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Sunlight contains a wide spectrum of radiation from ultraviolet (UV) through visible light to infrared (IR). UV radiation plays a crucial role in skin damage, photoaging, and carcinogenesis, necessitating effective photoprotection strategies. The study evaluated the efficacy of protective lipsticks with different sun protection factor (SPF) values (10, 15, and 30) against UVA and infrared (IR) radiation. In this study, the directional-hemispherical reflectance (DHR) was measured across various spectral bands (335–380 nm, 400–540 nm, 700–1100 nm, and 1000–1700 nm) with SOC 410 Reflectometer (San Diego, CA, USA). Since the device used in this study did not cover the UVB range (290–320 nm), this study does not provide a direct assessment of SPF in its conventional sense. The measurements were taken at four time points up to 120 min after lipstick application. Results indicated that lipsticks with higher SPF values significantly altered skin reflectance in UVA and IR ranges, with SPF30 showing the lowest reflectance in the UVA range (335–380 nm), suggesting greater absorption of UVA radiation by the product and significantly higher reflectance in IR ranges compared to lower SPF lipsticks. Reflectance values generally increased over time post-application for key spectral bands. These findings demonstrate that SPF lipsticks provide variable attenuation of UVA and IR radiation, highlighting their role in comprehensive lip photoprotection. The data support the importance of SPF selection for optimized protection, especially against penetrating UVA and IR components of sunlight. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Pharmaceutical Processes)

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28 pages, 3442 KB

Open AccessReview

UAV Image-Based 3D Reconstruction Technology in Landslide Disasters: A Review

by Yong Chen, Xu Liu, Bai Zhu, Daming Zhu, Xiaoqing Zuo and Qingquan Li

Remote Sens. 2025, 17(17), 3117; https://doi.org/10.3390/rs17173117 (registering DOI) - 8 Sep 2025

Abstract

Global geological conditions are complex and variable, characterized by frequent plate movements, earthquakes, and volcanic eruptions. Coupled with significant climate differences, various factors interact to trigger frequent landslide disasters, resulting in substantial losses of life and property. Therefore, landslide monitoring is crucial. Traditional monitoring technologies face limitations when dealing with complex terrains and meeting the demands for high timeliness, while unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), with their maneuverability, high resolution, and ability to operate in hazardous environments, have been widely applied in landslide monitoring. This paper provides a comprehensive review of UAV-based 3D reconstruction for landslides, detailing the characteristics and application cases of UAVs, explaining the functions and limitations of sensors such as optical sensors and light detection and ranging (LiDAR), and exploring 3D reconstruction methods based on UAV imagery, LiDAR, and hybrid approaches. It analyzes the applications of UAV 3D reconstruction in landslide emergency investigation, monitoring, and disaster assessment. The paper identifies the technical challenges faced in these applications and proposes corresponding solutions. In addition, UAV-based 3D reconstruction technology—with its centimeter-level spatial resolution—enables the precise delineation of landslide extent and hazard potential, thereby enhancing monitoring accuracy and improving the efficiency of emergency investigations. This technology provides strong technical support for landslide research and prevention, with significant implications for reducing landslide disaster losses. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Remote Sensing for Landslide Investigations: Mapping, Monitoring and Forecasting)

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13 pages, 4892 KB

Open AccessCase Report

Hyperkinetic Movement Disorder in KARS1-Related Disease: An Illustrative Video-Recorded Case and Narrative Literature Review

by Veronica Ferasin, Arianna Raicich, Caterina Ancora, Ilaria Bonemazzi, Alessandro Di Paola, Ignazio D’Errico, Margherita Nosadini, Claudio Ancona, Maria Federica Pelizza, Matteo Cassina and Irene Toldo

Neurol. Int. 2025, 17(9), 143; https://doi.org/10.3390/neurolint17090143 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background: Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (ARSs) are a group of enzymes responsible for the first step of protein translation. Among them, the KARS1 gene encodes lysyl-tRNA synthetase 1, an enzyme essential for charging tRNA-Lys with lysine in both the cytoplasm and mitochondria. Mutations in KARS1 are associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes, including leukoencephalopathy, hereditary deafness, peripheral neuropathies, and multisystemic involvement. Methods: We hereby report a detailed case study of a 15-month-old boy presenting at age 5 months with developmental delay, microcephaly, hypotonia, sensorineural deafness, retinopathy, visual impairment, nystagmoid eye movements, and hepatic and immuno-hematological abnormalities. In addition, he exhibited a severe hyperkinetic movement disorder, not previously reported in the literature, and developed epilepsy at 13 months. Genetic testing identified two rare compound heterozygous variants in the KARS1 gene. Results: With this report, we aim to contribute to the expanding of both the clinical phenotype and the allelic spectrum of lysyl-tRNA synthetase-related disorders. Our study also includes a review of previously described KARS1 cases presenting with movement disorders. Conclusions: Our findings further highlight the importance of assessing systemic involvement and performing brain and spinal neuroimaging, as well as implementing genetic screening, in infants presenting with global developmental delay, sensory deficits, and movement disorders—features that may suggest a mitochondrial disorder such as those involving ARS mutations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Insights into Movement Disorders)

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18 pages, 1343 KB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus: Spotlights on Host Plasticity and Potential Spillover Events

by Eaftekhar Ahmed Rana, M. Asaduzzaman Prodhan, Joshua W. Aleri, Syeda Hasina Akter, Henry Annandale, Sam Abraham, Subir Sarker, Jully Gogoi-Tiwari and Jasim Muhammad Uddin

Viruses 2025, 17(9), 1221; https://doi.org/10.3390/v17091221 (registering DOI) - 7 Sep 2025

Abstract

The bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) infects a wide range of domestic and wild mammals. This review hypothesized that there might be cross-species transmission of BVDV. Therefore, the aim was to explore the BVDV-5′ UTR and N-pro sequence-based evidence to understand host plasticity among different animals. A total of 146 unique BVDV sequences retrieved from GenBank, originating from 12 distinct mammalian species that are submitted from 55 countries, were analyzed. The phylogenetic analysis revealed that all three BVDV species exhibited genetic relatedness infecting diverse animal species. BVDV-1 sequences obtained from cattle, buffalo, and pigs and BVDV-2 and HoBi-like pestivirus sequences from cattle, goats, and sheep showed a genetic resemblance. Surprisingly, cattle and buffalo in China, cattle and yak in Mongolia, cattle and wild boar in Serbia, cattle and deer in Mexico, cattle and alpacas in Canada, goats and pigs in the USA, and sheep and buffalo in Argentina were infected with BVDV-1 within the same county and strongly positioned in the same cluster, indicating potential spillover with host tropism. Moreover, BVDV sequences isolated from various neighboring countries clustered closely, suggesting potential cross-border transmission events. Based on genomic evidence, the BVDV transmission cycle could be depicted, where cattle act as a primary source of infection, while other domestic and wild animals maintain the infection ecology within their habitat due to virus tropism. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Animal Viruses)

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13 pages, 539 KB

Open AccessReview

Egg Yolk Immunoglobulins (IgY) Purification, Activity Enhancement, and Potential Benefits for Human Health

by Huilong Qiu, Xiaomin Jin, Xiaomei Zhang, Ke Chen, Lianshun Wang and Jiaqiang Huang

Nutrients 2025, 17(17), 2890; https://doi.org/10.3390/nu17172890 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

With the rapid development of the laying hen industry and the continuous innovation of farming technology, egg production continues to increase. Eggs are rich in proteins, lipids, and immunoglobulins (IgY) found in the egg yolk. IgY can be used to treat human diseases and prevent bacterial and viral infections. In addition, IgY has advantages over IgG in biological structure and function and is characterized by high specificity, safety, yield, and economic efficiency. This review describes the basic structure and properties of IgY, lists a variety of IgY purification methods, and outlines measures to maintain and enhance its activity, focusing on the current status of its research in immunoprevention and treatment of human diseases and outlines its importance, and finally proposes the current challenges and future research priorities of IgY in the field of biomedical research to provide a scientific basis for the wide range of applications of IgY in human health. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Feature Papers in Proteins and Amino Acids in Relation to Human Health)

33 pages, 16564 KB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Implementation of an Off-Grid Smart Street Lighting System Using LoRaWAN and Hybrid Renewable Energy for Energy-Efficient Urban Infrastructure

by Seyfettin Vadi

Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5579; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175579 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

The growing demand for electricity and the urgent need to reduce environmental impact have made sustainable energy utilization a global priority. Street lighting, as a significant consumer of urban electricity, requires innovative solutions to enhance efficiency and reliability. This study presents an off-grid smart street lighting system that combines solar photovoltaic generation with battery storage and Internet of Things (IoT)-based control to ensure continuous and efficient operation. The system integrates Long Range Wide Area Network (LoRaWAN) communication technology for remote monitoring and control without internet connectivity and employs the Perturb and Observe (P&O) maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm to maximize energy extraction from solar sources. Data transmission from the LoRaWAN gateway to the cloud is facilitated through the Message Queuing Telemetry Transport (MQTT) protocol, enabling real-time access and management via a graphical user interface. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed system achieves a maximum MPPT efficiency of 97.96%, supports reliable communication over distances of up to 10 km, and successfully operates four LED streetlights, each spaced 400 m apart, across an open area of approximately 1.2 km—delivering a practical, energy-efficient, and internet-independent solution for smart urban infrastructure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Topic Human-Centered Sustainable Buildings: Data-Driven Insights, Smart Sensing Technologies, Renewable Energy Integration, and Emerging Technologies)

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19 pages, 2494 KB

Open AccessArticle

Characterizing Asphalt Binder Phase Transitions via Dynamic Mechanical Analysis: Performance Implications and SARA Fraction Correlations

by Yanzhu Wang, Jincheng Wei, Xizhong Xu, Qinsheng Xu, Yue Sun, Na Liu and Zhengchao Zhang

Coatings 2025, 15(9), 1046; https://doi.org/10.3390/coatings15091046 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

Asphalt is widely used as a binder in pavement engineering. The temperature-dependent phase transition behavior of asphalt binders critically influences pavement performance. This study comprehensively evaluates phase transition characteristics to establish robust performance indicators. Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) was employed to characterize 30 neat asphalt binders across a broad temperature range. Phase transition temperatures and moduli were derived from complex and loss modulus curves. Correlations with saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions and conventional properties (penetration, viscosity, ductility) were statistically analyzed. The results revealed significant performance variations among binders of identical penetration grades. T_g effectively differentiated low-temperature behavior, overcoming empirical limitations. High-temperature indicators (T₂, E₂₀) strongly correlated with viscosity (R² > 0.96). SARA analysis showed that saturates reduced T_g (r = −0.566) while asphaltenes increased E₂₀ (r = 0.804). Multiple regression models confirm synergistic interactions among SARA fractions, although low-temperature indices exhibit a weaker dependence on composition. DMA-derived phase transition parameters provide physically meaningful performance indicators, superior to conventional metrics. Incorporating T_g and T₂/E₂₀ into grading systems can enhance asphalt selection for thermal susceptibility, advancing pavement durability design. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Surface Treatment and Mechanical Properties of Sustainable Pavement Materials)

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57 pages, 11196 KB

Open AccessReview

Continuous Electrocoagulation Processes for Industrial Inorganic Pollutants Removal: A Critical Review of Performance and Applications

by Zakaria Al-Qodah, Maha Mohammad AL-Rajabi, Enshirah Da’na, Mohammad Al-Shannag, Khalid Bani-Melhem and Eman Assirey

Water 2025, 17(17), 2639; https://doi.org/10.3390/w17172639 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

This review provides a critical and technically grounded assessment of continuous electrocoagulation processes (CEPs) for the treatment of industrial inorganic pollutants, emphasizing recent innovations, methodological developments, and practical outcomes. A comprehensive literature survey indicates that 53 studies published over the past 25 years have investigated CEPs for inorganic contaminant removal, with 36 focusing on standalone electrocoagulation systems and 17 exploring integrated CEPs approaches. Recent advancements in reactor design, such as enhanced internal mixing, optimized electrode geometry, and modular configurations, have significantly improved treatment efficiency, scalability, and operational stability. Evidence indicates that CEPs can achieve high removal efficiencies for a wide range of inorganic contaminants, including fluoride, arsenic, heavy metals (e.g., chromium, lead, nickel, iron), nitrates, and phosphates, particularly under optimized operating conditions. Compared to conventional treatment methods, CEPs offer several advantages, such as simplified operation, reduced chemical consumption, lower sludge generation, and compatibility with renewable energy sources and complementary processes like membrane filtration, flotation, and advanced oxidation. Despite these promising outcomes, industrial-scale implementation remains constrained by non-standardized reactor designs, variable operational parameters, electrode passivation, high energy requirements, and limited long-term field data. Furthermore, few studies have addressed the modeling and optimization of integrated CEPs systems, highlighting critical research gaps for process enhancement and reliable scale-up. In conclusion, CEPs emerge as a novel, adaptable, and potentially sustainable approach to industrial inorganic wastewater treatment. Its future deployment will rely on continued technological refinement, standardization, validation under real-world conditions, and alignment with regulatory and economic frameworks. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Technologies on Water and Wastewater Treatment)

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14 pages, 1295 KB

Open AccessArticle

Determination of Odor Compounds in Lignocellulose-Based Panels Using DHS-GC/MS Combined with Odor Activity Value Analysis

by Lina Tang, Qian Chen, Liming Zhu, Xiaorui Liu, Xianwu Zou, Yuejin Fu and Bo Liu

Polymers 2025, 17(17), 2421; https://doi.org/10.3390/polym17172421 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

Wood, as the oldest natural polymer composite material on Earth, holds significant importance in the era of carbon neutrality and serves as an irreplaceable core material in the furniture and construction industries. As a primary raw material for furniture, wood-based lignocellulosic boards have drawn increasing consumer attention due to their odor characteristics. In order to achieve the determination of odor compounds in lignocellulose-based panels, this study established a method combining dynamic headspace sampling (DHS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), and odor activity value (OAV) analysis. To address the wide concentration range of odor compounds in lignocellulose-based panels, a three-level standard curve was established to meet the detection of odor substances in common lignocellulose-based panels. The favorable conditions for each factor were as follows: sheet-shaped samples, TENAX-TA adsorbent, 20 mL headspace vials, and a split ratio of 25:1. The method demonstrated good linearity within the range of 0.002–15 mg/m³, with recovery rates ranging from 94.74% to 103.44%. The method was applied to analyze commercially available particleboard, fiberboard, and plywood. A total of 33 odor components were detected. The results indicated that aldehyde contributed significantly to the odor of particleboard, acids were the main contributors to the odor of fiberboard, and terpenes dominated the odor of plywood. The established method is suitable for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of odor compounds in lignocellulose-based panels and provides reliable technical support for tracing, identifying, and controlling odors in these materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Eco-Friendly Supramolecular Polymeric Materials, 2nd Edition)

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50 pages, 771 KB

Open AccessArticle

Structure–Activity Relationship Study of 3-Alkynyl-6-aryl-isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines as Dual Inhibitors of the Lipid Kinases PIKfyve and PIP4K2C

by Demian Kalebic, Ling-Jie Gao, Belén Martinez-Gualda, Marwah Karim, Sirle Saul, Do Hoang Nhu Tran, Jef Rozenski, Leentje Persoons, Dominique Schols, Wim Dehaen, Shirit Einav and Steven De Jonghe

Pharmaceuticals 2025, 18(9), 1341; https://doi.org/10.3390/ph18091341 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

Background/Objectives: RMC-113, a 3-alkynyl-6-aryl-disubstituted isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridine, is a dual inhibitor of the lipid kinases PIKfyve and PIP4K2C with broad-spectrum antiviral activity. The aim was to study the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines as dual PIKfyve/PIP4K2C inhibitors. Methods: A series of isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines was synthesized by introducing structural variety at positions 3 and 6 of the central scaffold. The primary assay to guide the synthetic chemistry was a biochemical PIKfyve assay, with a number of analogues also tested for PIP4K2C binding affinity. Finally, isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines were also evaluated for antiviral and antitumoral activity in cell-based assays. Results: PIKfyve inhibition tolerated a wide variety of substituents on the aryl ring at position 6 of the isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridine scaffold, with the 4-carboxamide analogue emerging as the most potent (IC₅₀ = 1 nM). The SAR at position 3 was more restricted, although the introduction of electron-donating groups (such as a methyl and methoxy) on the pyridinyl ring yielded potent PIKfyve inhibitors, with IC₅₀ values in the low nM range. The acetylenic moiety was essential for PIKfyve inhibition, and only the saturated ethyl linker displayed potent PIKfyve inhibition, albeit less active than the acetylene counterpart. The compounds were 2- to 5-fold less potent on PIP4K2C relative to PIKfyve. These dual PIKfyve/PIP4K2C inhibitors displayed antiviral activity against both the venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). A screening against a panel of cancer cell lines revealed antitumoral activity, although some of the potent PIKfyve/PIP5K2C inhibitors lacked antitumoral activity. Conclusions: Isothiazolo[4,3-b]pyridines are dual PIKfyve/PIP4K2C inhibitors displaying broad-spectrum antiviral, as well as antitumoral, activity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Heterocyclic Compounds)

14 pages, 1421 KB

Open AccessArticle

A New β-Galactosidase from Pseudomonas tritici SWRI145 for Efficient Bioproduction of Galactooligosaccharides

by Xiangpeng Jin, Zhuo Cheng, Yulei Zhang, Penka Petrova, Kaloyan Petrov, Wenli Zhang and Wanmeng Mu

Foods 2025, 14(17), 3125; https://doi.org/10.3390/foods14173125 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are a class of prebiotic carbohydrates composed of 2 to 8 galactose units linked together and often terminated with a glucose molecule. GOS have attracted significant attention for their health-promoting properties, including the regulation of gut microbiota, promotion of infant health, immune modulation, laxative effects, and potential metabolic benefits. Widely utilized in functional foods, infant formulas, dairy products, and dietary supplements, GOS occur naturally in human milk and are primarily industrially produced through the enzymatic conversion of lactose. β-Galactosidase is a crucial enzyme in GOS bioproduction, which exhibits dual functions of hydrolysis and transglycosylation. In this investigation, a novel β-galactosidase from Pseudomonas tritici SWRI145 (Pstr β-galactosidase) was characterized. Biochemical characterization revealed that the enzyme exhibits the highest activity at 50 °C and pH 7.5, with a specific activity of 331.9 U/mg against ONPG. Under optimal reaction conditions (40 °C, pH 8.0, 300 g/L lactose, 0.4 mg/mL enzyme), 134.3 g/L GOS were produced, corresponding to 44.8% GOS yield and 80% substrate conversion. LC-MS analysis confirmed that the main products were GOS with degrees of polymerization (DP) ranging from 2 to 4. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a Pseudomonas-derived β-galactosidase with demonstrated GOS synthesis capability, highlighting its potential for industrial application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biotechnology in Food Processing: Generation and Utilization of Functional Sugars)

16 pages, 4501 KB

Open AccessArticle

An Electrochemical Aptamer Sensor with ZIF-8 Loaded CuNPs Composites for Aflatoxin B₁ Determination

by Juncheng Chen, Caizhang Wu, Zhike Zhao and Ruihao Xue

Chemosensors 2025, 13(9), 342; https://doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors13090342 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

An electrochemical aptamer sensor for the sensitive detection of aflatoxin B₁ (AFB₁) in corn samples was developed using nanocomposites loaded with copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) on zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8), which were modified on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). The CuNPs@ZIF-8 nanocomposites served as modifying materials for electrodes, exhibiting a high specific surface area and excellent compatibility with aptamers, thereby enhancing the electron transfer rate and increasing the aptamer loading and immobilization efficiency. The electrochemical properties before and after modification were investigated and validated using cyclic voltammetry (CV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) techniques, while the sensor’s performance was analyzed through quantitative detection via differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Furthermore, various conditions, including the volume of ZIF-8 dispersion, electrodeposition time of copper nanoparticles, aptamer concentration, and AFB₁ incubation time, were optimized. The results indicated that the sensor exhibited a wide linear range (10.0 to 1.0 × 10⁶ pg/mL), with a lower limit of detection (LOD) of 1.13 pg/mL under optimized conditions, outperforming other reported aptamer sensors. The spiked recoveries in corn samples ranged from 96.663% to 105.72%. In conclusion, this sensor presents a novel solution for low-cost and high-sensitivity detection of AFB₁. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section (Bio)chemical Sensing)

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13 pages, 1211 KB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Environmental Heterogeneity on Fertilization-Driven Patterns of Distribution and Yield in Medicinal Plants

by Peiyao Yang, Ruixue Wang, Jie Liu, Xu Xu, Qingfeng Xu, Shanshan Liu, Menghui Dong, Qirong Shen, Zongzhuan Shen and Rong Li

Agronomy 2025, 15(9), 2142; https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy15092142 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

Medicinal plant production is essential for global health, yet how temperature, precipitation, and soil properties influence yield responses to fertilization remains poorly understood. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 668 observations from 79 studies, focusing on a wide range of plant species, to evaluate how nutrient inputs and environmental factors interact to shape medicinal plant productivity. We found that latitude, MAT, and MAP jointly determine global medicinal plant yield patterns. Yield increased with latitude and MAT but declined under prolonged fertilization and higher MAP. Optimal cultivation regions were identified between 15° and 35° absolute latitude, where temperature and precipitation conditions were most favorable. Compared with the arid environment of desertic climates, other regions, especially those with higher MAP in tropical areas, show a higher increase in yield. Our findings highlight that shifting precipitation-temperature regimes under climate change will affect fertilization outcomes on medicinal plant yield, emphasizing the need for spatiotemporally adaptive nutrient management strategies to ensure the sustainable yield of medicinal plants. Full article

(This article belongs to the Section Farming Sustainability)

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18 pages, 3171 KB

Open AccessArticle

Inductive Sensor Characteristics for Conductivity Measurement of Non-Ferromagnetic Metals Based on Single-Layer Solenoid

by Huan Wang, Ziyi Han, Yongjian Chen, Shuyu Li, Haoran Li, Hao Shen and Chunlong Xu

Sensors 2025, 25(17), 5566; https://doi.org/10.3390/s25175566 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

For the measurement of electrical conductivity of metal materials, the traditional contact measurement method has a limited test range and requires periodic electronic calibration. In order to overcome the above shortcomings, this paper takes the inductive response of an RLC circuit driven by alternating sources as the research object and proposes a non-contact method for conductivity measurement of non-ferromagnetic metals engaged by a single-layer solenoid sensor. The effect of the circuit parameters on the inductive sensor characteristics has been described with different resonant modes, and the electric conductivities of different metals can be theoretically calculated based on eddy current. Moreover, the Comsol Multiphysics software is used to conduct finite element analysis to compare the experimental results and the simulation, which is consistent with the theoretical analysis. The measured accuracy of the inductive sensor is verified to be higher than 91% in parallel resonance, which exhibits higher stability and precision than that of series mode. The implementation of this project will provide the theoretical basis and data reference for the detection of electromagnetic properties of unknown metals and has a wide range of applications in non-destructive testing, engineering construction detection, and other fields. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electronic Test and Measurement Instrumentation: Design and Applications (2nd Edition))

28 pages, 21851 KB

Open AccessArticle

A Critical Assessment of Modern Generative Models’ Ability to Replicate Artistic Styles

by Andrea Asperti, Franky George, Tiberio Marras, Razvan Ciprian Stricescu and Fabio Zanotti

Big Data Cogn. Comput. 2025, 9(9), 231; https://doi.org/10.3390/bdcc9090231 (registering DOI) - 6 Sep 2025

Abstract

In recent years, advancements in generative artificial intelligence have led to the development of sophisticated tools capable of mimicking diverse artistic styles, opening new possibilities for digital creativity and artistic expression. This paper presents a critical assessment of the style replication capabilities of contemporary generative models, evaluating their strengths and limitations across multiple dimensions. We examine how effectively these models reproduce traditional artistic styles while maintaining structural integrity and compositional balance in the generated images. The analysis is based on a new large dataset of AI-generated works imitating artistic styles of the past, holding potential for a wide range of applications: the “AI-Pastiche” dataset. This study is supported by extensive user surveys, collecting diverse opinions on the dataset and investigating both technical and aesthetic challenges, including the ability to generate outputs that are realistic and visually convincing, the versatility of models in handling a wide range of artistic styles, and the extent to which they adhere to the content and stylistic specifications outlined in prompts, preserving cohesion and integrity in generated images. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of generative tools in style replication, offering insights into their technical and artistic limitations, potential advancements in model design and training methodologies, and emerging opportunities for enhancing digital artistry, human–AI collaboration, and the broader creative landscape. Full article

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