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Search Results (48,149)

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17 pages, 3259 KB  
Article
Experimental Design of a Novel Daylighting Louver System (DLS); Prototype Validation in Edinburgh Climate for Maximum Daylight Utilisation
by Ahmad Eltaweel, Islam Shyha, Muna Alsukkar and Jamal Alabid
Architecture 2025, 5(4), 93; https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture5040093 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Achieving optimal daylighting in buildings necessitates complex and expensive control systems. This research addresses this challenge by proposing a simple and more practical solution: a parametric louver system based on rotating slats controlled by stepper motors, powered by an Integrated Circuit platform (Arduino [...] Read more.
Achieving optimal daylighting in buildings necessitates complex and expensive control systems. This research addresses this challenge by proposing a simple and more practical solution: a parametric louver system based on rotating slats controlled by stepper motors, powered by an Integrated Circuit platform (Arduino board), which can translate the digital figures (the rotation angles) to a physical action. The system automatically adjusts the slats in accordance with solar altitudes and reflects them to specific targets over the ceiling. This ensures a uniform and comfortable distribution of daylight throughout a room. This system was developed using Grasshopper as the parametric software, with future control planned via a user-friendly mobile app through a preliminary prototype. This daylighting system prioritises human visual comfort while targeting a significant 53% reduction in electrical lighting energy consumption. The system aims to enhance occupant well-being to significantly increase energy savings, making it a compelling solution for sustainable building design. Full article
29 pages, 2241 KB  
Article
Mathematical Development for the Minimum Cost of Elliptical Combined Footings
by Griselda Santiago-Hurtado, Arnulfo Luévanos-Rojas, Victor Manuel Moreno-Landeros, Eyran Roberto Diaz-Gurrola, Rajeswari Narayanasamy, Facundo Cortés-Martínez and Luis Daimir López-León
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3633; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193633 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
This work shows the mathematical development for the minimum cost of ECF (elliptical combined footings) subjected to biaxial bending due to the two columns, assuming that the distribution of soil pressure below the footing is linear and that the footing rests on elastic [...] Read more.
This work shows the mathematical development for the minimum cost of ECF (elliptical combined footings) subjected to biaxial bending due to the two columns, assuming that the distribution of soil pressure below the footing is linear and that the footing rests on elastic soil. There are no similar contributions on the subject of this article, as it is an innovative contribution in terms of its form. This work is developed in two parts: first, determine the minimum area in contact with the soil below the footing, and then the minimum cost is obtained. The formulation of the development by integration is shown to determine the moments, unidirectional shears, and punching shears acting on the critical sections, according to the ACI (American Concrete Institute) design code, and then the flowchart algorithm is applied to determine the solution using Maple Software, which is the main contribution of this article. Some authors show studies on the combined footings of various shapes such as rectangular, trapezoidal, strap, corner or L, and T, but there are none for ECF. Two numerical studies are shown with different length: the first with free ends in the longitudinal direction and the second with ends limited in the longitudinal direction to estimate the minimum cost of ECF under biaxial bending. A third numerical study is shown, with different allowable bearing capacities of the ground and with free ends in the longitudinal direction. Also, a comparison is developed between ECF and RCF (rectangular combined footings). The model for the design of ECF shows a savings of 7.17% with limited ends and a savings of 1.67% with free ends for the minimum area, and for the minimum cost, it shows a savings of 23.95% with limited ends and a savings of 9.14% with free ends rather than RCF. Therefore, the proposed development will be of great help to structural engineers specializing in foundations, as it represents significant savings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Structures)
13 pages, 1104 KB  
Article
Whole Genome Development of Specific Alien-Chromosome Oligo (SAO) Markers for Wild Peanut Chromosomes Based on Chorus2
by Haojie Sun, Chunjiao Jiang, Weijie Qi, Yan Chen, Xinying Song, Chuantang Wang, Jing Yu and Guangdi Yuan
Plants 2025, 14(19), 3114; https://doi.org/10.3390/plants14193114 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oilseed and economic crop, but its narrow genetic base limits breeding progress. Wild Arachis species represent valuable genetic resources for enhancing the resilience of the peanut cultigen. While wild species from section [...] Read more.
The cultivated peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is a globally important oilseed and economic crop, but its narrow genetic base limits breeding progress. Wild Arachis species represent valuable genetic resources for enhancing the resilience of the peanut cultigen. While wild species from section Arachis are widely used in breeding programs, the detection of alien chromosomes in hybrids remains challenging due to limited molecular tools. In this study, a cost-effective and efficient system was established for generating species-specific molecular markers using low-coverage next-generation sequencing data, bypassing the need for whole-genome assembly. Utilizing the Chorus2 software, specific alien-chromosome oligo (SAO) markers were developed for four wild species, A. duranensis (accession A19), A. pusilla (A10), A. appresipilla (A33), and A. glabrata (G2 and G3). A total of 1166 primer pairs were designed, resulting in 220 SAO markers specific to A. duranensis, 77 to A. pusilla, 112 to A. appresipilla, 69 to A. glabrata G2, and 59 to A. glabrata G3, with the highest development efficiency observed in A. duranensis (55.0%). These markers span all chromosomes of the five wild accessions. Genome-wide, chromosome-specific SAO markers enable the efficient detection of introgressed alien chromosomes and provide insight into syntenic relationships among homoeologous chromosomes. These markers offer an effective tool for identifying favorable genes and facilitating targeted introgression for the genetic improvement of the cultivated peanut. Full article
25 pages, 3887 KB  
Article
A Semi-Automatic and Visual Leaf Area Measurement System Integrating Hough Transform and Gaussian Level-Set Method
by Linjuan Wang, Chengyi Hao, Xiaoying Zhang, Wenfeng Guo, Zhifang Bi, Zhaoqing Lan, Lili Zhang and Yuanhuai Han
Agriculture 2025, 15(19), 2101; https://doi.org/10.3390/agriculture15192101 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Accurate leaf area measurement is essential for plant growth monitoring and ecological research; however, it is often challenged by perspective distortion and color inconsistencies resulting from variations in shooting conditions and plant status. To address these issues, this study proposes a visual and [...] Read more.
Accurate leaf area measurement is essential for plant growth monitoring and ecological research; however, it is often challenged by perspective distortion and color inconsistencies resulting from variations in shooting conditions and plant status. To address these issues, this study proposes a visual and semi-automatic measurement system. The system utilizes Hough transform-based perspective transformation to correct perspective distortions and incorporates manually sampled points to obtain prior color information, effectively mitigating color inconsistency. Based on this prior knowledge, the level-set function is automatically initialized. The leaf extraction is achieved through level-set curve evolution that minimizes an energy function derived from a multivariate Gaussian distribution model, and the evolution process allows visual monitoring of the leaf extraction progress. Experimental results demonstrate robust performance under diverse conditions: the standard deviation remains below 1 cm2, the relative error is under 1%, the coefficient of variation is less than 3%, and processing time is under 10 s for most images. Compared to the traditional labor-intensive and time-consuming manual photocopy-weighing approach, as well as OpenPheno (which lacks parameter adjustability) and ImageJ 1.54g (whose results are highly operator-dependent), the proposed system provides a more flexible, controllable, and robust semi-automatic solution. It significantly reduces operational barriers while enhancing measurement stability, demonstrating considerable practical application value. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Artificial Intelligence and Digital Agriculture)
28 pages, 986 KB  
Article
Unlocking Carbon Emissions and Total Factor Productivity Nexus: Causal Moderation of Ownership Structures via Entropy Methods in Chinese Enterprises
by Ruize Cai, Jie You and Minho Kim
Entropy 2025, 27(10), 1048; https://doi.org/10.3390/e27101048 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Amidst global imperatives for environmental sustainability, this study investigates the nexus between carbon emissions reduction (CER), ownership structures, and total factor productivity (TFP) in Chinese enterprises—recognized as vital economic drivers facing carbon emissions pressures. Based on the theoretical frameworks of innovation offsets, agency [...] Read more.
Amidst global imperatives for environmental sustainability, this study investigates the nexus between carbon emissions reduction (CER), ownership structures, and total factor productivity (TFP) in Chinese enterprises—recognized as vital economic drivers facing carbon emissions pressures. Based on the theoretical frameworks of innovation offsets, agency cost theory, and upper echelons theory, with data from CSMAR (2009–2023), we proposed a positive effect of CER on TFP while examining the moderating roles of ownership structure metrics: chairman shareholding ratio, manager shareholding ratio, and ownership–control separation ratio. TFP estimation employed dual approaches: mean consolidation (TFP-Mean) and entropy weighting (TFP-Entropy) methods. The results confirmed CER exerts significantly positive impacts on TFP, with ownership structures demonstrating statistically significant yet directionally heterogeneous moderation effects. Heterogeneity analysis reveals heightened TFP sensitivity to carbon emission initiatives among private enterprises, foreign-owned enterprises, and small enterprises. Notably, the entropy weighting method exhibits substantial comparative advantages in TFP measurement. These findings underscore that advancing TFP necessitates simultaneously optimizing carbon emissions efficiency and ownership governance. Full article
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19 pages, 4558 KB  
Article
Study on the Effect of Seatback Recline Angle and Connection Stiffness on Occupant Injury in High-Speed Train Collisions
by Fei Yu, Xu Sang, Honglei Tian, Longxi Liu and Wenbin Wang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10852; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910852 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
This study investigates occupant–seat interaction dynamics in high-speed train frontal collisions. A finite element model of a second-class double seat was developed and simulated using LS-DYNA R12.1 software with a Hybrid III dummy, applying trapezoidal and triangular acceleration pulses per European and American [...] Read more.
This study investigates occupant–seat interaction dynamics in high-speed train frontal collisions. A finite element model of a second-class double seat was developed and simulated using LS-DYNA R12.1 software with a Hybrid III dummy, applying trapezoidal and triangular acceleration pulses per European and American standards. The research analyzes the impact of front-row seatback recline angles (0°, 10°, 20°) and seatback-to-base connection stiffness (1000 N/mm to 0 N/mm) on head, neck, chest, and leg injury severity. Results show that a 10° recline provides optimal protection under fixed stiffness. When optimizing both parameters, a 0° recline with approximately 300 N/mm stiffness minimizes composite injury metrics (HIC15, Nij, CTI). However, reducing stiffness at non-zero recline angles increases neck injury risk due to tray table displacement toward the cervical region. These findings emphasize the critical importance of integrated seat design optimization for rail passenger passive safety and highlight the need to mitigate tray table hazards. Full article
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23 pages, 2634 KB  
Article
Research on the Optimization Design of Natural Ventilation in University Dormitories Based on the Healthy Building Concept: A Case Study of Xuzhou Region
by Zhongcheng Duan, Yilun Zi, Leilei Wang and Shichun Dong
Buildings 2025, 15(19), 3630; https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings15193630 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
As the core space for students’ daily living and learning, the quality of the indoor wind environment and air quality in dormitory buildings is particularly critical. However, existing studies often neglect natural ventilation optimization under local climatic conditions and the multidimensional evaluation of [...] Read more.
As the core space for students’ daily living and learning, the quality of the indoor wind environment and air quality in dormitory buildings is particularly critical. However, existing studies often neglect natural ventilation optimization under local climatic conditions and the multidimensional evaluation of health benefits, leaving notable gaps in dormitory design. Under the Healthy China Initiative, the indoor wind environment in university dormitories directly impacts students’ health and learning efficiency. This study selects dormitory buildings in Xuzhou as the research object and employs ANSYS FLUENT 2020 software for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, combined with orthogonal experimental design methods, to systematically investigate and optimize the indoor wind environment with a focus on healthy ventilation standards. The evaluation focused on three key metrics—comfortable wind speed ratio, air age, and CO2 concentration—considering the effects of building orientation, corridor width, and window geometry, and identifying the optimal parameter combination. After optimization based on the orthogonal experimental design, the proportion of comfortable wind speed zones increased to 44.6%, the mean air age decreased to 258 s, and CO2 concentration stabilized at 613 ppm. These results demonstrate that the proposed optimization framework can effectively enhance indoor air renewal and pollutant removal, thereby improving both air quality and the health-related performance of dormitory spaces. The novelty of this study lies in integrating regional climate conditions with a coordinated CFD–orthogonal design approach. This enables precise optimization of dormitory ventilation performance and provides locally tailored, actionable evidence for advancing healthy campus design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Building Energy, Physics, Environment, and Systems)
33 pages, 1240 KB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Visualization of Product Manufacturing Information in a Web Browser Based on STEP AP242 and WebGL.
by Yazhou Chen, Hongxing Wang, Lin Wang, Songqin Xu, Longxing Liao, Jingyu Mo and Xiaochuan Lin
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10847; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910847 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Commercial computer-aided design (CAD) software is often expensive. This paper examines the use of product manufacturing information (PMI) web visualization to address the challenges faced by production site personnel and external partners collaborating on product development. These individuals need to be able to [...] Read more.
Commercial computer-aided design (CAD) software is often expensive. This paper examines the use of product manufacturing information (PMI) web visualization to address the challenges faced by production site personnel and external partners collaborating on product development. These individuals need to be able to view or query PMI in model-based definition models without having to install professional CAD software. A detailed analysis of the relationships between PMI entity attributes in standard for the exchange of product model data (STEP) AP242 files was conducted. An algorithm for the automatic parsing and mapping of PMI semantics to a web browser is presented. Using linear sizes as an example, this paper introduces a prototype system with the following features: PMI web visualization; automatic linkage of PMI to associated geometry; browser-native rendering without the need for dedicated applications; and integration of graphical presentation and semantic representation. The effectiveness and feasibility of the prototype system are validated through case studies. However, the system has limitations when handling large assemblies with compound tolerances, curved dimension placements, and overlapping annotations, which presents areas for future research. Full article
17 pages, 1049 KB  
Article
AI-Based Facial Emotion Analysis in Infants During Complimentary Feeding: A Descriptive Study of Maternal and Infant Influences
by Murat Gülşen, Beril Aydın, Güliz Gürer and Sıddika Songül Yalçın
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3182; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193182 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Infant emotional responses during complementary feeding offer key insights into early developmental processes and feeding behaviors. AI-driven facial emotion analysis presents a novel, objective method to quantify these subtle expressions, potentially informing interventions in early childhood nutrition. We aimed to investigate [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Infant emotional responses during complementary feeding offer key insights into early developmental processes and feeding behaviors. AI-driven facial emotion analysis presents a novel, objective method to quantify these subtle expressions, potentially informing interventions in early childhood nutrition. We aimed to investigate how maternal and infant traits influence infants’ emotional responses during complementary feeding using an automated facial analysis tool. Methods: This multi-center study involved 117 typically developing infants (6–11 months) and their mothers. Standardized feeding sessions were recorded, and OpenFace software quantified six emotions (surprise, sadness, fear, happiness, anger, disgust). Data were normalized and analyzed via Generalized Estimating Equations to identify associations with maternal BMI, education, work status, and infant age, sex, and complementary feeding initiation. Results: Emotional responses did not differ significantly across five food groups. Infants of mothers with BMI >30 kg/m2 showed greater surprise, while those whose mothers were well-educated and not working displayed more happiness. Older infants and those introduced to complementary feeding before six months exhibited higher levels of anger. Parental or infant food selectivity did not significantly affect responses. Conclusions: The findings indicate that maternal and infant demographic factors exert a more pronounced influence on infant emotional responses during complementary feeding than the type of food provided. These results highlight the importance of integrating broader psychosocial variables into early feeding practices and underscore the potential utility of AI-driven facial emotion analysis in advancing research on infant development. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition Methodology & Assessment)
19 pages, 1580 KB  
Article
Numerical and Experimental Assessment of Poly-Pyrrole Used in Spinal Cord Injuries
by Carlos Alberto Espinoza-Garcés, Axayácatl Morales-Guadarrama, Elliot Alonso Alcántara-Arreola, Jose Luis Torres-Ariza, Mario Alberto Grave-Capistrán and Christopher René Torres-SanMiguel
Biomimetics 2025, 10(10), 677; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomimetics10100677 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Some common conductive polymers are polyfuran, polyacetylene, polythiophene, and poly-pyrrole. Since their discovery, many researchers have been exploring and evaluating their conductive and electronic properties. Various applications have been developed for conductive materials. Their biocompatibility offers a new alternative for studying and solving [...] Read more.
Some common conductive polymers are polyfuran, polyacetylene, polythiophene, and poly-pyrrole. Since their discovery, many researchers have been exploring and evaluating their conductive and electronic properties. Various applications have been developed for conductive materials. Their biocompatibility offers a new alternative for studying and solving complex problems, such as cellular activity, or, more recently, for use as neural implants and as an alternative to spinal cord regenerative tissue. This is particularly true for the use of poly pyrrole. The main obstacle lies in estimating some of the mechanical properties, such as Young’s or shear modulus values for poly pyrrole, since these vary depending on the type of synthesis used. This article outlines a composite methodology for characterizing the elastic modulus according to ASTM D882 and the shear modulus according to E143 standards. It is specifically designed and applied for 3D composite samples involving PLA and PPy, where the PPy was processed by plasma oxidation. As a result, an increase of 360.11 MPa in the modulus of elasticity is observed on samples coated with poly pyrrole. The results are evaluated through a numerical test using COMSOL Multiphysics software 6.2 version, finding a similar behavior in the elastic zone, as indicated by the stress–strain diagram. The statistical analysis yields consistent data for tensile and shear results, with low to moderate variability. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Biomaterials, Biocomposites and Biopolymers 2025)
12 pages, 687 KB  
Article
Collateral Status Evaluation Using CT Angiography and Perfusion Source Images in Acute Stroke Patients
by Heitor C. B. R. Alves, Bruna G. Dutra, Vivian Gagliardi, Rubens J. Gagliardi, Felipe T. Pacheco, Antonio C. M. Maia and Antônio J. da Rocha
Brain Sci. 2025, 15(10), 1092; https://doi.org/10.3390/brainsci15101092 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Single-phase CT angiography (sCTA) is widely used to assess collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke, but its static nature can lead to an underestimation of collateral flow. Our study aimed to develop and validate a direct, qualitative dynamic CTA (dCTA) collateral score [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Single-phase CT angiography (sCTA) is widely used to assess collateral circulation in acute ischemic stroke, but its static nature can lead to an underestimation of collateral flow. Our study aimed to develop and validate a direct, qualitative dynamic CTA (dCTA) collateral score based on CTP source images, without the need for post-processing software, to provide a more accurate prognostic tool. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed 112 patients with anterior circulation ischemic stroke from a prospective registry who underwent non-contrast CT, sCTA, and CTP within 8 h of onset. Collateral circulation was graded using a 4-point sCTA score and our novel 4-point dCTA score, which incorporates temporal filling patterns. We used linear regression to compare the association of both scores with CTP-derived core/hypoperfusion volumes, infarct growth, and final infarct volume. Results: The dCTA method frequently reclassified patients with poor collaterals on sCTA to good collaterals on dCTA (n = 23), while the reverse was rare (n = 5). A better collateral score was significantly associated with smaller core volume for both sCTA and dCTA, but the dCTA score demonstrated a superior model fit (R2 = 0.36 vs. 0.32). Similar superior correlations for dCTA were observed for hypoperfusion, infarct growth, and final infarct volumes. Critically, only the dCTA score significantly modified the association between core volume and time since stroke onset (p for interaction = 0.04). Conclusions: A collateral score derived from CTP source images (dCTA) offers a more reliable prediction of infarct lesion sizes and progression than conventional sCTA. By incorporating temporal resolution without requiring extra software, dCTA provides a robust correlation with stroke temporal evolution and represents a readily implementable tool to enhance patient selection in acute stroke. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Stroke: Epidemiology, Diagnosis, Etiology, Treatment, and Prevention)
15 pages, 613 KB  
Article
Contract-Graph Fusion and Cross-Graph Matching for Smart-Contract Vulnerability Detection
by Xue Liang, Yao Tan, Jun Song and Fan Yang
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10844; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910844 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Smart contracts empower many blockchain applications but are exposed to code-level defects. Existing methods do not scale to the evolving code, do not represent complex control and data flows, and lack granular and calibrated evidence. To address the above concerns, we present an [...] Read more.
Smart contracts empower many blockchain applications but are exposed to code-level defects. Existing methods do not scale to the evolving code, do not represent complex control and data flows, and lack granular and calibrated evidence. To address the above concerns, we present an across-graph corresponding contract-graph method for vulnerability detection: abstract syntax, control flow, and data flow are fused into a typed, directed contract-graph whose nodes are enriched with pre-code embeddings (GraphCodeBERT or CodeT5+). A Graph Matching Network (GMN) with cross-graph attention compares contract-graphs, aligns homologous sub-graphs associated with vulnerabilities, and supports the interpretation of statements at the level of balance between a broad structural coverage and a discriminative pairwise alignment. The evaluation follows a deployment-oriented protocol with thresholds fixed for validation, multi-seed averaging, and a conservative estimate of sensitivity under low-false-positive budgets. On SmartBugs Wild, the method consistently and markedly exceeds strong rule-based and learning baselines and maintains a higher sensitivity to matching false-positive rates; ablations track the gains to multi-graph fusion, pre-trained encoders, and cross-graph matching, stable through seeds. Full article
17 pages, 1805 KB  
Article
Comparative Analysis of Implant Deviation with Varying Angulations and Lengths Using a Surgical Guide: An In Vitro Experimental Study
by Bakhan Ahmed Mohammed and Ranj Adil Jalal
Prosthesis 2025, 7(5), 125; https://doi.org/10.3390/prosthesis7050125 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Implant placement requires a digital workflow and the use of surgical guides. However, there is divergence in the angulation length of influence and precision. Therefore, a 3D assessment is also required. This insertion study aims to evaluate the accuracy in vitro by utilizing [...] Read more.
Implant placement requires a digital workflow and the use of surgical guides. However, there is divergence in the angulation length of influence and precision. Therefore, a 3D assessment is also required. This insertion study aims to evaluate the accuracy in vitro by utilizing guided templates, deviation analysis, depth, and orientation over different lengths and angles. Methods and Materials: This study comprises a total of 180 implants placed in 90 resin-printed mandibular models, divided into nine groups (a 3 × 3 factorial design, n = 20/group). A reference model was created using Real GUIDE software (version5.3), integrating a CBCT scanner (Carestream CS 9600, Medit Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea) and an intraoral scanner (Medit i900) (Medit Corp., Seoul, Republic of Korea). Implant planning and surgical guide design were digitally executed and printed with Mazic resin (Vericom Co., Ltd., Chuncheon, Republic of Korea). Implants were placed using Oxy Implant PSK Line (Oxy Implant, Brescia, Italy) fixtures in mannequins. Postoperative CBCT scans were used to measure deviations in angular, vertical, and lateral dimensions using CS Imaging (v8.0.22) (Carestream Dental LLC, Atlanta, GA, USA). Statistical analysis was run by using SPSS v26. Results: The results demonstrated that implant angulation significantly impacted the precision of placement. Angulating escalation leads to intensive deviations, which are linear and angular calculations. On the one hand, the most significant deviations were observed at a 25° angulation, particularly in the buccal and lingual apex regions. On the other hand, 0° exhibited minimal deviations. Longer implants showed reduced angular deviations, whereas shorter implants (8.5 mm) exhibited higher vertical deviations, particularly at 0° of angulation. Moderate angulation (15°) with 11.5 mm implants provided the highest precision, while 0° angulation with 15 mm implants consistently exhibited the least deviation. These findings pinpoint the fundamental importance of angulation and implant length for exceptional placement accuracy. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the influence of placement accuracy with static guides on implant angulation and length. Moderate angulation, which is (15°), enhances accuracy, particularly within 11.5 mm implants. On the other hand, steeper angles (25°) and longer implants (15 mm) result in elevated deviations. Guidance formation and operator experience are also vital. Full article
32 pages, 8611 KB  
Article
Softwarized Edge Intelligence for Advanced IIoT Ecosystems: A Data-Driven Architecture Across the Cloud/Edge Continuum
by David Carrascal, Javier Díaz-Fuentes, Nicolas Manso, Diego Lopez-Pajares, Elisa Rojas, Marco Savi and Jose M. Arco
Appl. Sci. 2025, 15(19), 10829; https://doi.org/10.3390/app151910829 - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
The evolution of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems demands flexible and intelligent architectures capable of addressing low-latency requirements, real-time analytics, and adaptive resource management. In this context, softwarized edge computing emerges as a key enabler, supporting advanced IoT deployments through programmable infrastructures, [...] Read more.
The evolution of Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) systems demands flexible and intelligent architectures capable of addressing low-latency requirements, real-time analytics, and adaptive resource management. In this context, softwarized edge computing emerges as a key enabler, supporting advanced IoT deployments through programmable infrastructures, distributed intelligence, and seamless integration with cloud environments. This paper presents an extended and publicly available proof of concept (PoC) for a softwarized, data-driven architecture designed to operate across the cloud/edge/IoT continuum. The proposed architecture incorporates containerized microservices, open standards, and ML-based inference services to enable runtime decision-making and on-the-fly network reconfiguration based on real-time telemetry from IIoT nodes. Unlike traditional solutions, our approach leverages a modular control plane capable of triggering dynamic adaptations in the system through RESTful communication with a cloud-hosted inference engine, thus enhancing responsiveness and autonomy. We evaluate the system in representative IIoT scenarios involving multi-agent collaboration, showcasing its ability to process data at the edge, minimize latency, and support real-time decision-making. This work contributes to the ongoing efforts toward building advanced IoT ecosystems by bridging conceptual designs and practical implementations, offering a robust foundation for future research and deployment in intelligent, software-defined industrial environments. Full article
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24 pages, 1354 KB  
Review
Security Requirements Engineering: A Review and Analysis
by Aftab Alam Janisar, Ayman Meidan, Khairul Shafee bin Kalid, Abdul Rehman Gilal and Aliza Bt Sarlan
Computers 2025, 14(10), 429; https://doi.org/10.3390/computers14100429 (registering DOI) - 9 Oct 2025
Abstract
Security is crucial, especially as software systems become increasingly complex. Both practitioners and researchers advocate for the early integration of security requirements (SR) into the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). However, ensuring the validation and assurance of security requirements is still a major [...] Read more.
Security is crucial, especially as software systems become increasingly complex. Both practitioners and researchers advocate for the early integration of security requirements (SR) into the Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC). However, ensuring the validation and assurance of security requirements is still a major challenge in developing secure systems. To investigate this issue, a two-phase study was carried out. First phase: a literature review was conducted on 45 relevant studies related to Security Requirements Engineering (SRE) and Security Requirements Assurance (SRA). Nine SRE techniques were examined across multiple parameters, including major categories, requirements engineering stages, project scale, and the integration of standards involving 17 distinct activities. Second phase: An empirical survey of 58 industry professionals revealed a clear disparity between the understanding of Security Requirements Engineering (SRE) and the implementation of Security Requirements Assurance (SRA). While statistical analyses (ANOVA, regression, correlation, Kruskal–Wallis) confirmed a moderate grasp of SRE practices, SRA remains poorly understood and underapplied. Unlike prior studies focused on isolated models, this research combines practical insights with comparative analysis, highlighting the systemic neglect of SRA in current practices. The findings indicate the need for stronger security assurance in early development phases, offering targeted, data-driven recommendations for bridging this gap. Full article
(This article belongs to the Topic Innovation, Communication and Engineering)
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