Journal Description
Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications
Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications
is an international, peer-reviewed, open access journal on low power electronics published quarterly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, ESCI (Web of Science), Inspec, and other databases.
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 22.2 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 4.7 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
2.1 (2022)
Latest Articles
Coordination of SRF-PLL and Grid Forming Inverter Control in Microgrid with Solar PV and Energy Storage
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 29; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020029 (registering DOI) - 21 May 2024
Abstract
Recently, there has been a huge advancement in renewable energy integration in power systems. Power converters with grid-forming or grid-following topologies are typically employed to link these decentralized power sources to the grid. However, because distributed generation has less inertia than synchronous generators,
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Recently, there has been a huge advancement in renewable energy integration in power systems. Power converters with grid-forming or grid-following topologies are typically employed to link these decentralized power sources to the grid. However, because distributed generation has less inertia than synchronous generators, their use of renewable energy sources threatens the electrical grid’s reliability. Suitable control approaches for ensuring frequency and voltage stability in the grid-connected form of operation are established in this study, which offers dynamic, seamless power switching in the islanded mode of operation. In this research, effective Phase Locked Loop (PLL) techniques for grid-forming (GFM) and grid-following (GFL) converters are designed to achieve a smooth transition from grid-tied to islanded mode of operation. In this work, PLL configurations are implemented while considering the active and reactive power, frequency, voltage, and current parameters of the system, and ensuring voltage and frequency stability. The simulation results in a microgrid network that ensures a smooth transition of power transfer while switching between modes of operation, and supports the voltage and frequency stability of the system.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Energy Aware Solutions for Battery Management Systems)
Open AccessArticle
A Microdevice in a Submicron CMOS for Closed-Loop Deep-Brain Stimulation (CLDBS)
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Tiago Matheus Nordi, Rodrigo Gounella, Marcio L. M. Amorim, Maximillam Luppe, João Navarro Soares Junior, Joao L. Afonso, Vitor Monteiro, Jose A. Afonso, Erich Talamoni Fonoff, Eduardo Colombari and João Paulo Carmo
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 28; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020028 - 17 May 2024
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Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly effective and safe medical treatment that improves the lives of patients with a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases. It has been established as a first-line tool in the treatment of these conditions for the past
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Deep-brain stimulation (DBS) is a highly effective and safe medical treatment that improves the lives of patients with a wide range of neurological and psychiatric diseases. It has been established as a first-line tool in the treatment of these conditions for the past two decades. Closed-loop deep-brain stimulation (CLDBS) advances this tool further by automatically adjusting the stimulation parameters in real time based on the brain’s response. In this context, this paper presents a low-noise amplifier (LNA) and a neurostimulator circuit fabricated using the low-power/low-voltage 65 nm CMOS process from TSMC. The circuits are specifically designed for implantable applications. To achieve the best tradeoff between input-referred noise and power consumption, metaheuristic algorithms were employed to determine and optimize the dimensions of the LNA devices during the design phase. Measurement results showed that the LNA had a gain of 41.2 dB; a 3 dB bandwidth spanning over three decades, from 1.5 Hz to 11.5 kHz; a power consumption of 5.9 µW; and an input-referred noise of 3.45 µVRMS, from 200 Hz to 11.5 kHz. The neurostimulator circuit is a programmable Howland current pump. Measurements have shown its capability to generate currents with arbitrary shapes and ranging from −325 µA to +318 µA. Simulations indicated a quiescent power consumption of 0.13 µW, with zero neurostimulation current. Both the LNA and the neurostimulator circuits are supplied with a 1.2 V voltage and occupy a microdevice area of 145 µm × 311 µm and 88 µm × 89 µm, respectively, making them suitable for implantation in applications involving closed-loop deep-brain stimulation.
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Open AccessReview
A Survey of Short-Range Wireless Communication for Ultra-Low-Power Embedded Systems
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Billy Baker, John Woods, Martin J. Reed and Martin Afford
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 27; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020027 - 14 May 2024
Abstract
Wireless short-range communication has become widespread in the modern era, partly due to the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology. This technology is now utilized in various sectors, including lighting, medical, and industrial applications. This article aims to examine
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Wireless short-range communication has become widespread in the modern era, partly due to the advancement of the Internet of Things (IoT) and smart technology. This technology is now utilized in various sectors, including lighting, medical, and industrial applications. This article aims to examine the historical, present, and forthcoming advancements in wireless short-range communication. Additionally, the review will analyze the modifications made to communication protocols, such as Bluetooth, RFID and NFC, in order to better accommodate modern applications. Batteryless technology, particularly batteryless NFC, is an emerging development in short-range wireless communication that combines power and data transmission into a single carrier. This modification will significantly influence the trajectory of short-range communication and its applications. The foundation of most low-power, short-range communication applications relies on an ultra-low-power microcontroller. Therefore, this study will encompass an analysis of ultra-low-power microcontrollers and an investigation into the potential limitations they might encounter in the future. In addition to offering a thorough examination of current Wireless short-range communication, this article will also attempt to forecast future patterns and identify possible obstacles that future research may address.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Low-Power ICs for the Internet of Things Vol. 2)
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Open AccessArticle
Multibeam Wideband Transmit Beamforming Using 2D Sparse FIR Trapezoidal Filters
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Nadeeshan Dissanayake, Chamira U. S. Edussooriya, Chamith Wijenayake and Arjuna Madanayake
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 26; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020026 - 28 Apr 2024
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A low-complexity multibeam wideband transmit beamformer using a 2D sparse FIR filter design capable of multiple beams is proposed as a digital building block for fully digital beamformers. The 2D sparse FIR filter has multiple trapezoid-shaped passbands pertaining to wideband beams aimed at
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A low-complexity multibeam wideband transmit beamformer using a 2D sparse FIR filter design capable of multiple beams is proposed as a digital building block for fully digital beamformers. The 2D sparse FIR filter has multiple trapezoid-shaped passbands pertaining to wideband beams aimed at particular directions. The proposed multibeam digital beamformer drives a uniform linear array of wideband antenna elements to achieve the wideband multibeam transmit-mode signals desired by the communication system. The 2D sparse FIR filter is designed to be optimal in the minimax sense using convex optimization techniques. Full-wave electromagnetic simulations using real antenna models confirm that the proposed wideband transmit beamformer can achieve multibeam transmission in the 1.3–2.8 GHz frequency range, with more than 70% fractional bandwidth. Furthermore, the adoption of the wideband transmit multibeam beamformer leads to a significant reduction in digital arithmetic (computational) complexity compared with previously reported wideband transmit beamformers of similar transfer function type, without deteriorating beam directionality and causing increases in the side-lobe level. The proposed sparse 2D FIR multibeam beamformer architecture is well-suited for both sub-6 GHz (legacy) band transmit beamforming, frequency range three (FR3) beamforming up to 28 GHz, and mmWave operation for emerging 5G/6G applications.
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Open AccessArticle
Gate-Level Hardware Priority Resolvers for Embedded Systems
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Padmanabhan Balasubramanian and Douglas L. Maskell
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 25; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020025 - 17 Apr 2024
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An N-bit priority resolver having N inputs and N outputs functions as polling hardware in an embedded system, enabling access to a resource when multiple devices initiate access requests at its inputs which may be located on-chip or off-chip. Subsystems such as data
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An N-bit priority resolver having N inputs and N outputs functions as polling hardware in an embedded system, enabling access to a resource when multiple devices initiate access requests at its inputs which may be located on-chip or off-chip. Subsystems such as data buses, comparators, fixed- and floating-point arithmetic units, interconnection network routers, etc., utilize the priority resolver function. In the literature, there are many transistor-level designs for the priority resolver based on dynamic CMOS logic, some of which are modular and others are not. This article presents a novel gate-level modular design of priority resolvers that can accommodate any number of inputs and outputs. Based on our modular design architecture, small-size priority resolvers can be conveniently combined to form medium- or large-size priority resolvers along with extra logic. The proposed modular design approach helps to reduce the coding complexity compared to the conventional direct design approach and facilitates scalability. We discuss the gate-level implementation of 4-, 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-, and 128-bit priority resolvers based on the direct and modular approaches and provide a performance comparison between these based on the design metrics. According to the modular approach, different sizes of priority resolver modules were used to implement larger-size priority resolvers. For example, a 4-bit priority resolver module was used to implement 8-, 16-, 32-, 64-, and 128-bit priority resolvers in a modular fashion. We used a 28 nm CMOS standard digital cell library and Synopsys EDA tools to synthesize the priority resolvers. The estimated design metrics show that the modular approach tends to facilitate increasing reductions in delay and power-delay product (PDP) compared to the direct approach, especially as the size of the priority resolver increases. For example, a 32-bit modular priority resolver utilizing 16-bit priority resolver modules had a 39.4% reduced delay and a 23.1% reduced PDP compared to a directly implemented 32-bit priority resolver, and a 128-bit modular priority resolver utilizing 16-bit priority resolver modules had a 71.8% reduced delay and a 61.4% reduced PDP compared to a directly implemented 128-bit priority resolver.
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Open AccessBrief Report
Efficient Addition Circuits Using Three-Gate Reconfigurable Field Effect Transistors
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Fanny Spagnolo, Pasquale Corsonello, Fabio Frustaci and Stefania Perri
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020024 - 14 Apr 2024
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Reconfigurable FETs (RFETs) are widely recognized as a promising way to overcome conventional CMOS architectures. This paper presents novel addition circuit intentionally designed to exploit the ability of RFETs to operate efficiently on demand as n- or p-type FETs. First, a novel Full
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Reconfigurable FETs (RFETs) are widely recognized as a promising way to overcome conventional CMOS architectures. This paper presents novel addition circuit intentionally designed to exploit the ability of RFETs to operate efficiently on demand as n- or p-type FETs. First, a novel Full Adder (FA) is proposed and characterized. A comparison with other designs shows that the proposed FA achieves a worst-case delay and a dynamic power consumption of up to 43.5% and 79% lower. As a drawback, in terms of the estimated area, it is up to 32% larger than the competitors. Then, the new FA is used to implement Ripple-Carry Adders (RCAs). A 32-bit adder designed as proposed herein reaches an energy–delay product (EDP) ~25.7× and ~141× lower than its CMOS and the RFET-based counterparts.
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Open AccessArticle
Vehicle Detection in Adverse Weather: A Multi-Head Attention Approach with Multimodal Fusion
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Nujhat Tabassum and Mohamed El-Sharkawy
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 23; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020023 - 13 Apr 2024
Abstract
In the realm of autonomous vehicle technology, the multimodal vehicle detection network (MVDNet) represents a significant leap forward, particularly in the challenging context of weather conditions. This paper focuses on the enhancement of MVDNet through the integration of a multi-head attention layer, aimed
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In the realm of autonomous vehicle technology, the multimodal vehicle detection network (MVDNet) represents a significant leap forward, particularly in the challenging context of weather conditions. This paper focuses on the enhancement of MVDNet through the integration of a multi-head attention layer, aimed at refining its performance. The integrated multi-head attention layer in the MVDNet model is a pivotal modification, advancing the network’s ability to process and fuse multimodal sensor information more efficiently. The paper validates the improved performance of MVDNet with multi-head attention through comprehensive testing, which includes a training dataset derived from the Oxford Radar RobotCar. The results clearly demonstrate that the multi-head MVDNet outperforms the other related conventional models, particularly in the average precision (AP) of estimation, under challenging environmental conditions. The proposed multi-head MVDNet not only contributes significantly to the field of autonomous vehicle detection but also underscores the potential of sophisticated sensor fusion techniques in overcoming environmental limitations.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advancements in Low-Power Ubiquitous Sensing, Computing, and Communication Interfaces for IoT: Circuits, Systems, and Applications)
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Open AccessArticle
A Low Power Injection-Locked CDR Using 28 nm FDSOI Technology for Burst-Mode Applications
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Yuqing Mao, Yoann Charlon, Yves Leduc and Gilles Jacquemod
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 22; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020022 - 7 Apr 2024
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In this paper, a low-power Injection-Locked Clock and Data Recovery (ILCDR) using a 28 nm Ultra-Thin Body and Box-Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (UTBB-FDSOI) technology is presented. The back-gate auto-biasing of UTBB-FDSOI transistors enables the creation of a Quadrature Ring Oscillator (QRO) reducing
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In this paper, a low-power Injection-Locked Clock and Data Recovery (ILCDR) using a 28 nm Ultra-Thin Body and Box-Fully Depleted Silicon On Insulator (UTBB-FDSOI) technology is presented. The back-gate auto-biasing of UTBB-FDSOI transistors enables the creation of a Quadrature Ring Oscillator (QRO) reducing both size and power consumption compared to an LC tank oscillator. By injecting a digital signal into this circuit, we realize an Injection-Locked Oscillator (ILO) with low jitter. Thanks to the good performance of this oscillator, we propose a low-power ILCDR with fast locking time and low jitter for burst-mode applications. The main novelty consists of the implementation of a complementary QRO based on back-gate control using FDSOI technology to realize a simple and efficient ILCDR circuit. With a Pseudo-Random Binary Sequence (PRBS7) at 868 Mbps, the recovered clock jitter is 26.7 ps (2.3% UIp-p) and the recovered data jitter is 11.9 ps (1% UIp-p). With a 0.6 V power supply, the power consumption is 318μW. All the results presented here are based on post-layout simulations, as no prototypes have been produced. Similarly, we can estimate the surface area of the chip (without the pad ring) at around 6600 μm2.
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Open AccessArticle
A 0.3 V OTA with Enhanced CMRR and High Robustness to PVT Variations
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Riccardo Della Sala, Francesco Centurelli, Giuseppe Scotti and Alessandro Trifiletti
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 21; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020021 - 2 Apr 2024
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In this paper, we present a 0.3 V body-driven operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) that exploits a biasing approach based on the use of a replica loop with gain. An auxiliary amplifier is exploited both in the current mirror load of the first stage
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In this paper, we present a 0.3 V body-driven operational transconductance amplifier (OTA) that exploits a biasing approach based on the use of a replica loop with gain. An auxiliary amplifier is exploited both in the current mirror load of the first stage of the OTA and in the replica loop in order to achieve super-diode behavior, resulting in low mirror gain error, which enhances CMRR, and robust biasing. Common-mode feedforward, provided by the replica loop, further enhances CMRR. Simulations in a 180 nm CMOS technology show 65 dB gain with 2 kHz unity-gain frequency on a 200 pF load when consuming 9 nW. Very high linearity with a 0.24% THD at 90% full-scale and robustness to PVT variations are also achieved.
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Open AccessArticle
Dual-Band Large-Frequency Ratio Power Divider Using Mode Composite Transmission Line for 5G Communication Systems
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Kaijun Song, Lele Fang and Yedi Zhou
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 20; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020020 - 31 Mar 2024
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In this paper, a novel kind of mode composite transmission line (MC-TL) is proposed, and a dual-band power divider with a large frequency ratio using this novel MC-TL for 5G communication systems was developed. The proposed MC-TL was developed using spoof surface plasmon
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In this paper, a novel kind of mode composite transmission line (MC-TL) is proposed, and a dual-band power divider with a large frequency ratio using this novel MC-TL for 5G communication systems was developed. The proposed MC-TL was developed using spoof surface plasmon polaritons (SSPPs) and a corrugated substrate-integrated waveguide (CSIW) transmission line, which supports both a surface plasmon mode and TE10 mode, independently. The surface plasmon mode operates in the grooves of the surface metal layer, while the TE10 mode works in the substrate between two metal layers. These two parts can transmit different modes at independent frequencies. This structure can be used in dual-band transmission lines with a high frequency ratio. The characteristics and design of the MC-TL (SSPPs and CSIW) are analyzed and illustrated. The MC-TL was fabricated and measured to demonstrate its performance. Moreover, based on the proposed MC-TL, a dual-band power divider with a large frequency ratio (operating at 3 GHz and 28 GHz simultaneously) was also designed and fabricated. It can cover the frequency of a fifth-generation communication system perfectly. The measured outcomes align closely with the simulated results, demonstrating robust agreement and showcasing excellent transmission capabilities.
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Open AccessArticle
A Citizen Science Tool Based on an Energy Autonomous Embedded System with Environmental Sensors and Hyperspectral Imaging
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Charalampos S. Kouzinopoulos, Eleftheria Maria Pechlivani, Nikolaos Giakoumoglou, Alexios Papaioannou, Sotirios Pemas, Panagiotis Christakakis, Dimosthenis Ioannidis and Dimitrios Tzovaras
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 19; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020019 - 27 Mar 2024
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Citizen science reinforces the development of emergent tools for the surveillance, monitoring, and early detection of biological invasions, enhancing biosecurity resilience. The contribution of farmers and farm citizens is vital, as volunteers can strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental observations, improve surveillance
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Citizen science reinforces the development of emergent tools for the surveillance, monitoring, and early detection of biological invasions, enhancing biosecurity resilience. The contribution of farmers and farm citizens is vital, as volunteers can strengthen the effectiveness and efficiency of environmental observations, improve surveillance efforts, and aid in delimiting areas affected by plant-spread diseases and pests. This study presents a robust, user-friendly, and cost-effective smart module for citizen science that incorporates a cutting-edge developed hyperspectral imaging (HI) module, integrated in a single, energy-independent device and paired with a smartphone. The proposed module can empower farmers, farming communities, and citizens to easily capture and transmit data on crop conditions, plant disease symptoms (biotic and abiotic), and pest attacks. The developed HI-based module is interconnected with a smart embedded system (SES), which allows for the capture of hyperspectral images. Simultaneously, it enables multimodal analysis using the integrated environmental sensors on the module. These data are processed at the edge using lightweight Deep Learning algorithms for the detection and identification of Tuta absoluta (Meyrick), the most important invaded alien and devastating pest of tomato. The innovative Artificial Intelligence (AI)-based module offers open interfaces to passive surveillance platforms, Decision Support Systems (DSSs), and early warning surveillance systems, establishing a seamless environment where innovation and utility converge to enhance crop health and productivity and biodiversity protection.
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Open AccessCommunication
A Compact 0.73~3.1 GHz CMOS VCO Based on Active-Inductor and Active-Resistor Topology
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Chatrpol Pakasiri, Ke-Chung Hsu and Sen Wang
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(2), 18; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14020018 - 25 Mar 2024
Abstract
In this paper, a wideband VCO that covers popular Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 0.7 GHz and LTE 2.6 GHz frequencies is designed and developed in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process. The VCO utilizes active inductors to achieve coarse-tuning of the inductance and a
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In this paper, a wideband VCO that covers popular Long-Term Evolution (LTE) 0.7 GHz and LTE 2.6 GHz frequencies is designed and developed in a standard 0.18 μm CMOS process. The VCO utilizes active inductors to achieve coarse-tuning of the inductance and a compact chip area. Moreover, an active feedback resistor is introduced into the active inductor for fine-tuning of the inductance. The feedback resistor also affects the equivalent resistance of the active inductor; therefore, wide inductance tuning and low power consumption can be obtained by optimizing the resistor. The core area of the fabricated CMOS chip is merely 0.046 mm2, excluding all testing pads. With a 6.7~10.1 mW DC consumption, the measured oscillation frequencies range from 0.73 GHz to 3.1 GHz, which demonstrates a 123.8% tuning range. At the frequencies of interest, the measured phase noises are from −80.7 to −84.5 dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset frequency.
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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Analog/Mixed-Signal Integrated Circuit Design)
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Open AccessArticle
A Simplified Gm − C Filter Technique for Reference Spur Reduction in Phase-Locked Loop
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P. Purushothama Chary, Rizwan Shaik Peerla and Ashudeb Dutta
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 17; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010017 - 20 Mar 2024
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This paper presents a wideband approach for L5 and S-band integer-N phase-locked loop (PLL) targeting Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) applications. A reference spur reduction technique using a filter is proposed. The reference spur is improved by 7
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This paper presents a wideband approach for L5 and S-band integer-N phase-locked loop (PLL) targeting Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) applications. A reference spur reduction technique using a filter is proposed. The reference spur is improved by 7 dB when compared with one without any filter. The wideband integer-N PLL is designed and fabricated in UMC 65-nm CMOS process. The filter block consumes 200 A current. The wideband voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) oscillates from GHz to GHz having a tuning range (TR) of , achieving a best and worst phase noise of ≈−122 dBc/Hz and ≈ dBc/Hz at a 1 MHz offset, respectively.
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Open AccessCommunication
Design of Impedance Matching Network for Low-Power, Ultra-Wideband Applications
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Sepideh Hassani, Chih-Hung Chen and Natalia K. Nikolova
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 16; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010016 - 19 Mar 2024
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This paper addresses the design of ultra-wideband (UWB) impedance matching networks operating in the unlicensed 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency band for low-power applications. It improves the simplified real frequency technique (SRFT) by adding a realizability check and employing an iterative approach with different initial
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This paper addresses the design of ultra-wideband (UWB) impedance matching networks operating in the unlicensed 3.1–10.6 GHz frequency band for low-power applications. It improves the simplified real frequency technique (SRFT) by adding a realizability check and employing an iterative approach with different initial guesses in optimization to achieve realizable solutions under the requirements of UWB, low-power consumption, and a minimum number of circuit components. The comparison of solutions obtained using the SRFT with published solutions based on the Chebyshev filter theory is presented. It is shown that the optimal SRFT solution requires fewer components in the impedance matching network, maximizes the RF power delivery over the UWB spectrum with a reflection coefficient below −10 dB, and allows for circuit optimization to reduce power consumption. Using the improved SRFT, it demonstrates a systematic approach to find the strategies and limitations of designing the input matching networks for low-power UWB applications using GlobalFoundries 90 nm BiCMOS technology.
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Open AccessArticle
Control of Vibratory Feeder Device Mechanical Frequency Using the Modification of the Sinusoidal Supply Voltage Signal
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Žydrūnas Kavaliauskas and Igor Šajev
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 15; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010015 - 6 Mar 2024
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In the industrial and sales processes, dosing systems of various constructions, whose operation is based on mechanical vibrations (vibratory feeders), are very often used. These systems face many problems, such as resonant frequency, flow instability of dosed product, instability of mechanical vibration amplitude,
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In the industrial and sales processes, dosing systems of various constructions, whose operation is based on mechanical vibrations (vibratory feeders), are very often used. These systems face many problems, such as resonant frequency, flow instability of dosed product, instability of mechanical vibration amplitude, etc., because most of them are based on controlling the frequency of the electrical signal of the supply voltage. All these factors negatively affect the durability and reliability of the vibratory feeder systems. During this research, an automatic control system for vibratory feeder was created, whose control process is based on the modification of the sinusoidal signal (partially changing the signal area). In addition, such a way of controlling the vibratory feeder is not discussed in the literature. As the research conducted in this paper has shown, while using sinusoidal signal modification it was possible to achieve a stable flow rate of bulk production (the flow rate varied from 0 to 100 g/s when the frequency of mechanical vibrations changed from 1 to 50 Hz) and a stable amplitude of mechanical oscillations was achieved and equal to 1.5 mm. The control system is based on the microcontroller PIC24FV32KA302 for which the special software was developed. The thyristor BTA16 used for voltage modification of the sinusoidal signal made it possible to ensure the reliable control of the sinusoidal voltage modification process.
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Open AccessArticle
CMOS Design of Chaotic Systems Using Biquadratic OTA-C Filters
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Eduardo Juarez-Mendoza, Francisco Asahel del Angel-Diaz, Alejandro Diaz-Sanchez and Esteban Tlelo-Cuautle
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 14; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010014 - 4 Mar 2024
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This manuscript shows the CMOS design of Lorenz systems using operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). Two Lorenz systems are then synchronized in a master–slave topology and used to implement a CMOS secure communication system. The contribution is devoted to the correct design of first-
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This manuscript shows the CMOS design of Lorenz systems using operational transconductance amplifiers (OTAs). Two Lorenz systems are then synchronized in a master–slave topology and used to implement a CMOS secure communication system. The contribution is devoted to the correct design of first- and second-order OTA-C filters, using 180 nm CMOS technology, to guarantee chaotic behavior. First, Simulink is used to simulate a secure communication system using two Lorenz systems connected in a master–slave topology, which is tested using sinusoidal signals that are masked by chaotic signals. Second, the Lorenz systems are scaled to have amplitudes of the state variables below 1 Volt, to allow for CMOS design using OTA-C filters. The transconductances of the OTAs are tuned to accomplish a Laplace transfer function. In this manner, this work highlights the design of a second-order CMOS OTA-C filter, whose damping factor is tuned to generate appropriate chaotic behavior. Finally, chaotic masking is performed by designing a whole CMOS secure communication system by using OTA-C based Lorenz systems, and its SPICE simulation results show its appropriateness for hardware security applications.
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Open AccessArticle
A Sub-1-V Nanopower MOS-Only Voltage Reference
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Siqi Wang, Zhenghao Lu, Kunpeng Xu, Hongguang Dai, Zhanxia Wu and Xiaopeng Yu
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 13; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010013 - 29 Feb 2024
Abstract
A novel low-power MOS-only voltage reference is presented. The Enz–Krummenacher–Vittoz (EKV) model is adopted to provide a new perspective on the operating principle. The normalized charge density, introduced as a new variable, serves as an indicator when trimming the output temperature coefficient. The
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A novel low-power MOS-only voltage reference is presented. The Enz–Krummenacher–Vittoz (EKV) model is adopted to provide a new perspective on the operating principle. The normalized charge density, introduced as a new variable, serves as an indicator when trimming the output temperature coefficient. The proposed voltage reference consists of a specific current generator and a 5-bit trimmable load. Thanks to the good match between the current source stage and the output stage, the nonlinear temperature dependence of carrier mobility is automatically canceled out. The circuit is designed using 55 nm COMS technology. The operating temperature ranges from −40 C to 120 C. The average temperature coefficient of the output voltage can be reduced to 21.7 ppm/ C by trimming. The power consumption is only 23.2 nW with a supply voltage of 0.8 V. The line sensitivity and the power supply rejection ratio at 100 Hz are 0.011 %/V and −89 dB, respectively.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ultra-Low-Power ICs for the Internet of Things Vol. 2)
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Open AccessArticle
A Low-Power BL Path Design for NAND Flash Based on an Existing NAND Interface
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Hikaru Makino and Toru Tanzawa
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 12; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010012 - 19 Feb 2024
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This paper is an extended version of a previously reported conference paper regarding a low-power design for NAND Flash. As the number of bits per NAND Flash die increases with cost scaling, the IO data path speed increases to minimize the page access
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This paper is an extended version of a previously reported conference paper regarding a low-power design for NAND Flash. As the number of bits per NAND Flash die increases with cost scaling, the IO data path speed increases to minimize the page access time with a scaled CMOS in IOs. The power supply for IO buffers, namely, VDDQ, decreases from 3 V to 1.2 V, accordingly. In this paper, the way in which a reduction in VDDQ can contribute to power reduction in the BL path is discussed and validated. Conventionally, a BL voltage of about 0.5 V has been supplied from a supply voltage source (VDD) of 3 V. The BL path power can be reduced by a factor of VDDQ to VDD when the BL voltage is supplied by VDDQ. To maintain a sense margin at the sense amplifiers, the supply source for BLs is switched from VDDQ to VDD before sensing. As a result, power reduction and an equivalent sense margin can be realized at the same time. The overhead of implementing this operation is an increase in the BL access time of about 2% for switching the power supply from VDDQ to VDD and an increase in the die size of about 0.01% for adding the switching circuit, both of which are not significant in comparison to the significant power reduction in the BL path power of the NAND die of about 60%. The BL path is then designed in 180 nm CMOS to validate the design. When the cost for powering the SSD becomes quite significant, especially for data centers, an additional lower voltage supply, such as 0.8 V, dedicated to BL charging for read and program verifying operations may be the best option for future applications.
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Open AccessArticle
Extrema-Triggered Conversion for Non-Stationary Signal Acquisition in Wireless Sensor Nodes
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Swagat Bhattacharyya and Jennifer O. Hasler
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 11; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010011 - 17 Feb 2024
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While wireless sensor node (WSNs) have proliferated with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), uniformly sampled analog–digital converters (ADCs) have traditionally reigned paramount in the signal processing pipeline. The large volume of data generated by uniformly sampled ADCs while capturing most
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While wireless sensor node (WSNs) have proliferated with the rise of the Internet of Things (IoT), uniformly sampled analog–digital converters (ADCs) have traditionally reigned paramount in the signal processing pipeline. The large volume of data generated by uniformly sampled ADCs while capturing most real-world signals, which are highly non-stationary and sparse in information content, considerably strains the power budget of WSNs during data transmission. Given the pressing need for intelligent sampling, this work proposes an extrema pulse generator devised to trigger ADCs at significant signal extrema, thereby curbing the volume of data points collected and transmitted, and mitigating transmission power draw. After providing a comprehensive signal-theoretic rationale, we construct and experimentally validate these circuits on a system-on-chip field-programmable analog array in a 350 nm complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) process. Operating within a power range of 4.3–12.3 µW (contingent on the input bandwidth requirements), the extrema pulse generator has proven to be capable of effectively sampling both synthetic and natural signals, achieving significant reductions in data volume and signal reconstruction error. Using a nonideality-resilient reconstruction algorithm, that we develop in this work, experimental comparisons between extrema and uniform sampling show that extrema sampling achieves an 18-fold lower normalized root mean square reconstruction error for a quadratic chirp signal, despite requiring 5-fold fewer sample points. Similar improvements in both the reconstruction error and effective sampling rate objectives are found experimentally for an electrocardiogram signal. Using both theoretical and experimental methods, this work demonstrates the potential of extrema-triggered systems for extending Pareto frontiers in modern, resource-constrained sensing scenarios.
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Open AccessArticle
A Low-Power, 65 nm 24.6-to-30.1 GHz Trusted LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator Achieving 191.7 dBc/Hz FoM at 1 MHz
by
Abdullah Kurtoglu, Amir H. M. Shirazi, Shahriar Mirabbasi and Hossein Miri Lavasani
J. Low Power Electron. Appl. 2024, 14(1), 10; https://doi.org/10.3390/jlpea14010010 - 2 Feb 2024
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This work presents a novel trusted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an embedded compact analog Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) used for authentication. The trusted VCO is implemented in a 1P9M 65 nm standard CMOS process and consumes 1.75 mW. It exhibits a measured
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This work presents a novel trusted LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) with an embedded compact analog Physically Unclonable Function (PUF) used for authentication. The trusted VCO is implemented in a 1P9M 65 nm standard CMOS process and consumes 1.75 mW. It exhibits a measured phase noise (PN) of −104.8 dBc/Hz @ 1 MHz and −132.2 dBc/Hz @ 10 MHz offset, resulting in Figures of Merit (FoMs) of 191.7 dBc/Hz and 199.1 dBc/Hz, respectively. With the measured frequency tuning range (TR) of ~5.5 GHz, the FoM with tuning (FoMT) reaches 197.6 dBc/Hz and 205.0 dBc/Hz at 1 MHz and 10 MHz offset, respectively. The analog PUF consists of CMOS cross-coupled pairs in the main VCO to change analog characteristics. Benefiting from the impedance change and parasitic capacitance of the cross-coupled pairs, the AC and DC responses of the VCO are utilized for multiple responses for each input. The PUF consumes 0.83 pJ/bit when operating at 1.5 Gbps. The proposed PUF exhibits a measured Inter-Hamming Distance (HD) of 0.5058b and 0.4978b, with Intra-HD reaching 0.0055b and 0.0053b for the current consumption and fosc, respectively. The autocorrelation function (ACF) of 0.0111 and 0.0110 is obtained for the current consumption and fosc, respectively, at a 95% confidence level.
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