Sign in to use this feature.

Years

Between: -

Subjects

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Journals

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Article Types

Countries / Regions

remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline
remove_circle_outline

Search Results (3,161)

Search Parameters:
Keywords = urine sample

Order results
Result details
Results per page
Select all
Export citation of selected articles as:
14 pages, 1269 KB  
Article
Epidemiological Survey of Human Zoonotic Fascioliasis and Schistosomiasis in the Lake Victoria and Southern Highland Ecological Zones of Tanzania
by Godlisten Shedrack Materu, Jahashi Nzalawahe, Mita Eva Sengupta, Anna-Sofie Stensgaard, Abdul Katakweba, Yasinter Silvester, Gerald P. Mwing’a, Birgitte J. Vennervald and Safari Kinung’hi
Zoonotic Dis. 2025, 5(4), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/zoonoticdis5040029 - 5 Oct 2025
Viewed by 116
Abstract
Background: Zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis, caused by trematode parasites transmitted by freshwater snails, are neglected tropical diseases of both medical and veterinary importance. There are critical knowledge gaps regarding the transmission dynamics of these infections in humans and animals, particularly in endemic African [...] Read more.
Background: Zoonotic fascioliasis and schistosomiasis, caused by trematode parasites transmitted by freshwater snails, are neglected tropical diseases of both medical and veterinary importance. There are critical knowledge gaps regarding the transmission dynamics of these infections in humans and animals, particularly in endemic African communities. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the burden of human zoonotic schistosomiasis and fascioliasis among different age groups, focusing on the Lake Victoria zone and the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among preschool-aged children, school-aged children, and adults. A total of 1557 stool and urine samples were collected, 400 from preschool children, 804 from school-aged children, and 353 from adults. Stool samples were processed using the Kato–Katz technique and the formol-ether concentration method to detect Schistosoma mansoni and Fasciola spp., respectively. Urine samples were examined for Schistosoma haematobium infection using the urine filtration method. Data were analyzed using Stata version 17. The t-tests or one-way ANOVA were used to assess statistical differences in the mean egg counts of S. mansoni and S. haematobium between exposure groups. Results: The overall prevalence of S. haematobium was 4.9%, S. mansoni was 1.2% with no significant differences across age groups, but with a statistically significant difference between sexes 1.8%. Males had a higher prevalence of both S. haematobium and S. mansoni infections compared to females. The prevalence of Fasciola infection was 0.9%, with the highest prevalence found in adults (≥18 years). Conclusions: Zoonotic schistosomiasis and fascioliasis are prevalent in the study area, affecting individuals across all age groups. This is the first study to report the presence of Fasciola infection in both the Lake Victoria zone and the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. These findings call for the Ministry of Health, through the Tanzania NTD Control Program, to recognize fascioliasis as a high-priority disease and include it in the national master plan. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 1484 KB  
Article
Insights from Metabolomics Profiling of MSUD in Pediatrics Toward Disease Progression
by Abeer Z. Alotaibi, Reem H. AlMalki, Rajaa Sebaa, Maha Al Mogren, Mohammad Alanazi, Khalid M. Sumaily, Ahmad Alodaib, Ahmed H. Mujamammi, Minnie Jacob, Essa M. Sabi, Ahmad Alfares and Anas M. Abdel Rahman
Metabolites 2025, 15(10), 658; https://doi.org/10.3390/metabo15100658 - 4 Oct 2025
Viewed by 293
Abstract
Background: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, leading to toxic buildup of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their ketoacid derivatives. While newborn screening (NBS) and molecular testing are standard diagnostic [...] Read more.
Background: Maple syrup urine disease (MSUD) is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the branched-chain α-ketoacid dehydrogenase (BCKDH) complex, leading to toxic buildup of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs) and their ketoacid derivatives. While newborn screening (NBS) and molecular testing are standard diagnostic tools, they face challenges such as delayed results and false positives. Untargeted metabolomics has emerged as a complementary approach, offering comprehensive metabolic profiling and potential for novel biomarker discovery. We previously applied untargeted metabolomics to neonates with MSUD, identifying distinct metabolic signatures. Objective: This follow-up study investigates metabolic changes and biomarkers in pediatric MSUD patients and explores shared dysregulated metabolites between neonatal and pediatric MSUD. Methods: Dried blood spot (DBS) samples from pediatric MSUD patients (n = 14) and matched healthy controls (n = 14) were analyzed using LC/MS-based untargeted metabolomics. Results: In pediatric MSUD, 3716 metabolites were upregulated and 4038 downregulated relative to controls. Among 1080 dysregulated endogenous metabolites, notable biomarkers included uric acid, hypoxanthine, and bilirubin diglucuronide. Affected pathways included sphingolipid, glycerophospholipid, purine, pyrimidine, nicotinate, and nicotinamide metabolism, and steroid hormone biosynthesis. Seventy-two metabolites overlapped with neonatal MSUD cases, some exhibiting inverse trends between age groups. Conclusion: Untargeted metabolomics reveals that the metabolic profiling of MCUD pediatric patients different from that of their controls. Also, there are valuable age-specific and shared metabolic alterations in MSUD, enhancing the understanding of disease progression in MSUD patients. This supports its utility in improving diagnostic precision and developing personalized treatment strategies across developmental stages. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

14 pages, 3597 KB  
Article
Green Synthesis and Characterization of Rosa roxburghii Tratt.-Mediated Gold Nanoparticles for Visual Colorimetric Assay of Tiopronin
by Dan Liu and Shilan Feng
Nanomaterials 2025, 15(19), 1513; https://doi.org/10.3390/nano15191513 - 3 Oct 2025
Viewed by 224
Abstract
This study used Rosa roxburghii Tratt. crude extract (RR) as a reducing, stabilizing, and modifying agent for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (RR-AuNPs) via the one-pot method for the first time and established a novel colorimetric sensor for detecting tiopronin. Initially, RR-AuNPs [...] Read more.
This study used Rosa roxburghii Tratt. crude extract (RR) as a reducing, stabilizing, and modifying agent for the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles (RR-AuNPs) via the one-pot method for the first time and established a novel colorimetric sensor for detecting tiopronin. Initially, RR-AuNPs with a uniform particle size and stable dispersion were prepared using the reducing property of RR. Upon the introduction of tiopronin, the drug binds to the surface of RR-AuNPs through Au-S bonds and hydrogen bonds, inducing a significant aggregation of RR-AuNPs. The absorbance of the RR-AuNP solution exhibited a linear relationship with the tiopronin concentration in the range of 0.17 μM to 16.67 μM (y = 1.9157 − 0.0972x), with a detection limit of 0.19 μM. The colorimetric sensor was successfully applied to detect tiopronin in urine samples. Compared with other detection methods, this approach is simple to operate and has a high sensitivity, a wide linear range, and a low detection limit. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

23 pages, 3681 KB  
Review
Comparative Effectiveness of Urine vs. Stool Gluten Immunogenic Peptides Testing for Monitoring Gluten Intake in Coeliac Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
by Sarmad Sarfraz Moghal and Jonathan Soldera
Life 2025, 15(10), 1548; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101548 - 2 Oct 2025
Viewed by 197
Abstract
Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, characterized by small intestinal mucosal damage and systemic manifestations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of urine versus [...] Read more.
Coeliac disease (CD) is a chronic immune-mediated enteropathy triggered by gluten ingestion in genetically predisposed individuals carrying HLA-DQ2 or HLA-DQ8 haplotypes, characterized by small intestinal mucosal damage and systemic manifestations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to compare the effectiveness of urine versus stool GIPS testing for monitoring gluten intake in coeliac patients, providing evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in databases like PubMed and Embase. Studies evaluating urine or stool GIPS testing in coeliac patients were included, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and patient adherence. The meta-analysis included six studies with a total of 572 participants. The stool GIPS testing demonstrated a pooled sensitivity of 85.1% (95% CI: 79.0–89.9%) and a specificity of 92.5% (95% CI: 88.3–95.6%), making it highly reliable for detecting gluten exposure and ruling out false positives. It also achieved an AUC of 0.9853, indicating excellent diagnostic performance. In contrast, the urine GIPS testing showed a pooled sensitivity of 55.4% (95% CI: 49.6–61.2%) and a specificity of 73.0% (95% CI: 67.4–78.1%), with an AUC of 0.7898. The heterogeneity across the studies was significant (I2 > 80%), driven by variations in the population characteristics, sample handling, and testing protocols. These findings emphasize the need for standardized methodologies to enhance the reliability and comparability of results. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

22 pages, 1386 KB  
Article
Pharmacokinetic Profile of Extracts from the Chayote (Sechium edule) H387 07 Hybrid and Phytochemical Characterization of Its Segregant H387 M16 for Potential Therapeutic Applications
by Eugenia Elisa Delgado-Tiburcio, Ramón Marcos Soto-Hernández, Itzen Aguiñiga-Sánchez, Jorge Cadena-Iñiguez, Lucero del Mar Ruiz-Posadas, Cecilia B. Peña-Valdivia and Héctor Gómez-Yáñez
Molecules 2025, 30(19), 3948; https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules30193948 - 1 Oct 2025
Viewed by 273
Abstract
The hybrid Sechium edule H387 07, commonly known as chayote, has shown potential as an antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and pro-apoptotic agent in the murine leukemia cell lines P388 (macrophagic) and J774 (monocytic) and in the myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3. However, despite these reported [...] Read more.
The hybrid Sechium edule H387 07, commonly known as chayote, has shown potential as an antiproliferative, cytotoxic, and pro-apoptotic agent in the murine leukemia cell lines P388 (macrophagic) and J774 (monocytic) and in the myelomonocytic leukemia cell line WEHI-3. However, despite these reported bioactivities, its pharmacokinetic profile remains largely unexplored. Understanding the absorption, distribution, and elimination of this hybrid is critical for addressing unmet therapeutic needs and for advancing the development of natural product-based therapies. These effects are attributed to the presence of phenols, flavonoids, and cucurbitacins in its organic extracts. In this study, the pharmacokinetic parameters of secondary metabolites from methanolic extracts of Sechium H387 07 were evaluated after oral administration in mice, while its segregant H387 M16 was subjected to complementary phytochemical characterization. Methanolic extracts of Sechium edule H387 07 were orally administered to mice at doses of 8, 125, and 250 mg/kg, and plasma, liver, and urine samples were collected at 1, 6, 24, and 48 h post-treatment. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified polyphenols and cucurbitacins, notably cucurbitacin B (CuB) and cucurbitacin IIA (CuIIA), in the biological samples, and pharmacokinetic variables such as the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax), time to reach maximum concentration (Tmax), half-life (T1/2), and volume of distribution (Vd) were determined. For instance, CuB exhibited a Cmax of 37.56 µg/mL at 1 h post-dose after oral administration of 125 mg/kg, confirming its rapid absorption and systemic distribution. Notably, the presence of CuIIA in plasma was documented for the first time, along with the pharmacokinetic profiles of apigenin, phloretin, CuB, CuE, and CuI. In parallel, the segregant H387 M16 was characterized via colorimetric assays, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), HPLC, and antioxidant activity tests, which revealed high levels of flavonoids, phenols, and cucurbitacins, with an antioxidant activity of approximately 75% at the highest tested dose (1 mg/mL), supporting its suitability for future bioassays. Overall, these findings not only provide novel pharmacokinetic data for key metabolites of the H387 07 hybrid but also establish the phytochemical and antioxidant profile of its segregant H387 M16. This dual characterization strengthens the evidence of the therapeutic potential of Sechium genotypes and provides a valuable foundation for future studies aiming to develop standardized protocols and explore translational applications in drug development and natural product-based therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Natural Products Chemistry)
Show Figures

Figure 1

27 pages, 975 KB  
Review
Beyond Binary: A Machine Learning Framework for Interpreting Organismal Behavior in Cancer Diagnostics
by Aya Hasan Alshammari, Monther F. Mahdi, Takaaki Hirotsu, Masayo Morishita, Hideyuki Hatakeyama and Eric di Luccio
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2409; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102409 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 255
Abstract
Organismal biosensing leverages the olfactory acuity of living systems to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cancer, offering a low-cost and non-invasive complement to conventional diagnostics. Early studies demonstrate its feasibility across diverse platforms. In C. elegans, chemotaxis assays on urine [...] Read more.
Organismal biosensing leverages the olfactory acuity of living systems to detect volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with cancer, offering a low-cost and non-invasive complement to conventional diagnostics. Early studies demonstrate its feasibility across diverse platforms. In C. elegans, chemotaxis assays on urine samples achieved sensitivities of 87–96% and specificities of 90–95% in case–control cohorts (n up to 242), while calcium imaging of AWC neurons distinguished breast cancer urine with ~97% accuracy in a small pilot cohort (n ≈ 40). Trained canines have identified prostate cancer from urine with sensitivities of ~71% and specificities of 70–76% (n ≈ 50), and AI-augmented canine breath platforms have reported accuracies of ~94–95% across ~1400 participants. Insects such as locusts and honeybees enable ultrafast neural decoding of VOCs, achieving 82–100% classification accuracy within 250 ms in pilot studies (n ≈ 20–30). Collectively, these platforms validate the principle that organismal behavior and neural activity encode cancer-related VOC signatures. However, limitations remain, including small cohorts, methodological heterogeneity, and reliance on binary outputs. This review proposes a Dual-Pathway Framework, where Pathway 1 leverages validated indices (e.g., the Chemotaxis Index) for high-throughput screening, and Pathway 2 applies machine learning to high-dimensional behavioral vectors for cancer subtyping, staging, and monitoring. By integrating these approaches, organismal biosensing could evolve from proof-of-concept assays into clinically scalable precision diagnostics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment: Third Edition)
11 pages, 1345 KB  
Article
Metabolomic Analysis of Environmental Biomarkers Reveals Markers of Mate Preference in Female Giant Pandas
by Yongyou Feng, Jing Ke, Xiangming Huang, Maohua Wang, Mingxi Li, Jingchao Lan, Kongju Wu and Linjie Wang
Animals 2025, 15(19), 2873; https://doi.org/10.3390/ani15192873 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 158
Abstract
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a vulnerable animal in China, and it is crucial to improve the reproduction efficiency of the giant panda. Mate preference is an important part of natural mating. We hypothesized that AGS metabolites differ according to [...] Read more.
The giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) is a vulnerable animal in China, and it is crucial to improve the reproduction efficiency of the giant panda. Mate preference is an important part of natural mating. We hypothesized that AGS metabolites differ according to their mate preference. In this study, we determined estrus-associated hormone levels in the urine of 19 female giant pandas. After confirming estrus via hormone levels and behavioral observation, we collected environmental biomarkers for metabolomics analysis. A total of 19 samples were divided to two groups according to the mating preference of female giant pandas. Metabolomics analysis by LC-MS/MS showed that a total of 115 differentially expressed metabolites were identified, including 97 upregulated metabolites and 18 downregulated metabolites. We found that prostaglandin B2, palmitoylcarnitine, prostaglandin G2, and estrone may be the potential markers of female mate preference. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that steroid hormone biosynthesis, phenylalanine metabolism, and tropane, piperidine, and pyridine alkaloid biosynthesis were the top three pathways. These results revealed the physiological changes in female giant pandas during mate preference trials, providing a perspective for understanding their chemical communication system reliant on anal gland secretions and improving the success rate of natural mating of giant pandas. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Zoo Animals)
Show Figures

Figure 1

19 pages, 1817 KB  
Article
Urinary Tract Infections in a Single-Center Bulgarian Hospital: Trends in Etiology, Antibiotic Resistance, and the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic (2017–2022)
by Milena Yancheva Rupcheva, Kostadin Kostadinov, Yordan Kalchev, Petya Gardzheva, Eli Hristozova, Zoya Rachkovska, Gergana Lengerova, Andreana Angelova, Marianna Murdjeva and Michael M. Petrov
Antibiotics 2025, 14(10), 982; https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics14100982 - 30 Sep 2025
Viewed by 372
Abstract
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common hospital- and community-acquired infections, creating a substantial healthcare burden due to recurrence, complications, and rising antimicrobial resistance. Accurate diagnosis and timely antimicrobial therapy are essential. This study aimed to identify trends in [...] Read more.
Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common hospital- and community-acquired infections, creating a substantial healthcare burden due to recurrence, complications, and rising antimicrobial resistance. Accurate diagnosis and timely antimicrobial therapy are essential. This study aimed to identify trends in the etiology, treatment, and resistance patterns of UTIs through a retrospective analysis of urine isolates processed at the Laboratory of Microbiology at University Hospital St. George in Plovdiv, the largest tertiary care and reference microbiology center in Bulgaria, between 2017 and 2022. Materials and Methods: A retrospective single-center study was performed at the hospital’s Microbiology Laboratory. During the study period, 74,417 urine samples from 25,087 hospitalized patients were screened with the HB&L UROQUATTRO system. Positive specimens were cultured on blood agar, Eosin-Methylene Blue, and chromogenic media. Identification was performed using biochemical assays, MALDI-TOF MS, and the Vitek 2 Compact system. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing included disk diffusion, MIC determination, broth microdilution (for colistin), and Vitek 2 Compact, interpreted according to EUCAST standards. Descriptive analysis and temporal resistance trends were evaluated with regression models, and interrupted time-series analysis was applied to assess COVID-19-related effects. Results: Out of 10,177 isolates, Gram-negative bacteria predominated (73%), with Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis as the leading pathogens. Among Gram-positives, Enterococcus faecalis was the most frequent. In the post-COVID-19 period, ESBL production increased in E. coli (34–38%), K. pneumoniae (66–77%), and P. mirabilis (13.5–24%). Carbapenem resistance rose in K. pneumoniae (to 40.6%) and P. aeruginosa (to 24%), while none was detected in E. coli. Colistin resistance increased in K. pneumoniae but remained absent in E. coli and P. aeruginosa. High-level aminoglycoside resistance in E. faecalis was stable (~70%), and vancomycin resistance in E. faecium rose from 4.6% to 8.9%. Conclusions: Both community- and hospital-acquired UTIs in Southeastern Bulgaria are increasingly linked to multidrug-resistant pathogens, particularly ESBL-producing and carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales. Findings from the region’s largest referral center highlight the urgent need for continuous surveillance, rational antibiotic use, and novel therapeutic approaches. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

10 pages, 384 KB  
Article
Estimated Osmolality by Measured Conductivity in 24 h Urine Renal Stone Patients: A Useful Tool for Monitoring Dietary Sodium and Protein Excess
by Louange Luemba Sita, Pitchouna Ingole Mboliasa, Ernest Kiswaya Sumaili, Vincent Frochot, Remi Chieze, Emmanuel Letavernier, Jérémie Muwonga Masidi, Mireille Nganga Nkanga, Michel Daudon and Jean Philippe Haymann
J. Clin. Med. 2025, 14(19), 6898; https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14196898 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 300
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Monitoring of 24 h urine analysis is currently used to assess diet-related stone risk factors due in most cases to low hydration and high osmole intake accounting for urine supersaturation. The aim of our study is to test whether urine conductivity could [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Monitoring of 24 h urine analysis is currently used to assess diet-related stone risk factors due in most cases to low hydration and high osmole intake accounting for urine supersaturation. The aim of our study is to test whether urine conductivity could be a relevant surrogate marker of urine osmolality and a useful tool for monitoring salt and protein diets in primary care centers. Methods: 113 patients with kidney stone history referred for a routine evaluation of fasting and 24 h urine samples were included. Biochemical analysis of urine was performed, including measured osmolality (mUosm) and conductivity. Results: Among our population, 45% of patients have a low diuresis (high-risk group of stone recurrence) below the target of 2 L/day, with lower daily mUOsm and conductivity outflow compared to the low-risk patient group > 2 L/day (718 versus 852 mosm/Day, p < 0.0001, and 13,730 versus 17,890 mS/cm/day, p < 0.0001, respectively). Conversely to urine sodium and urea concentration, daily sodium and protein intake estimated by natriuresis and urea excretion are significantly lower in the high-risk group (p = 0.01 and <0.0001, respectively). In 24 h urine samples, osmolality and conductivity were strongly associated with diuresis. Moreover, a strong association between urinary osmolality and urine conductivity enables an estimated osmolality (eUosm) according to the following equation: eUosm = −41.656 + 0.057 × conductivity (r2 = 0.93; p < 0.001) with a 95% limit of agreement (LoA) ranging from −7.2% to +7.3%. An eUosm threshold value < 900 mOsm/day is independently associated with sodium and protein intake targets (odd ratio: 19.2 and 6.4-fold, respectively, p < 0.0001 and 0.01). Conclusions: 24 h urine measured conductivity appears to be a reliable, easy-to-use tool for the screening and monitoring of diet-related stone patients in primary care centers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nephrology & Urology)
Show Figures

Figure 1

16 pages, 654 KB  
Review
Effect of Microgravity and Space Radiation Exposure on Human Oral Health: A Systematic Review
by Shahnawaz Khijmatgar, Matteo Pellegrini, Martina Ghizzoni and Massimo Del Fabbro
Biophysica 2025, 5(4), 45; https://doi.org/10.3390/biophysica5040045 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 294
Abstract
A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of microgravity and space radiation on astronauts’ oral health. This review aimed to determine if these conditions increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases, identify pre-mission dental care strategies, and specify relevant dental [...] Read more.
A systematic review was conducted to assess the effects of microgravity and space radiation on astronauts’ oral health. This review aimed to determine if these conditions increase the risk of dental and periodontal diseases, identify pre-mission dental care strategies, and specify relevant dental emergencies for astronauts to manage during missions. Following PRISMA guidelines, the review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42023472765). Databases including PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and OVID Medline were searched. Of the 13 studies identified, 7 were eligible for qualitative synthesis. The included studies revealed that space conditions compromise oral health. Findings indicate changes in saliva composition, with a significant decline in salivary lysozyme levels during missions lasting 28 to 84 days. Salivary IgA levels also increased before and peaked after flights (microgravity alters fluid shear and protein folding). Viral reactivation was a key finding, with latent viruses such as Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), and varicella zoster virus (VZV) being reactivated during missions (immune suppression and gene expression shifts under spaceflight stress). Data from a study found that 50% of crew members shed viruses in their saliva or urine, and 38% tested positive for herpesviruses. The included studies also documented alterations in the oral microbiome, including increased gastrointestinal and decreased nasal microbial diversity. This suggests alterations in salivary biomarkers, viral shedding, and microbiome changes in astronauts during long-duration missions. These changes appear associated with immune dysregulation and stress, but causality remains uncertain due to observational designs, small heterogeneous samples, and confounding factors. Although current evidence is indicative rather than definitive, these findings highlight the need for preventive dental measures prior to missions and preparedness for managing oral emergencies in-flight. Future studies should address the mechanistic separation of microgravity and radiation effects, with implications for upcoming Moon and Mars missions. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

11 pages, 739 KB  
Brief Report
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Patients Show Higher Urinary Levels of Lead and Copper: A Pilot Case-Control Study
by Ana Santurtún, Lucía Pérez-Soberón, María José Sedano and Javier Riancho
Biomedicines 2025, 13(10), 2385; https://doi.org/10.3390/biomedicines13102385 - 29 Sep 2025
Viewed by 244
Abstract
Background/Objectives: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Sporadic ALS cases, which represent over 90% of the total, result from the interaction between genetic predisposition, aging, and environmental factors. Regarding natural environmental risk factors, the analysis of [...] Read more.
Background/Objectives: Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is the most frequent neurodegenerative disease affecting motor neurons. Sporadic ALS cases, which represent over 90% of the total, result from the interaction between genetic predisposition, aging, and environmental factors. Regarding natural environmental risk factors, the analysis of the role of exposure to heavy metals is of particular interest due to the well-known neurological effects of certain compounds. This study aims to compare the levels of heavy metals in urine samples in a cohort of patients with ALS who have not changed their living environment with the levels found in healthy controls (HCs). Methods: A cross-sectional case-control (14 patients with ALS vs. 28 HC) observational study was conducted in which urine samples were analyzed for five heavy metals (lead, manganese, selenium, copper, and zinc) using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Results: The patients with ALS showed significantly higher urine levels of lead (p < 0.001) and copper (p = 0.007) and a subtle increase in manganese concentrations (p = 0.043). Urine samples reflect recent exposures, so if the source of metals was related to the residential environment (the patients in the present study had not moved), dietary habits, or certain activities or hobbies that had not changed since diagnosis, it would be representative. Conclusions: In this pilot study, patients with ALS presented higher urinary levels of lead, manganese, and copper. Future larger studies are needed to elucidate the precise role of these heavy metals in ALS pathogenesis. Full article
Show Figures

Figure 1

17 pages, 2910 KB  
Article
Bioavailability and Metabolic Fate of (Poly)phenols from Hull-Less Purple Whole-Grain Barley in Humans
by María-Engracia Cortijo-Alfonso, Silvia Yuste, Mariona Martínez-Subirà, Marian Moralejo, Carme Piñol-Felis, Alba Macià and Laura Rubió-Piqué
Nutrients 2025, 17(19), 3086; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17193086 - 28 Sep 2025
Viewed by 188
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Anthocyanin-rich barley varieties have recently gained attention due to their high (poly)phenolic content and potential health benefits, yet human data on their bioavailability remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (poly)phenolic compounds from a [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Anthocyanin-rich barley varieties have recently gained attention due to their high (poly)phenolic content and potential health benefits, yet human data on their bioavailability remain scarce. This study aimed to characterize the absorption, metabolism, and excretion of (poly)phenolic compounds from a novel hull-less purple whole-grain barley (WGB) genotype. Methods: Eleven healthy volunteers consumed 140 g of purple WGB biscuits, and plasma and urine samples were collected over 6 h and 48 h, respectively. Results: UPLC-MS/MS analysis revealed a broad range of metabolites, with 11 (poly)phenolic compounds identified in plasma and 80 in urine. The biscuits were particularly rich in flavones (217 mg/140 g, mainly chrysoeriol derivatives), followed by hydroxycinnamic acids (~54 mg, mainly 4′-hydroxy-3′-methoxycinnamic acid), anthocyanins (44.8 mg), and flavan-3-ols (16.8 mg). In plasma, glycosylated anthocyanins and flavone conjugates (e.g., peonidin-3-O-glucuronide, chrysoeriol-O-glucuronide) were detectable within 1–2 h, consistent with early absorption. In contrast, microbial-derived catabolites—including valerolactones, phenylacetic and benzoic acids—were mainly excreted in urine between 8 and 24 h, reaching concentrations above 1000 nM. Conclusions: These findings provide novel insights into the bioavailability and metabolic fate of barley (poly)phenols, supporting their potential contribution to host and gut health. As a proof-of-concept study, it complements the limited data available from pigmented cereals and underscores the need for validation in larger cohorts. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Nutrition and Metabolism)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 909 KB  
Article
Human Papillomavirus Prevalence in the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles: Does This Virus Have an Etiological Role in the Development of Prostate Cancer?
by Rei Shinzawa, Kazuyoshi Shigehara, Hiroki Nakata, Shingo Takada, Kotaro Fukukawa, Yuki Kato, Tomomi Nakagawa, Shohei Kawaguchi, Kouji Izumi and Atsushi Mizokami
Viruses 2025, 17(10), 1304; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17101304 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 266
Abstract
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is common in both sexes and is also detected in male urine and semen. However, its exact origin and its etiological role in the male genital tract remain unclear. A total of 157 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 156 primary prostate [...] Read more.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) is common in both sexes and is also detected in male urine and semen. However, its exact origin and its etiological role in the male genital tract remain unclear. A total of 157 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from 156 primary prostate cancer lesions and one metastatic lesion were analyzed. HPV-DNA was detected using a nested PCR, and HPV genotyping was performed using flow-through hybridization for positive cases. In situ hybridization (ISH) was used to localize HPV-DNA, whereas HPV-E6/E7 mRNA ISH and p16INK4a immunohistochemistry were conducted on high-risk (HR) HPV-positive samples. A nested PCR analysis demonstrated that HPV-DNA was detected in 9.6% of prostate cancers and 0% of seminal vesicles. HR-HPV was observed in 4.5% of the samples. Unknown type was the most common genotype. Of the genotypes which could be identified in the genotyping assay, HPV44 was the most prevalent. HPV prevalence was significantly higher in patients with high-grade groups. Among 15 HPV-positive cases, HPV-DNA was found in 9 cancerous and 10 non-cancerous lesions. E6/E7 mRNA was expressed in 6 of 7 HR-HPV-positive cases, while p16INK4a expression was weak or absent in all cases. HPV can infect prostate tissue and may contribute to carcinogenesis in some cases, but p16INK4a was not a consistent surrogate for E7 expression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Human and Animal Papillomavirus: Infections, Genetics, and Vaccines)
Show Figures

Figure 1

12 pages, 1943 KB  
Article
Preliminary Evaluation of the Diagnostic Performance of OvMANE1 and OvMCBL02 Multiepitope Antigens for the Non-Invasive Diagnosis of Onchocerciasis Exposure
by Bernis Neneyoh Yengo, Cabirou Mounchili Shintouo, Robert Adamu Shey, Ntang Emmaculate Yaah, Luc Vanhamme, Rose Njemini, Jacob Souopgui and Stephen Mbigha Ghogomu
Life 2025, 15(10), 1515; https://doi.org/10.3390/life15101515 - 26 Sep 2025
Viewed by 258
Abstract
A shift in the public health goal for onchocerciasis from control to elimination implies that the treatment of onchocerciasis must be extended to communities that are hypoendemic for the disease. However, in such communities, the majority of the population may not manifest the [...] Read more.
A shift in the public health goal for onchocerciasis from control to elimination implies that the treatment of onchocerciasis must be extended to communities that are hypoendemic for the disease. However, in such communities, the majority of the population may not manifest the symptoms of onchocerciasis. As a result, they may be reluctant to take part in epidemiological surveys aimed at monitoring parasite transmission, particularly due to the invasive nature of the currently approved diagnostic tests. This reluctance is compounded by the absence of visible, severe manifestations of the disease in these areas. On the other hand, diagnostic methods that utilize samples collected by a non-invasive procedure, such as urine, are generally painless and not risky. In this context, we evaluated the diagnostic performances of OvMANE1 and OvMCBL02 multiepitope antigens using urine samples. The evaluation of total IgG and IgG subclass responses revealed IgG3 as the most effective IgG for the OvMANE1 test (sensitivity = 87.5%, specificity = 100.0%), total IgG for the OvMCBL02 test (sensitivity = 92.5%, specificity = 100.0%), and IgG3 for the OvMANE1_OvMCBL02 cocktail test (sensitivity = 92.5%, specificity = 100.0%). These tests have the potential to meet the criteria of a diagnostic test’s target product profile to map onchocerciasis in low-prevalence areas, where a sensitivity of ≥60.0% and specificity of ≥99.8% are recommended. Furthermore, the OvMCBL02 and OvMANE1_OvMCBL02 cocktail tests may have the features of a diagnostic test’s target product profile to determine treatment endpoints (recommended sensitivity ≥ 89.0%, specificity ≥ 99.8%) as reported by the Diagnostics Technical Advisory Group for Neglected Tropical Diseases of the World Health Organization. Consequently, further characterization of these multiepitope antigens may enable urine, which can be collected non-invasively, to be used in the OvMANE1 and OvMCBL02 tests for the field evaluation of onchocerciasis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Medical Research)
Show Figures

Figure 1

46 pages, 2889 KB  
Review
Neuronutrition and Nrf2 Brain Resilience Signaling: Epigenomics and Metabolomics for Personalized Medicine in Nervous System Disorders from Bench to Clinic
by Maria Concetta Scuto, Carmelina Daniela Anfuso, Cinzia Lombardo, Eleonora Di Fatta, Raffaele Ferri, Nicolò Musso, Giulia Zerbo, Morena Terrana, Miroslava Majzúnová, Gabriella Lupo and Angela Trovato Salinaro
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(19), 9391; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26199391 - 25 Sep 2025
Viewed by 550
Abstract
Neuronutrition to improve brain resilience to stress and human health has received considerable attention. The use of specific nutrients is effective in preventing and slowing neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Selective neuronutrients, including polyphenols, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, tyrosine, and sulfur metabolites, can [...] Read more.
Neuronutrition to improve brain resilience to stress and human health has received considerable attention. The use of specific nutrients is effective in preventing and slowing neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric disorders. Selective neuronutrients, including polyphenols, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), tryptophan, tyrosine, and sulfur metabolites, can modulate the dysregulated nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2) pathway through neuroepigenetic modifications and altered levels of neurotransmitters such as serotonin, melatonin, and dopamine. In particular, abnormal epigenetic alterations in the promoter function of the NFE2L2/Nrf2 gene may contribute to the onset and progression of various diseases by disrupting cellular homeostasis. Recent evidence has documented that polyphenols are capable of modulating Nrf2 signaling; to do this, they must reverse hypermethylation in the CpG islands of the NFE2L2 gene. This process is achieved by modifying the activity of DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs). Furthermore, a diverse group of polyphenolic metabolites can be identified and quantified using innovative mass spectrometry platforms in both in vitro models and human urine samples to investigate redox metabolic homeostasis under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This review aims to deepen the current understanding of the role of nutrient-derived secondary metabolites. It highlights innovative strategies to effectively prevent, slow, or potentially reverse neuroinflammation and oxidative stress, key drivers of neuronal damage. The targeted application of these metabolites can be considered a novel, personalized neuronutritional approach to promote brain health and neuronal adaptation. Full article
Show Figures

Graphical abstract

Back to TopTop