be attributed to a specific park effect or are instead the result of other territorial dynamics. We analyzed long-term changes in land use and land cover (LUMCs) and variations in ecosystem services (ES), both inside and outside park boundaries, taking into account the SNAI classification. The results show a significant expansion of forest areas (+52%) and sparse vegetation (+56%), alongside a marked decline in arable land (−60%) and permanent crops (−26%). At the same time, the overall value of ES remains stable at around EUR 4 billion per year, with regulating services—accounting for 80% of the total—increasing by 20% between 1960 and 2018 and provisioning services declining by 41%. Italy’s national parks represent strategic socioecological laboratories capable of generating benefits both locally and globally. To fully realize this potential, more integrated management is needed, enabling their transformation from mere conservation areas to drivers of territorial resilience and social cohesion. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Second Edition: Ecosystem Services Design from Single Space Solution to Landscape Vision)

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12 pages, 203 KB

Open AccessArticle

Laboratory Science Students’ Reflections on Clinical Educators and Clinical Training Experiences

by Shelley Robin Latchem, Benedict K. Jikong, Heather L. Phillips and Eleanor K. Jator

LabMed 2025, 2(4), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/labmed2040021 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

A 39-question survey targeting recent graduates was deployed by the American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) to its membership nationwide by email. Participants were prompted to reflect on clinical educators from whom they had learned the most and least. This survey was open for approximately six weeks with 177 respondents. Participants included medical laboratory scientists (71.8%), medical laboratory technicians (21.8%), phlebotomists (4.5%), blood bank specialists (0.9%) and laboratory administration (0.9%). This paper focuses on three survey questions. The first question asked participants to reflect on clinical educators from whom they had learned the most and explain why. Themes included teaching ability (37.2%), engagement (25.6%), passion (18.6%) and knowledge (16.3%). The second question asked participants to reflect on educators they had learned the least from and explain why. Themes included teaching challenges (48.8%), disengagement (29.3%) and unprofessionalism (19.5%). The third question asked about barriers to clinical training. Main themes included staffing shortages (25.8%), COVID-19-related issues (12.9%) and work culture (12.9%). Little research has been published on the student perspective of clinical training in laboratory sciences. This research provides insight into what students consider helpful in their training and what hinders their learning. Full article

16 pages, 690 KB

Open AccessSystematic Review

Hands Deserve Better: A Systematic Review on Surgical Glove Fit and Provider Performance

by Abhishek Chatterjee, Deborah L. Spratt, Andreas Enz, Jessica Bah-Rösman and C. Tod Brindle

J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(21), 7695; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14217695 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

Background: The maintenance of an aseptic barrier between the surgical team and patient aids in the prevention of exposure of the patient to pathogens. Variations in gloving practice may have safety implications due to glove failure. An important relationship exists between optimum glove fit and manual dexterity, tactile sensitivity, and fatigue. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the presence and quality of the available literature that investigates the critical association between glove fit and provider performance in the operating theatre and to ascertain whether there is an established standard to determine appropriate glove size. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was undertaken in accordance with the PRISMA statement using one distinct research question regarding glove fit (INPLASY2025100008). Searches on PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Collaboration of Systematic Reviews and Metanalyses and Google Scholar were performed between 1 May 2022 and 24 January 2023. Studies were assessed for eligibility against pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Risk of bias was determined using multiple assessment tools. Results: This systematic review included 18 studies, nine of which were high-quality Level I or II trials, and multiple observational analyses. Poor glove fit was consistently associated with reduced manual dexterity, impaired tactile sensitivity, and decreased comfort, while oversized or undersized gloves increased the risk of glove perforation and fatigue. These findings underscore the clinical importance of appropriate glove sizing to optimize surgical performance and safety. Conclusions: There is a scarcity of high-quality studies investigating the relationship of glove fit and performance. Furthermore, there does not appear to be a standard method to determine the optimal glove fit for members of the surgical team, nor are there practical examples of how glove size is determined. Further research in this area is required. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Trauma and Orthopedic Surgery: 2nd Edition)

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23 pages, 290 KB

Open AccessArticle

Are Cryptocurrency Prices in Line with Fundamental Assets?

by Melanie Cao and Andy Hou

J. Risk Financial Manag. 2025, 18(11), 608; https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm18110608 - 30 Oct 2025

Abstract

This paper presents the first rigorous empirical investigation into a fundamental question of cryptocurrency valuation: Are cryptocurrency prices in line with the prices of fundamental assets? To answer this, we analyze the nine largest cryptocurrencies by market capitalization—Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), Solana (SOL), Binance Coin (BNB), Ripple (XRP), Cardano (ADA), Litecoin (LTC), Tron (TRX), and the stablecoin DAI—against a suite of traditional benchmarks, including major fiat currencies (EUR, CAD, JPY), gold, and the S&P500 index. Our dataset spans from 1 January 2014 to 30 June 2025, with start dates varying for newer cryptocurrencies to ensure robust time series analysis. Guided by the asset pricing theory, we formulate a martingale test: if a cryptocurrency is priced in line with a fundamental numeraire asset, its price ratio relative to that numeraire must follow a martingale process. Our extensive empirical analysis reveals that the prices of major cryptocurrencies (BTC, ETH, SOL, BNB) consistently reject the martingale hypothesis when traditional assets (currencies, gold, equities) serve as the numeraire, indicating a decoupling from fundamental valuation anchors. Conversely, when Bitcoin or Ethereum itself is used as the numeraire, most smaller cryptocurrencies are priced in line with these crypto benchmarks, suggesting an internal valuation ecosystem that operates independently of traditional finance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Future of Money: Central Bank Digital Currencies, Cryptocurrencies and Stablecoins, 2nd Edition)

25 pages, 2033 KB

Open AccessArticle

Graph Neural Networks and Explainable Spillovers: Global Monetary and Oil Shocks in GCC Financial Markets

by Amer Morshed

Economies 2025, 13(11), 308; https://doi.org/10.3390/economies13110308 - 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

This study investigates how global monetary and oil shocks propagate across advanced and pegged oil economies, focusing on the United States, Germany, the United Kingdom, Saudi Arabia, and the United Arab Emirates over the period 2015–2023. It examines which transmission channels—liquidity, credit, or equity—serve as the dominant conduits of spillovers under fixed exchange rate regimes. To address this question, this paper develops a hybrid causal–computational framework that integrates high-frequency identification of monetary and oil shocks with econometric benchmarks (Local Projections and Time-Varying Parameter VARs) and a Graph Neural Network-based Causal Shock Network (GNN-CSN) enhanced with SHAP explainability. The results show that global monetary shocks significantly raise interbank funding costs in Saudi Arabia and the UAE, while sovereign credit spreads remain largely stable, indicating that liquidity—not credit—constitutes the main transmission channel. Equity markets absorb much of the external adjustment, reflecting sectoral sensitivity to global cycles. By combining causal identification, dynamic estimation, and explainable machine learning, the framework improves predictive accuracy and transparency, offering new evidence on how external shocks shape financial dynamics in resource-dependent, dollar-pegged economies. Full article

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28 pages, 1965 KB

Open AccessArticle

Aspectual Architecture of the Slavic Verb and Its Nominal Analogies

by Petr Biskup

Languages 2025, 10(11), 274; https://doi.org/10.3390/languages10110274 - 29 Oct 2025

Abstract

It has been argued that there are analogies between the nominal domain and the verbal domain in natural languages. Most approaches dealing with these analogies in Slavic languages investigate them from the semantic and aspectual points of view. In contrast to them, this article focuses on morphosyntactic parallels. It investigates all five aspectual markers of verbal predicates: prefixes, the secondary imperfective, the semelfactive morpheme, the iterative -a and the habitual suffix. The analysis follows the Distributed Morphology framework. This article addresses the question of which morphosyntactic correspondences these aspectual markers have in the nominal domain. It is argued that the iterative secondary imperfective is a parallel of the nominal number projection and that the habitual morpheme in North Slavic languages is the counterpart of the nominal determiner. Verbal prefixes are analogous to nominal classifiers, and in addition, lexical prefixes parallel the nominal complement, and superlexical prefixes correspond to adjectival modifiers of the nominal domain. The internal iterative -a, as a spell-out of the verbal categorizing head, is analogous to the categorizing head of nouns. Thus, it is argued that Slavic also has event-internal and event-external pluractional markers. The semelfactive morpheme parallels the singulative (diminutive) marker of the nominal domain, and we argue that these markers adjoin to the root before the categorizing head. This argues against the standard claim that semelfactives are derived from iteratives (multiplicatives). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Aspectual Architecture of the Slavic Verb: Analogies in Different Languages and Other Grammatical Domains)

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