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11 pages, 9966 KB

Open AccessArticle

High Efficiency Dual-Band Dual-Circularly Polarized Transmitarray Antenna

by Tianling Zhang, Boxiang Yang, Jiayin Guo, Yuanjun Shen, Liangqin Luo and Lei Chen

Micromachines 2025, 16(3), 260; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi16030260 - 26 Feb 2025

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1069

A dual-band dual-circularly polarized transmitarray antenna (TA) operating in the 28/39 GHz millimeter-wave band is proposed in this article. The TA unit consists of two parts: a broadband linearly polarized (LP) receiving part and a dual-band dual-circularly polarized transmitting part. An over-2-bit phase compensation is achieved by changing the size of the U-shaped slot and the rotation status of the receiving part. A 24 × 24 TA model with an aperture size of 88.8 mm × 88.8 mm is built up by using the proposed units and fed by a wide-band corrugated horn antenna. The simulated results show that the maximum gain of the dual-band dual-circularly polarized TA is 26.28 dBic within the low-band (26.5–29.5 GHz) and 27.4 dBic within the high-band (37–40 GHz). To verify the accuracy of the simulation, a prototype of the proposed TA is fabricated and measured. The measured maximum efficiencies are 53.56% and 42.89% in low and high bands, respectively. The proposed TA covers two bands (28/39 GHz) for fifth generation (5G) millimeter-wave applications. Moreover, it features low cost, high gain, and high efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Microwave Passive Components, 2nd Edition)

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11 pages, 6959 KB

Open AccessCommunication

Metasurface Source Antenna Gain Improvement Using Simple Side Metal Structure

by HongGuk Bae, JaeGon Lee and SangWook Park

Sensors 2024, 24(20), 6695; https://doi.org/10.3390/s24206695 - 18 Oct 2024

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2142

Abstract

As metasurfaces are in the spotlight, research is being conducted to incorporate them into transmitarray (TA) antennas. Among these, as an attempt to create a low-profile design, a patch antenna classified as low-gain can be utilized as an appropriate source antenna. However, for high efficiency of the TA, the gain of the source antenna must be fundamentally improved. For this, a simple side metal structure was applied to a metallic cross-type slot transmitarray. This acts as a resonant element and reflector by utilizing the electromagnetic wave radiated from the source antenna. The changes in the center frequency and gain due to the application of the side metal structure to the source antenna were analyzed. The gain of the source antenna was improved by a total of 4.63 dB. This is expected to be applied to create various source waves and to conduct future research on improving the gain in transmitarray antennas. Full article

(This article belongs to the Collection Advances in Metamaterials or Plasmonics-Based Sensors)

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14 pages, 16838 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Broadband Transmitarray Antenna Using a Metasurface-Based Element for Millimeter-Wave Applications

by Yue Cao, Miaojuan Zhang, Chong Fan and Jian-Xin Chen

Micromachines 2024, 15(3), 383; https://doi.org/10.3390/mi15030383 - 13 Mar 2024

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2230

Abstract

In this manuscript, a broadband transmitarray antenna (TA) using a metasurface-based element is presented for millimeter-wave communication applications. The metasurface-based TA element adopts a receiver–transmitter configuration: metasurfaces are applied as the receiver and transmitter, and slot-coupled differentially fed striplines are used as the phase compensation. The designed TA element achieves good transmission performance with a more than 360° transmission phase shift range and less than 1-dB transmission insertion loss within a wide frequency range. To verify the proposed TA, a prototype is fabricated based on the conventional printed circuit board (PCB) process, and a pyramid horn is designed as the source. The measured results show that the proposed TA with the differential feed network presents a 1-dB gain bandwidth of 26.2% from 23.5 to 30.5 GHz and a peak gain of 24.5 dBi. The designed TA is a promising alternative for millimeter-wave communications applications because of its high gain, broad bandwidth, low costs, and convenient integration with other circuits. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Antenna System: Structural Analysis, Design and Application)

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10 pages, 5263 KB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Profile High-Efficiency Transmitarray Antenna for Beamforming Applications

by Jae-Gon Lee and Jeong-Hae Lee

Electronics 2023, 12(14), 3178; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12143178 - 21 Jul 2023

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2336

Abstract

A low-profile high-efficiency transmitarray antenna (TA) for beamforming applications is proposed and investigated in this paper. The partial H-plane waveguide slot array antenna is employed as the compact low-profile feeding structure of the beamforming TA. The designed TA can achieve a high taper efficiency due to the multi-array sources and the compactness of the partial H-plane waveguide. Moreover, the proposed TA can inherently have a high spillover efficiency because the frequency selective surface (FSS) for beamforming is located just above the radiating slot. The FSS with a transmission phase variation of 2π is designed by a square patch array and used to manipulate the wave-front of the transmitted electromagnetic wave instead of a complicated feed network and phase shifters. To verify its beamforming characteristic, three types of FSSs to operate a forming angle of −40°, −20°, 0°, +20°, and +40° are designed at 12 GHz. The distance between the FSS and the slot array antenna is 0.1λ₀, and the aperture efficiency is measured to be about 69%. The measured results, such as the reflection coefficient and the far-field radiation pattern, are in good agreement with the simulated results. From the measured results, the proposed TA is confirmed to have good beamforming characteristics and high aperture efficiency. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Microwave and Wireless Communications)

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18 pages, 1042 KB

Open AccessFeature PaperReview

Mechanically Reconfigurable, Beam-Scanning Reflectarray and Transmitarray Antennas: A Review

by Mirhamed Mirmozafari, Zongtang Zhang, Meng Gao, Jiahao Zhao, Mohammad Mahdi Honari, John H. Booske and Nader Behdad

Appl. Sci. 2021, 11(15), 6890; https://doi.org/10.3390/app11156890 - 27 Jul 2021

Cited by 30 | Viewed by 9311

Abstract

We review mechanically reconfigurable reflectarray (RA) and transmitarray (TA) antennas. We categorize the proposed approaches into three major groups followed by a hybrid category that is made up of a combination of the three major approaches. We discuss the examples in each category and compare their performance metrics including aperture efficiency, gain, bandwidth and scanning range and resolution. We also identify opportunities to build upon or extend these demonstrated approaches to realize further advances in antenna performance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antennas and Wireless Propagation Implementing Metamaterial Structures)

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15 pages, 6054 KB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

A High-Performance Transmitarray Antenna with Thin Metasurface for 5G Communication Based on PSO (Particle Swarm Optimization)

by Chengtian Song, Lizhi Pan, Yonghui Jiao and Jianguang Jia

Sensors 2020, 20(16), 4460; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164460 - 10 Aug 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5636

Abstract

A 5G metasurface (MS) transmitarray (TA) feed by compact-antenna array with the performance of high gain and side-lobe level (SLL) reduction is presented. The proposed MS has two identical metallic layers etched on both sides of the dielectric substrate and four fixed vias connecting two metallic layers that works at 28 GHz to increase the transmission phase shift range. The proposed planar TA consisting of unit cells with different dimensional information can simulate the function as an optical lens according to the Fermat’s principle, so the quasi-spherical wave emitted by the compact Potter horn antenna at the virtual focal point will transform to the quasi-plane wave by the phase-adjustments. Then, the particle swarm optimization (PSO) is introduced to optimize the phase distribution on the TA to decrease the SLL further. It is found that the optimized TA could achieve 27 dB gain at 28 GHz, 11.8% 3 dB gain bandwidth, −30 dB SLL, and aperture efficiency of 23% at the operating bandwidth of 27.5–29.5 GHz, which performs better than the nonoptimized one. The advanced particularities of this optimized TA including low cost, low profile, and easy to configure make it great potential in paving the way to 5G communication and radar system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antenna Design for 5G and Beyond)

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13 pages, 4543 KB

Open AccessArticle

Beam Scanning Capabilities of a 3D-Printed Perforated Dielectric Transmitarray

by Andrea Massaccesi, Gianluca Dassano and Paola Pirinoli

Electronics 2019, 8(4), 379; https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics8040379 - 28 Mar 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 4955

Abstract

In this paper, the design of a beam scanning, 3D-printed dielectric Transmitarray (TA) working in Ka-band is discussed. Thanks to the use of an innovative three-layer dielectric unit-cell that exploits tapered sections to enhance the bandwidth, a 50 × 50 elements transmitarray with improved scanning capabilities and wideband behavior has been designed and experimentally validated. The measured radiation performances over a scanning coverage of ±27

^{\circ}

shown a variation of the gain lower than 2.9 dB and a 1-dB bandwidth in any case higher than 23%. The promising results suggest that the proposed TA technology is a valid alternative to realize a passive multibeam antenna, with the additional advantage that it can be easily manufactured using 3D-printing techniques. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Millimeter-Wave (mmWave) Communications)

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